section b skill acquistion Flashcards
what are the four teaching styles ?
command
reciprocal
discovery
problem solving
what is command style?
involves the teacher making all the decisions with no input from learners, performers complete all the same actions
when would command style be used?
large groups
novice performers
dangerous situation
complex task
what are advantages of command style ?
instructions are clear
control is maintained
information given quickly if time is limited
large groups can be catered for quickly
what are disadvantages of command style?
no decisions from learner possible lack of understanding limited feedback little allowance for creativity demotivation
what is reciprocal style?
most decisions made my teachers and some learner input, a task may be set and completed by learners in pairs
what are some advantages of reciprocal style ?
instructions are clear communication skills are developed learners develop some responsibility for their own learning some individual feedback learners develop self- confidence teachers can maintain overall control
what are some disadvantages of reciprocal style ?
maybe difficult with beginners
difficult to monitor if all groups are on task
learners may not be able analyse movement and provide incorrect feedback
what is an ideal situation for reciprocal style ?
learners are more experienced
simple skills are involved
limited danger
time is available
what is the discovery style of learning ?
involves the teacher guiding the learner to find the correct movement by providing info or clues and performer may have to find the correct of many solutions
what are the advantages of discovery style ?
encourage creativity and decision making
development of responsibility
learners can work at their own pace
development of understanding of the task
increase motivation of task
improves communication and promote group interaction
what is the ideal situation of discovery style ?
there is no right or wrong outcome
performers have good communication
more experienced performers are involved
creativity is required
what is problem solving style ?
involves the teacher setting a problem and the learner finding a solution an open- ended approach
what are the disadvantages of the discovery style ?
time consuming
difficult to those who lack creativity
difficult for learners progress of large groups difficult to manage
learning is not what all what all learners wish to do
what are the disadvantages & advantages of problem solving style ?
similar to discovery
what is the ideal situation for problem- solving ?
no correct outcome
no time restriction
performers experienced
what factors need to be considered when planning a training session ?
nature of performer - age , ability
nature of task - open or closed skill
experience of teacher- knowledge
environmental condition - facilities
what is whole learning ?
the performer attempting the whole movement pattern after observing the demonstration on verbal guidance
what are the ideal conditions for whole leaning ?
if the skill is simple or discrete
the performer is motivated and pay attention
the performer is experienced
what are the advantages of whole learning ?
develop an awareness of entire movement
understand relationship between different sub routines immediately
experience timings needed to execute the skill successfully
develop his own schema
what are the disadvantages of whole learning?
difficult to use with complex skills
maybe difficult for beginners
not ideal for dangerous skills
what is part learning ?
involves the performer completing sub routines of movement in isolation before attempting overall movement
what are the advantages of part learning?
complex skills can be broken down into stages
specific aspects of the technique can be modified
allows performer to develop confidence
reduces the potential of injury
its motivating as sections of skills can be achieved quickly
what are the disadvantages of part learning ?
it reduces overall awareness
the transfer from part to whole may not be effective
the highly organized skills are difficult to break down
its time consuming
what are the ideal situations for part learning ?
when skill is complex
skill is a long sentence
performer has little motivation or attention span
performer is of limited experience
what is progressive part learning ?
variation of other methods, performer attempting the skill in stages then linking them together ‘chaining’
what are the advantages of progressive part learning?
complex skills can be broken down gradually
novice performers can achieve success
performers with limited attention span can remain focused
development of understanding of relationship between subroutines
minimizes the risk with dangerous skills
transfer to whole skill can be easier
what are the disadvantages of progressive part method?
time consuming
performers may become too focused on one particular subroutines
what is the ideal situation of progressive part learning?
when skill is complex the skill is serial skill is dangerous time is not an issue performer has limited motivation performer is limited in experience
what is whole part whole learning ?
mixture of two, performer attempts whole skill, then develops specific subroutines before completing the whole skill again
what are the types of practice ?
massed
distributed
variable
mental
what is massed practice ?
the repeated practice of skills with little or no recovery periods
when would massed practice be used ?
skills are discrete
the performer is well motivated
the performer has high fitness
the performer is well experienced
what are weaknesses of massed p ?
boredom
fatigue
over training
what is distributed practice?
involves repeated practice of skill with a recovery period before repetition of skill or a new task / feedback/ mental rehearsal
when would distributed practice be used?
performer is a novice
the performer has low level of motivation
performer has low level of fitness
performer has short attention span
what are weaknesses of distributed practice?
demotivation
loss of concentration
little discipline within groups
what is variable practice ?
involves using both mass and distributed, maintains interest and motivation levels
what is mental practice ?
involves cognitive rehearsal of a skill without physical movement, can be used before and after practice
what are two ways mental practice ?
internal- involves the performer seeing themselves in the situation creating a feel for the actual movement
external- performer watching themselves from film
when would mental practice be ideally used ?
performer is injured and some practice needs to be maintained
when performer needs to concentrate on specific aspects of skill
confidence needs to be developed
how can mental practice be improved?
finding a quiet location
regular practice
use during recovery periods
creates a clear picture of movement
what are the methods of guidance ?
visual
verbal
manual
mechanical
what is visual guidance ?
involves the performer creating a mental picture by demonstrations, videos pictures etc
how can visual guidance be aided?
demonstrations must be accurate
info must be relevant to age and ability of performer
use appropriate verbal guidance to highlight key points
what are the advantages of visual guidance ?
good for performers in the cognitive and associative stages of learning
provides a clear idea of the movement pattern to be performed
specific cues can be highlighted, which can focus the performers attention
what are the disadvantages of visual guidance?
demotivation, if performer is unable to repeat skill
can give too much information- confusing
poor replication if the skill is inaccurate
what is verbal guidance?
involves explaining the skill either to understand requirement or to provide feedback, the information must be specific to ability of performer or to outline a specific skill or technique or game
to optimize experience , what factors should be considered ?
information should be clear and accurate and everyone must hear the instructions
limiting the amount of language provided
language and terminology must be relevant to age group
what are advantages of verbal guidance ?
good for all stages of learning
feedback can be given both before and after and during performance
useful for those in autonomous stage of learning, can more easily correct their faults
what are disadvantages of verbal guidance ?
demotivation if performer is unable to complete skill
overload f information - only key points given
difficulty in understanding for novice performers
some movements may be difficult to explain
difficult with large groups may become boring
what is manual guidance ?
involves performer being forced into correct position
to optimize manual guidance these factors should be considered
combine with verbal guidance to focus on key points
ensure movement pattern is correct
avoid overuse
what are the advantages of manual guidance ?
good for all stages of learning
reduces fear and builds confidence
helps reduce the risk in some dangerous situations
development of the correct kin aesthetic movement
what are disadvantages of manual guidance ?
performer becomes reliant on help
.difficult in large situations
lack of intrinsic feedback
limited use of complex movements
what is mechanical guidance ?
similar to nature of manual guidance, using some force of device or support
what are the adv and dis ?
similar to manual
what is feedback?
links input n output phrases , we learn from our experineces either to modify our movements at the time or store in long-term.
what purpose does feedback serve?
detection and correction of errors causing a change in performance
motivation- incentive to continue
reinforcement of learning
what are different types of feedback?
intrinsic, extrinsic continuous terminal positive negative knowledge of results knowledge of performance
what is continuous feedback ?
picked up by proprio receptors, is the feel of the shot
what is terminal feedback ?
received after performance, maybe be issued immediately by coach or later
what is positive feedback ?
form of reinforcement and encourages performer to repeat action
what is negative feedback ?
used to discourage the repetition of an action as it was incorrect
what is knowledge of result feedback ?
feedback that the performer receives afterwards concerning the outcome of action e.g number of shots recorded
what is knowledge of performance feedback ?
the information the performer receives about the quality of technique can be intrinsic or extrinistic
what is intrinsic feedback ?
received within performer, as performers develop they are more likely to correct own performance
what is extrinsic feedback ?
outside feedback, given via coaches and teammates
