Cardiovascular

Question 1

functions

Answer 1

• generate blood pressure
• transport blood and other components
• nutrient exchange (glucose) and wastes (CO2) @ capillaries
• blood flow regulation

Question 2

main pathway of blood

Answer 2

heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> heart

Question 3

artery + vein structure

Answer 3

• Inner layer: endothelium
• Middle layer: smooth muscle, elastic fibers
• Outer layer: connective tissue

Question 4

arteriole structure

Answer 4

smooth muscle + endothelium

Question 5

venule

Answer 5

valve + connective tissue + endothelium

Question 6

capillary

Answer 6

endothelium

• large surface area
• place of exchange
• works together w/lymphatic system to maintain tissue homeostasis

Question 7

arteries and arterioles function

Answer 7

• carry blood away from heart

- arterioles regulate blood pressure

Question 8

veins

Answer 8

blood to heart

Question 9

exchange at capillary beds (osmotic and blood pressure)

Answer 9

arterial end: blood pressure higher than osmotic pressure, net pressure out

venous end: osmotic pressure higher than blood pressure, net pressure in

Question 10

myocardium

Answer 10

cardiac muscle tissue

Question 11

pericadium

Answer 11

sac surrounding heart

Question 12

septum

Answer 12

separates two sides of the heart

2 atria, 2 ventricles

Question 13

2 sets of valves in heart

Answer 13

semilunar and atrioventricular (AV/cuspid)

Question 14

pulmonary circuit

Answer 14

right side of heart

- body -> lungs

Question 15

systemic circuit

Answer 15

left side of heart

• lungs -> body
• small coronary arteries that supply heart

Question 16

which ventricle is stronger and why

Answer 16

left ventricle

- must pump blood to entire body

Question 17

which is more muscular: arteries or veins?

Answer 17

arteries: withstand higher pressure

Question 18

which has more volume: arteries or veins?

Answer 18

veins: thinner wall but more volume to store blood

Question 19

systole

Answer 19

atria contract together, followed by ventricles

Question 20

diastole

Answer 20

rest phase in heart beat, chambers relax

Question 21

cardiac cycle

Answer 21

early diastole -> later diastole -> atrial systole -> ventricular systole -> back

Question 22

early diastole

Answer 22

atria/ventricles relaxed and fill passively

Question 23

later diastole

Answer 23

ventricles still relaxed/filling passively

Question 24

atrial systole

Answer 24

both atria contract and force blood into ventricles

Question 25

ventricular systole

Answer 25

both ventricles contract

• right -> pulmonary trunk
• left -> aorta

Question 26

internal control 1/3

Answer 26

• sinoatrial (SA) node in right atrium initiates -> atria contract

Question 27

internal control 2/3

Answer 27

impulse reaches atrioventricular (AV) node in right atrium -> AV bundle + Purkinje fibers -> ventricular contraction

Question 28

internal control 3/3

Answer 28

impulses travel between gap junctions at intercalated disks

Question 29

external control

Answer 29

cardiac center in brain, hormones (epinephrine)

Question 30

hypertension

Answer 30

high blood pressure due to arterial plaque

• 140/90 mmHg
• few symptoms
• can lead to heart attack, stroke, aneurysm, kidney failure

Question 31

atherosclerosis

Answer 31

buildup of plaque in blood vessels (from cholesterol)

• plaque -> clot
• stationary: thrombus
• detachable: embolus
• stroke, heart attack, aneurysm

Question 32

heart attack/myocardial infarction (MI)

Answer 32

part of heart dies due to lack of O2 (blocked coronary arteries)

• angina pectoris (radiating pain in left arm)