Skills & Abilities / Information Processing Flashcards
What are the characteristics of a skill
Efficient Smooth Aesthetic Effortless Goal directed Consistent
What is the definition of a skill?
A skill is a learned ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty
What are the types of skill?
Cognitive-tactics/calculating times
Perceptual-predicting where the ball will be kicked or judging the distance
Psychomotor-judging how far to kick it, then actually doing it
What is is a ability?
Abilities are genetic and not learned, they underpin our skills
What is the difference between an opened and closed skill?
Open- environment is unstable, constant adjustment needed, externally paced.(pass in netball)
Closed-environment is stable and constant, predictable skill can be repeated.(shot put)
What is the difference between a gross and fine skill
Gross- large muscle groups used
Fine-small muscle groups
What’s the difference between self-paced and externally paced skills?
Self paced- performer controls start and speed of movement.
Externally paced- start of movement or speed based on other peoples actions or changing eneviroment.
What’s the difference between a discrete, serial and continuous skill?
Discrete-clear beginning and end, must start skill again to repeat.
Serial-linked series of discrete skills, set order or sequence.
Continuous-no clear beginning or end, end of movement is start of next.
What’s the difference between skill and ability?
Skill is something that is learned and developed to bring about a predetermined result with maximum certainty, where as ability is genetic and not learned it underpins our skills.
What is the difference between motor and perceptual abilities?
Motor abilities- are concerned with movement.
Perceptual abilities-detecting, recognising and responding to a stimulus from the environment.
What are 2 examples of gross motor abilities?
Stamina-the ability to maintain maximum effort when using the cardio respiratory system.
Static strength- the maximum force that can be exerted against an external object.
What are 2 examples of perceptual motor abilities?
Control precision- the ability to perform precise,controlled movements involving large muscle groups.
Multi-limb coordination- the ability to coordinate the movement of several limbs at the same time.
What is the display?
Physical enviroment or surrounding the performer which contains various stimuli.
What are the receptors ?
Gathering information from the enviroment using senses, including sight, sound , touch and smell.
What is stimulus identification?
Comparing it to long term memory and recognizing that information.
How does intrinsic motivation differ from extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic- the desire to achieve from within
Extrinsic- The desire to achieve success for a reward on the outside.
Why is intrinsic motivation better than extrinsic?
Intrinsic is better for a long-term drive.There is a sense of control. Athlete becomes greedy for money, may reduce the loss of motivation.
Ways to minimize learning plateaus
setting of goals
mental rehearsal
provide feedback
make practices more varied
In the closed loop theory, suggest two traces which are used to control movement
memory and perceptual
How are these used to control movement?
Memory Trace - plan of action, based on experience
Perceptual Trace- controls current movement, improve with feedback
If they both work together- movement continues
If they mismatch- an error will occur during performance
What are the functions of the short term sensory store ?
receives information from display from senses
there is too much information and information is filtered via selective attention.
Important info passed to STM
What are the functions of the long-term memory?
Store of past experiences
meaningful information stored
metal image of movement to be performed
information from STM
What is operant conditioning?
Trying to create the stimulus response bond e.g. trial and error
Increases the likelihood of the desired response, as learner associates consequence of previous action with current situation
What is negative reinforcement?
the removal of a negative stimuli, for example when a coach shouts and the team score, then the coach stops shouting.
What are different types of reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement- Praising the right SR bond e.g. by scoring a goal
Negative reinforcement-Removal of negative stimuli
What is an Alternative for operant conditioning?
Punishment, weaken the wrong SR bond, shouting a player if they perform incorrectly.
What are the two different types of extrinsic motivation?
Tangible- money, trophy’s, medal
Intangible-Frame, praise, applause
How to players use short-term memory to perform skills?
receives information from senses
Selective attention filters information
Compares to LTM
Initiates motor programme
Explain the difference between movement and reaction time
movement time- the time taken from the start of the movement to the completion
reaction time- time taken from the onset of the movement to the start of the movement
Why is choice reaction time more common in team games than simple reaction time?
choice- Numerous stimuli and response
simple- one stimulus and one response
games have open skills which need CRT and few SRT skills/ movements
How to improve response time?
Intensity of stimuli Relevant practice Be at optimum arousal level Concentrate Mental rehearsal Improved reaction time
What is meant by transfer?
Skill learnt in one activity effect another
What are two examples of transfers?
positive- aids the learning of a new skill
negative- hinders the learning of a new skill
Explain the functions of recognition schema
schema- a set of rules to help us make decisions about movement patterns
sensory consequences- gathering sensory information e.g. weight and timing of a pass.
Response outcome- gain information from outcome
How should sport be taught in reference to Schmidt?
frequent feedback
specific practice to activity
teach simple skills firsthow does darn
how does DARMM help the process of learning?
Attention- concentrate on role model (more if role model)
Retention- mental picture of skill
motor reproduction- must be able to complete the skill
motivation- learners must want to learn (encouraged through positive feedback)
How might a coach help a performer to retain a newly learned skill?
Frequent practice
positive feedback
transfer from previously learned skill
Name the early and final stages of learning and describe characteristics
cognitive- manual guidance, demonstrations, basic feedback, praise
Autonomous- small adjustment, motivation, intrinsic feedback
Describe how feedback will change between these stages
more feedback
correct own mistakes
detailed
more negative
what is the single channel hypothesis?
only one stimulus can be processed at one time, second stimulus arrives before first is completed , cannot deal with second stimulus until first has been completed,
slower response time.
The psychological refractory period- is the delay in reaction caused
what is selective attention?
learning to focus on relevant stimuli and ignore irrelevant
How can a coach improve a players selective attention?
Increase intensity of stimuli motivate athlete Learn to ignore irrelevant stimuli Mental rehearsal direct their attention to one aspect of the performance e.g. eye on the ball
What does intrinsic motivation mean?
The desire to achieve success from within for example pride, enjoyment and fun
What are the disadvantages of using extrinsic motivation?
Become dependant on it
damage the love of the game
may lead to loss of motivation if extrinsic reward is not achieved
too much pressure
Explain the functions of recall schema
prior to performances, initiates movement
The initial condition- Information from environment, senses
The response specification- knowing what to do
