learning and performance Flashcards
what are the stages of learning ?
cognitive
associative
autonomous
what is the cognitive stages of development ?
involves the performer observing a demonstration or given verbal instructions , uses trial and error
mainly uses external feedback as performers dont have an understanding, teacher is vital at this stage, basic feedback should be given 2-3 key points
lots of praise, terminal feedback
what is the associative stage?
referred to as the practice stage, involves the performer developing and refining the movement of skill via combination of practice and feedback, initially external feedback, but learner will get a feel for kinasthetic awareness
what is in the autonomous stage?
little errors, players can focus on other factors such as tactics , reaction time and decision making can be improved , mostly intrinsic feedback, coach focuses on minor alterations all sorts of guidance can be used
wat cause plateus?
boredom fatigue lack of fitness inappropriate practice methods injury
solutions of plateus ?
vary type of practice sessions
offer extrinsic rewards
improve coaching knowledge
give new roles
what are the different types of motivation ?
intrinsic, extrinsic , tangible and intangible
what is intrinsic motivation ?
involves gaining self-satisfaction, pride and a feeling of achievement and comes from within
what is extrinsic motivation ?
a performer receives reward from others, goes into two categories
what are the two categories of extrinsic ?
tangible- medal, trophy,
intangible- frame, praise, applause
why is intrinsic good?
best for long term drive
sense of control
why is extrinsic bad?
not good for long term only work for short term extrinsic rewards lose their value may athletes lose sight of why they started can become main focus athletes want more over time
how to motivate athletes ?
rewards/ praise
more fun training / enjoyable
goals and targets
staggered starts
what are the three main theories?
operant, cognitive, observational
what is operant conditioning ?
involves positive and negative reinforcement
positive- using material to encourage the repletion of a action
negative- with drawel of a negative stimulus
strengthen or weaken s-r bond
what did throndike suggest about the strengthening of the s-r bond?
law of exercise- must practice
law of effect- must followed by positive reinforcement
law of readiness- must be prepped
what is the cognitive theory?
performer has a understanding of what is required
what is observational learning ?
proposed by bandura, people learn better by copying includes the stages attention- teacher must be interesting retention- must create a mental image motor production- must copy actions motivation- learner must have some drive
what is schmidts schema theory?
we adapt previous movement pattern to current environments
schemas initiated by two processes: recall- start of movement
recognition- controls and evaluates movements
what are the two sources of info for recall schema ?
knowledge of initial condition- refers to info about environment, location and limb position compared to previous
knowledge of response- info about the task for it to be completed
2 sources for recognition schema ?
sensory-feeling of movement ka
response - end result compared to whatvwas intended
what are the six transfers ?
postivitve negative bilateral proactive retroactive zero
what is positive transfer?
when the previously learnt skill aids the learning of a new skill
what is negative transfer ?
previously learnt skill hindering the learning of a new skill
what is biltertal transfer?
involves the transfer of learning one limb to another
what is proactive transfer?
when skill being learned has an affect on skills in the future
what is retro active transfer?
when the skill learnt before has an effect on skill learned perviosly
what is zero transfer ?
when one skill has no effect on the laering of another
what are the benefits of goal setting ?
development of self-confidence increased motivation levels improved slecetive attention approach behavior persistence reductiosn in anxiety
what are the two types of goal?
outcome performance - judges the performance of another against the end result
performance goal- judges the performances of an athlete against own standards
what should a good goal include?
specific measurable accepted realistic time-phrased exciting recorded
