Endocrine

Question 1

signal types (4)

Answer 1

• endocrine
• paracrine
• neuronal
• contact-dependent

Question 2

endocrine signal

Answer 2

endocrine cell -> hormone to bloodstream -> receptors on target cell

Question 3

paracrine signal

Answer 3

signalling cell -> local mediator (eg cytokine) -> target cells

Question 4

neuronal signal

Answer 4

neurotransmitter, electrical

Question 5

contact-dependent signal

Answer 5

signalling cell -> membrane-bound signal molecule -> target cell

Question 6

exocrine glands

Answer 6

secrete products into ducts that carry products to other organs/outside the body

(eg pancreas: bicarbonate/digestive enzymes -> GI tract)

Question 7

endocrine glands

Answer 7

secret products directly into bloodstream

eg pancreas: insulin production

Question 8

endocrine system

Answer 8

response: prolonged, slow VS nervous system
regulates: development, metabolism, behaviour

Question 9

homeostasis (nervous + endocrine)

Answer 9

• hypothalamus: bridges both systems

- n: respond to external environ. changes

Question 10

prostaglandins

Answer 10

local affecting neighboring cells, not carried in bloodstream (paracrine)

Question 11

pheromones

Answer 11

chemical signals influence behaviour of other individuals

Question 12

peptide hormones *

Answer 12

bind to receptor in plasma membrane

Question 13

steroid hormones *

Answer 13

lipids enter cell and affect gene activity (protein synthesis)

Question 14

target cells

Answer 14

• hormone receptors (protein molecules that recognize/bind)

Question 15

2 main types of hormones

Answer 15

• lipid-soluble (eg steroid hormones)

- water-soluble

Question 16

lipid-soluble and phospholipid bilayer

Answer 16

lipid-soluble hormones can directly enter into the cell through the phospholipid bilayer

Question 17

peptide hormone and phospholipid bilayer

Answer 17

• tends to be charged, more water-soluble

- cannot pass through layer

Question 18

steroid hormone binding step 1

Answer 18

diffuses through target cell plasma membrane

Question 19

steroid hormone binding step 2

Answer 19

binds to receptor in cytoplasm

Question 20

steroid hormone binding step 3

Answer 20

hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus

Question 21

steroid hormone binding step 4

Answer 21

complex binds to DNA

Question 22

steroid hormone binding step 5

Answer 22

certain genes activated

Question 23

steroid hormone binding step 6

Answer 23

proteins/enzymes synthesized

Question 24

steroid hormone binding step 7

Answer 24

enzymes alter activity of cell

Question 25

water-soluble hormone binding step 1

Answer 25

(first messenger) binds to receptor on plasma membrane surface

Question 26

water-soluble hormone binding step 2

Answer 26

binding activates enzyme that produces cAMP (second messenger) from ATP

Question 27

water-soluble hormone binding step 3

Answer 27

cAMP initiates enzyme cascade (eg inactive enzyme 1 -> active enzyme 1 -> inactive enzyme 2.....) - amplified # of molecules activated

Question 28

water-soluble hormone binding step 4

Answer 28

enzyme n stimulates breakdown of glycogen -> glucose

Question 29

antagonistic interaction

Answer 29

effect of one opposes that of another

Question 30

synergistic

Answer 30

response of a tissue to a combination of hormones is much greater than its response to either individual hormone

Question 31

permissive

Answer 31

one must be present for another to exert its effects

Question 32

hypothalamus

Answer 32

internal regulation through a. nervous (PNS) - heartbeat - body temp - water balance - pituitary gland's secretions - neuroendocrine)