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AS PE > Skills & Abilities / Information Processing > Flashcards

Skills & Abilities / Information Processing Flashcards

0
Q

What are the characteristics of a skill

A 
Efficient 
Smooth
Aesthetic 
Effortless
Goal directed
Consistent
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1
Q

What is the definition of a skill?

A

A skill is a learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty

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2
Q

What are the types of skill?

A

Cognitive-tactics/calculating times

Perceptual-predicting where the ball will be kicked or judging the distance

Psychomotor-judging how far to kick it, then actually doing it

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3
Q

What is is a ability?

A

Abilities are genetic and not learned, they underpin our skills

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4
Q

What is the difference between an opened and closed skill?

A

Open- environment is unstable, constant adjustment needed, externally paced.(pass in netball)

Closed-environment is stable and constant, predictable skill can be repeated.(shot put)

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5
Q

What is the difference between a gross and fine skill

A

Gross- large muscle groups used

Fine-small muscle groups

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6
Q

What’s the difference between self-paced and externally paced skills?

A

Self paced- performer controls start and speed of movement.

Externally paced- start of movement or speed based on other peoples actions or changing eneviroment.

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7
Q

What’s the difference between a discrete, serial and continuous skill?

A

Discrete-clear beginning and end, must start skill again to repeat.

Serial-linked series of discrete skills, set order or sequence.

Continuous-no clear beginning or end, end of movement is start of next.

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8
Q

What’s the difference between skill and ability?

A

Skill is something that is learned and developed to bring about a predetermined result with maximum certainty, where as ability is genetic and not learned it underpins our skills.

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9
Q

What is the difference between motor and perceptual abilities?

A

Motor abilities- are concerned with movement.

Perceptual abilities-detecting, recognising and responding to a stimulus from the environment.

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10
Q

What are 2 examples of gross motor abilities?

A

Stamina-the ability to maintain maximum effort when using the cardio respiratory system.
Static strength- the maximum force that can be exerted against an external object.

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11
Q

What are 2 examples of perceptual motor abilities?

A

Control precision- the ability to perform precise,controlled movements involving large muscle groups.

Multi-limb coordination- the ability to coordinate the movement of several limbs at the same time.

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12
Q

What is the display?

A

Physical enviroment or surrounding the performer which contains various stimuli.

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13
Q

What are the receptors ?

A

Gathering information from the enviroment using senses, including sight, sound , touch and smell.

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14
Q

What is stimulus identification?

A

Comparing it to long term memory and recognizing that information.

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15
Q

How does intrinsic motivation differ from extrinsic motivation?

A

Intrinsic- the desire to achieve from within

Extrinsic- The desire to achieve success for a reward on the outside.

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16
Q

Why is intrinsic motivation better than extrinsic?

A

Intrinsic is better for a long-term drive.There is a sense of control. Athlete becomes greedy for money, may reduce the loss of motivation.

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17
Q

Ways to minimize learning plateaus

A

setting of goals
mental rehearsal
provide feedback
make practices more varied

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18
Q

In the closed loop theory, suggest two traces which are used to control movement

A

memory and perceptual

19
Q

How are these used to control movement?

A

Memory Trace - plan of action, based on experience
Perceptual Trace- controls current movement, improve with feedback
If they both work together- movement continues
If they mismatch- an error will occur during performance

20
Q

What are the functions of the short term sensory store ?

A

receives information from display from senses
there is too much information and information is filtered via selective attention.
Important info passed to STM

21
Q

What are the functions of the long-term memory?

A

Store of past experiences
meaningful information stored
metal image of movement to be performed
information from STM

23
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Trying to create the stimulus response bond e.g. trial and error
Increases the likelihood of the desired response, as learner associates consequence of previous action with current situation

24
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

the removal of a negative stimuli, for example when a coach shouts and the team score, then the coach stops shouting.

25
Q

What are different types of reinforcement?

A

Positive reinforcement- Praising the right SR bond e.g. by scoring a goal
Negative reinforcement-Removal of negative stimuli

26
Q

What is an Alternative for operant conditioning?

A

Punishment, weaken the wrong SR bond, shouting a player if they perform incorrectly.

27
Q

What are the two different types of extrinsic motivation?

A

Tangible- money, trophy’s, medal

Intangible-Frame, praise, applause

28
Q

How to players use short-term memory to perform skills?

A

receives information from senses
Selective attention filters information
Compares to LTM
Initiates motor programme

29
Q

Explain the difference between movement and reaction time

A

movement time- the time taken from the start of the movement to the completion
reaction time- time taken from the onset of the movement to the start of the movement

30
Q

Why is choice reaction time more common in team games than simple reaction time?

A

choice- Numerous stimuli and response
simple- one stimulus and one response
games have open skills which need CRT and few SRT skills/ movements

31
Q

How to improve response time?

A 
Intensity of stimuli
Relevant practice 
Be at optimum arousal level
Concentrate
Mental rehearsal
Improved reaction time
32
Q

What is meant by transfer?

A

Skill learnt in one activity effect another

33
Q

What are two examples of transfers?

A

positive- aids the learning of a new skill

negative- hinders the learning of a new skill

34
Q

Explain the functions of recognition schema

A

schema- a set of rules to help us make decisions about movement patterns
sensory consequences- gathering sensory information e.g. weight and timing of a pass.
Response outcome- gain information from outcome

35
Q

How should sport be taught in reference to Schmidt?

A

frequent feedback
specific practice to activity
teach simple skills firsthow does darn

36
Q

how does DARMM help the process of learning?

A

Attention- concentrate on role model (more if role model)
Retention- mental picture of skill
motor reproduction- must be able to complete the skill
motivation- learners must want to learn (encouraged through positive feedback)

37
Q

How might a coach help a performer to retain a newly learned skill?

A

Frequent practice
positive feedback
transfer from previously learned skill

38
Q

Name the early and final stages of learning and describe characteristics

A

cognitive- manual guidance, demonstrations, basic feedback, praise
Autonomous- small adjustment, motivation, intrinsic feedback

39
Q

Describe how feedback will change between these stages

A

more feedback
correct own mistakes
detailed
more negative

40
Q

what is the single channel hypothesis?

A

only one stimulus can be processed at one time, second stimulus arrives before first is completed , cannot deal with second stimulus until first has been completed,
slower response time.
The psychological refractory period- is the delay in reaction caused

41
Q

what is selective attention?

A

learning to focus on relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant

42
Q

How can a coach improve a players selective attention?

A 
Increase intensity of stimuli
motivate athlete
Learn to ignore irrelevant stimuli
Mental rehearsal 
direct their attention to one aspect of the performance e.g. eye on the ball
43
Q

What does intrinsic motivation mean?

A

The desire to achieve success from within for example pride, enjoyment and fun

44
Q

What are the disadvantages of using extrinsic motivation?

A

Become dependant on it
damage the love of the game
may lead to loss of motivation if extrinsic reward is not achieved
too much pressure

45
Q

Explain the functions of recall schema

A

prior to performances, initiates movement
The initial condition- Information from environment, senses
The response specification- knowing what to do

AS PE (17 decks)

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