The brain (and some cranial stuff) Flashcards

1
Q

Brain

A

Complex organ that allows complex sensational, intellectual and nervous activity to occur.

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2
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Neural extensions that send signals to and from the face, neck and torso
-5 senses

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3
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of protection for the brain.

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4
Q

Pia Mater

A

Adheres to brain
Areolar CT

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5
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Medial layer.
Arachnoid trabeculae extend to pia mater through subarachnoid
space.
Subarachnoid space contains CSF.

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6
Q

Dura Mater

A

Tough, outermost membrane.
Dense Irregular CT
Composed of 2 layers:
-Meningeal layer (deeper layer)
-Periosteal layer (superficial layer)

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7
Q

Epidural space

A

Between dura and skull; contains arteries and veins

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8
Q

Dural extensions

A

Form partitions between brain areas; provide support.
There are 4

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9
Q

Falx Celebri

A

Located on midline; separates R & L cerebral hemispheres

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10
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates occipital and temporal lobes from cerebellum

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11
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres

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12
Q

Diaphragma sellae

A

Forms “roof ” over sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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13
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

a network of blood vessels in each ventricle of the brain. It is derived from the pia mater and produces the cerebrospinal fluid.

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14
Q

Blood-brain Barrier

A

Regulate what substances enter the brain.
Composed of specialized capillaries
-wrapped by astrocytes
-tight junction connection

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15
Q

4 Functional Regions of the Brain

A

-Brainstem
-Diencephalon
-Cerebrum
-Cerebellum

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16
Q

Gyri

A

Outer fold (top of bumps)

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17
Q

Sulci

A

Inner folds
Fissures (deep sulci)

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18
Q

Medulla

A

Inferior regions of the brainstem

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19
Q

Pyramids

A

Crossing of somatic motor axons

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20
Q

Cardiac centers

A

Regulate heart rate and force

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21
Q

Respiratory centers

A

Regulates respiratory rate

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22
Q

Vasomotor centers

A

Regulates blood pressure

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23
Q

Pons

A

Bulging regions on anterior brainstem.
Controls the rate of involuntary respiration.

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24
Q

Midbrain

A

Superior portion of the brainstem

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25
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Part of midbrain, releases dopamine to control movement
-provide excitatory/inhibitory stimuli.

26
Q

Periaqueductal gray

A

modulation of pain
-inhabitation/facilitation of pain

27
Q

Diencephalon

A

A region of the brain that includes:
-Pineal gland (epithalamus)
-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus

28
Q

Pineal gland

A

Sleepy time section of the brain
Secretes melatonin

29
Q

Thalamus

A

Receives all sensory information excluding smell.
Sends information to all appropriate cerebral centers.

30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Regulation of body temperature
Control over the pituitary gland
Regulation of thirst and hunger

31
Q

Cerebrum

A

In charge of intellectual function. Includes:
-Intelligence and reasoning.
-Thought, memory, judgement
-Voluntary movement
-Visual + auditory function

32
Q

Gray matter

A

In charge of processing sensation, perception, voluntary movement, learning, speech and cognition.

33
Q

White matter

A

Enables communication of the different pieces of the brain.
Comprised of myelinated axons.
Tracts in the CNS
Nerves in the PNS

34
Q

Longitudinal fissure (sulcus)

A

Splits right and left hemispheres

35
Q

Central sulcus

A

Boundary between the frontal and parietal lobes.

36
Q

Corpus collosum

A

200 million axons that connect both hemispheres.

37
Q

Cerebral lobes

A

Frontal
-Central sulcus
-Lateral sulcus
Temporal
Parietal
-Parieto-occipital sulcus
Occipital
Insula

38
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Handles executive function
-in control of analysis, judgement, planning and personality
Contains somatomotor cortex and Broca’s area

39
Q

Broca’s area

A

Control muscles of speech production

40
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Primary auditory cortex
Contains Wernicke’s area
Primary olfactory cortex

41
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

In charge of language comprehension

42
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Sensation from body
Somatosensory area
Tactile sensation (detect pressure)

43
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Primary vision cortex

44
Q

Insula

A

Involved in:
Memory
Consciousness
Emotion
Additionally is the primary gustatory complex (taste)

45
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Primary sensory cortex
Found within the parietal lobes
Receives sensory info from the proprioceptors, touch, pressure, pain and temperature receptors
“Sensory homunculus”

46
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Primary motor cortex
Frontal lobes
“Somatic motor area”
“Motor homunculus”

47
Q

Cerebral lateralization

A

Functional specialization of the 2 cerebral hemispheres
Left hemisphere specializes in language production
Right hemisphere specializes in visuospatial abilities
-depth and distance perception

48
Q

Cerebral nuclei

A

Centers deep in the cerebrum
The striatum does subconscious movement and regulates muscle tone

49
Q

CNS tracts

A

Myelinated axons that create neural pathways between different parts of the brain and spinal chord

50
Q

Associated tracts

A

Same hemisphere
Short tracts connecting neighboring nuclei called arcuate fibers
Tracts connecting nuclei in different lobes are called longitudinal fasciculi (fibers)

51
Q

Commissural tracts

A

Connect regions in different hemispheres

52
Q

Projection tracts

A

Connect cerebral cortex to inferior brain regions

53
Q

Cerebellum

A

Folia (folds)
Vermis (connect left and right hemispheres)
Primary fissures separates anterior and posterior cerebellar lobes
Helps with coordination and balance
Stores memories of previously movements
Adjusts movements initiated by cerebrum
Helps with balance

54
Q

Cerebellar regions

A

Cerebellar cortex
-outer gray matter
Arbor vitae
-inner white matter “branches”
Peduncles
-Connect brain to cerebellum

55
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional brain
Composed of multiple centers that process emotion

56
Q

Hippocampus

A

Forms long term memory

57
Q

Parahippocampus gyrus

A

encoding and retrieving memories

58
Q

Amygdala

A

Integration of emotions and emotional behavior

59
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Integration center

60
Q

Olfactory centers

A

Evoke memory from smell

61
Q

Memory

A

Characterized in terms of stages: the length of time information
remains available to us.
Information processing begins in sensory memory, moves to short-term memory, with practice and retrieval moves to long-term memory.