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AS PE > The cardiac cycle > Flashcards

The cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of pump is the heart?

A

double

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2
Q

What are the 2 top chambers of the heart called?

A

Atrium

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3
Q

What are the 2 bottom chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles

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4
Q

what is the muscular wall that separates the sides?

A

septum

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5
Q

Atria and Ventricles divided by which valve?

A

Atrioventricular

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6
Q

What is the valve on the right called?

A

Tricuspid valve

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7
Q

what is the valve on the left called?

A

Bicuspid

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8
Q

which side of the heart is bigger and why?

A

Left, to transport oxygenated blood around the body

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9
Q

How long does the systole phrase last?

A

0.3 seconds

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10
Q

How long does the diastole phrase last?

A

0.5 seconds

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11
Q

What order does the conduction system go?

A 
myogenic
sinoatrial node (SA)
arioventrioular (AV)
Bundle of HIS
Purtinye Fibers
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12
Q

what does the myogenic do?

A

creates its own impulses

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13
Q

what does the sinoatrial node do?

A

Pace maker
Initiates heart beat
contracts Artrium

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14
Q

What does the Arioventricular node do?

A

Delays the impulse

Sends impulse to appex of the heart via bundle of HIS

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15
Q

what do the bindle of HIS do?

A

sends impulses to appex of the heart

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16
Q

What do the purtinye fibres do?

A

Sends impulses cross ventricles

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17
Q

what are the three controls of heart rate?

A

Neural
Hormonal
Intinsic

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18
Q

What are the four recpeptors which tell the brain that exercise is taking place?

A

Proprio receptors
Bara receptors
thermo receptors
Chemo recpeptors

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19
Q

what are the hormonal factors which control heart rate?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Acetlychloline

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20
Q

What are the Intrinsic factors which control heart rate?

A

Stretch recpeptors

comes from inside

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21
Q

what are the two types of nerves which control heart rate?

A 
parasympathetic nerve (slows heart rate)
sympathetic( increases heart rate)
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22
Q

How does the neural control of the heart work?

A

The 4 recpeptors tell the brain something has changed, temprature for example
Which then tells the cardiac control centre, which decides which nerve to activate
Then via the sympathetic nerve tells the heart rate to increase or via parasympathetic tells the heart rate to decrease.
then send this to the SA node.

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23
Q

What does venous return mean?

A

Ways to get back to the heart via VEINS

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24
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms which aid venous return?

A 
muscular pump
the respiratory pump
pocket valves 
smooth muscles 
Gravity
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25
Q

How does the muscular pump aid venous return?

A

the contraction and relaxation of the muscles during exercise creates a massaging effect, which sqeezes flood towards the heart.

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26
Q

How does the respiratory pump aid venous return?

A

Increases breathing rate, changes pressure in abdomen and thorax, this increases pressure in abdomen, compressing veins further and forces blood into veins towards the heart.

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27
Q

How does the pocket valve aid venous return?

A

present in veins and snap shot ensure no back flow and blood flows in one direction.

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28
Q

How does the smooth muscle aid venous return?

A

Located in walls of veins (thin) works with muscles to squeeze blood back towards the heart.

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29
Q

How does gravity aid venous return?

A

assists the flow of blood from upper extremities (head) into superior vena carva and into the right atruim.

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30
Q

what is the systole phase ?

A

contraction phrase (atrial and ventricular)

31
Q

what is the diastole phase?

A

relaxation phase

32
Q

What happens in the diastole phase?

A 
Atria fill with blood
pressure rises
atrioventricular valves open
blood passes by gravity into ventricles 
semi lunar valves closed
33
Q

What happens in the systole phase?

A 
ATRIAL SYSTOLE
atria contract 
forces remaining blood into ventricles 
ventricles remain relaxed
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE
ventricles contract at same time 
blood pressure increases
AV valves forced shut (prevent back flow)
semi-lunar valves forced open 
blood pushed into aorta and pulmonary artery
34
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per beat

35
Q

What two factors make cardiac functioning more efficient?

A

Stroke volume

heart rate

36
Q

What is stroke volume determined by?

A

venous return
elasticity of cardiac fibers
The contractability of cardiac tissues

37
Q

How does venous return effect stroke volume?

A

The more blood that goes in, the more comes out as there is more blood available to be pumped out.

38
Q

How does elasticity of cardiac fibres effect stroke volume?

A

the greater the stretch the stronger the contraction, which increases stroke volume i.e. sterlings law

39
Q

How does the contractability of cardiac tissue effect stroke volume?

A

increased contractability leads to greater force of contraction , which increases stroke volume. Ejection fraction also contributes to this.

40
Q

What does ejection fraction mean?

A

The actual % of blood pumped out the left ventricles per contraction

41
Q

How to work out ejection fraction?

A

stroke volume / end diastolic volume

42
Q

What is the matter between cardiac cells?

A

intercalating discs

43
Q

How much can ejection fraction increase to during exercise?

A

85%

44
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the left ventricle ejects blood into the aorta per minute

45
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

The reduction of resting heart rate below 60bmp.

46
Q

Who is expected to have bradycardia?

A

athletes

47
Q

What 2 factors effect heart rate?

A

bradycardia

cardiac output

48
Q

what is cardiac output defined as?

A

the volume of blood ejected form the heart per minute

49
Q

What is the equation to work this out?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

50
Q

What does a steady state mean?

A

O2 demands meets O2 supply = comfy

51
Q

what makes the heart rate increase prior to exercise?

A

anticipatory rise

52
Q

Which hormone causes an anticipatory rise?

A

Adrenaline

53
Q

what does then the release of adrenaline trigger?

A

The SA node to increase heart rate

54
Q

Why does the heart take a while to return to resting heart rate ?

A

THE BODY’S RECOVERY PERIOD

55
Q

what happens during the body’s recovery period?

A

the heart rate must remain slightly elevated in order to remove waste products

56
Q

What increase in direct proportion to exercise intensity?

A

heart rate

stroke volume

57
Q

which factor stops at a certain point and plateaus ?

A

stroke volume only is directly proportional until 40-60% max effort then plateaus

58
Q

What factors effect stroke volumes response to exercise?

A

increase venous return
muscle pump
starlings law
cardiac outputs efficiency

59
Q

Why does the heart take a while to return to resting heart rate ?

A

THE BODY’S RECOVERY PERIOD

60
Q

what happens during the body’s recovery period?

A

the heart rate must remain slightly elevated in order to remove waste products

61
Q

What increase in direct proportion to exercise intensity?

A

heart rate

stroke volume

62
Q

which factor stops at a certain point and plateaus ?

A

stroke volume only is directly proportional until 40-60% max effort then plateaus

63
Q

What factors effect stroke volumes response to exercise?

A

increase venous return
muscle pump
starlings law
cardiac outputs efficiency

64
Q

what is the definition of blood pressure?

A

the force exerted by the blood on the inside of the blood vessels

65
Q

How does sterling’s law increase stroke volumes?

A

The increased venous return causes more blood to enter ventricles causing them stretch more and contract more forcefully.Ejecting more blood per beat

66
Q

what does cardiac output determine?

A

endurance capacity

67
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

when during training heart rate shifts upwards over time, as due to sweating removing water from the blood makes it more difficult to pump around the body, so the heart has to work harder therefore increasing heart rate.

68
Q

What are the two main factors of blood pressure?

A

blood flow and peripheral resistance

69
Q

What is a healthy value of blood pressure?

A

120mmHG/ 80mmHG

70
Q

what happens to blood pressure during aerobic activity?

A

causes systolic pressure to increase to the equivalent of the intensity of the exercise

71
Q

What happens to blood pressure during anaerobic activity?

A

both pressures rise, due to performer holding their breath and increasing pressure in thorax and abdomen, which squeezes on blood vessels, increasing overall pressure.

72
Q

What are the two main factors of blood pressure?

A

blood flow and peripheral resistance

73
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

resistance offered to the flow of blood due to friction

AS PE (17 decks)

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