Reproductive cont.

Question 1

1. Pre-embryonic development

Answer 1

fertilization through second week

Question 2

2 Embryonic development

Answer 2

wk 3 - wk 8

Question 3

3. Fetal development

Answer 3

wk 9 - birth

Question 4

development after birth

Answer 4

postnatal

Question 5

main processes of development

Answer 5

• cleavage
• growth
• morphogenesis
• differentiation

Question 6

cleavage

Answer 6

cell mitotic division (2, 4, 8..) w/o embryo increasing in size

Question 7

growth

Answer 7

cell mitotic division + size increase

Question 8

morphogenesis

Answer 8

embryo begins to take shape as cells migrate

• “morpho” shape
• “genesis” beginning

Question 9

differentiation

Answer 9

cells take on specific structure and function (nervous system = first visible system of embryo)

Question 10

fertilization steps 1

Answer 10

secretions from female reproductive tract alter surface of plasma membrane of sperm

Question 11

fertilization steps 2

Answer 11

sperm contacts corona radiata, and enzyme; spill out of acrosome

Question 12

fertilization steps 3

Answer 12

enzymes disrupt cellular attachments (allowing passage of sperm through corona radiata -> zona pellucida

Question 13

fertilization steps 4

Answer 13

sperm contacts plasma membrane of secondary oocyte -> plasma membranes fuse

Question 14

fertilization steps 5

Answer 14

sperm enters cytoplasm of secondary oocyte

Question 15

fertilization steps 6

Answer 15

granules near plasma membrane of secondary oocyte release enzymes -> zona pellucida hardens

Question 16

fertilization steps 7

Answer 16

nucleus of sperm and egg fuse (fertilization completed)

Question 17

pre-embryonic development wk 1 step 1: ovulation

Answer 17

secondary oocyte released from ovary and swept into eviduct

Question 18

pre-embryonic development wk 1 step 2: fertilization

Answer 18

single sperm penetrates secondary oocyte -> sperm and egg nuclei fuse -> zygote

Question 19

pre-embryonic development wk 1 step 3: cleavage

Answer 19

mitotic division w/o size increase

Question 20

pre-embryonic development wk 1 step 4: morula

Answer 20

solid ball of cells that enters uterus

Question 21

pre-embryonic development wk 1 step 5: blastocyst

Answer 21

hollow ball of cells w/ fluid-filled cavity

- increases in size

Question 22

pre-embryonic development wk 1 step 6: implantation

Answer 22

blastocyst attaches to endometrium -> cells of inner cell mass form primary germ layers

Question 23

chorion

Answer 23

fetal half of placenta

- organ nourishes embryo and gets rid of wastes by exchange w/ mother’s blood

Question 24

allantois

Answer 24

gives rise to bladder and blood vessels of umbilical cord that carry blood to-fro fetus

Question 25

yolk sack

Answer 25

contains many blood vessels and where blood cells first form - primordial germ cells

Question 26

amnion

Answer 26

contains amniotic fluid for protection/cushioning

Question 27

embryonic development wk 2

Answer 27

- pregnancy begins after implantation - human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) secreted (maintaining corpus luteum and endometrium - embryonic disk goes through gastrulation

Question 28

gastrula

Answer 28

embryo w/ ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 29

ectoderm (outer layer)

Answer 29

skin epiderms, epithelial lining cavity and rectum, nervous system

Question 30

mesoderm (middle)

Answer 30

skeleton, muscular, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, outer layers of respiratory/digestive

Question 31

endoderm (inner)

Answer 31

epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory tract,

Question 32

embryonic development wk 3

Answer 32

- nervous system develops - neural tube -> spinal cord and brain - development of heart begins

Question 33

embryonic development wk 4

Answer 33

- chorionic villi and umbilical cord forms - heart beats - limb buds form - hands/feet

Question 34

embryonic development wk 5

Answer 34

- head enlarges | - eyes, ears, nose

Question 35

fetal development months 3/4

Answer 35

- hair development - head slows in growth - cartilage -> bone - female/male - heartbeat

Question 36

fetal development months 5-7

Answer 36

- fetal movement - fetal position - eyelids fully open - growth

Question 37

fetal development months 8/9

Answer 37

- gains a pound/week | - fetus rotate (head pointed towards cervix)

Question 38

anti-mullerian hormone

Answer 38

secreted by testes, prevents development of female sex organs

Question 39

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Answer 39

external organ development dependent of presence/absence of this (produced by testes)

Question 40

bad changes in mother's body

Answer 40

- effect of progesterone (acid reflux, constipation) - morning sickness - edema and varicose veins - gestational diabetes - stretch marks

Question 41

birth stage 1 (dilation)

Answer 41

regular contractions, ends when cervix is dilated 10 cm

Question 42

birth stage 2 (expulsion)

Answer 42

begins w full dilation of cervix and ends w/delivery of baby

Question 43

birth stage 3 (placental)

Answer 43

ends w/expulsion of placenta