Digestion

Question 1

main steps

Answer 1

1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. movement
4. absorption
5. elimination

Question 2

ingestion

Answer 2

intake of food via mouth

Question 3

digestion

Answer 3

mechanically/chemically breaking down food into subunits

Question 4

movement

Answer 4

food moved along GI tract

Question 5

absorption

Answer 5

movement of nutrients across GI tract wall to cells/tissues via blood

Question 6

elimination

Answer 6

removal of indigestible molecules

Question 7

mucosa

Answer 7

innermost layer, produces: mucus for protection, produces digestive enzymes

Question 8

submucosa

Answer 8

2nd layer, loose connective tissue containing blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves

Question 9

muscularis

Answer 9

3rd layer, 2 smooth muscle layers that move food

Question 10

serosa

Answer 10

outer lining, part of peritoneum that covers abdominal organs

Question 11

salivary glands

Answer 11

secrete salivary amylase enzyme, beings carb digestion

Question 12

tonsils

Answer 12

lymph organ, back of mouth, important in fighting disease

Question 13

tongue

Answer 13

covered in taste buds, mechanical breakdown + movement of food

Question 14

bolus

Answer 14

mass of chewed food

Question 15

teeth

Answer 15

mechanical digestion

Question 16

stomach

Answer 16

longitudinal/circular/oblique layer of muscle

• pepsiongen/HCl/mucus-secreting cells embedded in wall, gastric pits

Question 17

heartburn

Answer 17

acid reflux

-chronic: gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Question 18

pancreas

Answer 18

secretes enzymes into s. intestine to digest carbs, proteins, fats

Question 19

gallbladder

Answer 19

liver produces bile -> stores and secretes bile to emulsify fats

Question 20

microvilli/villi

Answer 20

increases surface area of small intestine for absorption

Question 21

which molecules enter the capillaries for absorption?

Answer 21

amino acids and sugars

Question 22

which molecules enter the lacteals (small lymph vessels)?

Answer 22

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 23

how are nutrients digested and transported out of s. intestine? (carbohydrates)

Answer 23

• poly->di->mono->glucose/fructose
• facilitated transport
• blood travels via hepatic portal vein -> liver

Question 24

how are nutrients digested and transported out of s. intestine? (proteins)

Answer 24

• protein -> peptide -> amino acids

- hepatic portal vein -> liver

Question 25

how are nutrients digested and transported out of s. intestine? (fat)

Answer 25

bile salts + fat globules -> emulsification droplets -> bile salts + fatty acids/monoglycerides -> micelles -> chylomicron -> lacteal -> thoracic duct

Question 26

protein digestion (substrates and enzymes): stomach

Answer 26

proteins + pepsin (enzyme) -> small polypetides

Question 27

protein digestion (substrates and enzymes): lumen/s. intestine

Answer 27

- polypetides + trypsin -> smaller + aminopeptidase/carboxypeptidase -> amino acids

Question 28

protein digestion (substrates and enzymes): epithelium/s. intestine

Answer 28

small peptides + dipeptidases -> amino acids

Question 29

carbohydrate digestion (substrates and enzymes): mouth

Answer 29

polysaccharides (starch/glyogen) + salivary amylase -> smaller polysaccharides

Question 30

carbohydrate digestion (substrates and enzymes): lumen

Answer 30

polysaccharides + pancreatic amylases -> maltose, disaccharides

Question 31

carbohydrate digestion (substrates and enzymes): epithelium

Answer 31

maltose/disaccharides + disaccharidases -> monosaccharides

Question 32

nucleic acid digestion (substrates and enzymes): lumen

Answer 32

dna/rna + nucleases -> nucleotides

Question 33

nucleic acid digestion (substrates and enzymes): epithelium

Answer 33

nucleotides + nucleotidases -> nucleosides + nucleosidases -> nitrogenous bases/sugars/phosphates

Question 34

fat digestion (substrates and enzymes): lumen

Answer 34

fat globules + bile salts -> fat droplets (emulsified) + lipase -> glycerol, fatty acids, glyerides

Question 35

l. intestine

Answer 35

cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

Question 36

cecum

Answer 36

includes appendix (minor role in fighting infections)

Question 37

l. intestine functions

Answer 37

absorb water, vitamins (B complex + K) produced by intestinal flora/bacteria - poop

Question 38

liver functions (7)

Answer 38

- bile production - blood filtering - plasma protein production - bile salt production (cholesterol regulation) - glucose -> glycogen storage (glucose regulation w glucagon/insuline) - hemoglobin break down

Question 39

pancreas' enzymes

Answer 39

- trypsin: proteins - lipase: fats - pancreatic amylase: carbs

Question 40

pancreas functions (2)

Answer 40

- bicarbonate secretion to neutralize stomach acids | - insulin (blood sugar level regulation)