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A&P 1 > Bone, skeletal system: Anna made > Flashcards

Bone, skeletal system: Anna made Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System includes:

A

Bones
Joints
Cartilage

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2
Q

Skeletal System functions:

A
  • Provides a framework for the body
  • Protects soft internal tissues
  • Acts as a lever system for movement
  • Provides reservoir for minerals
    • Calcium and phosphate
  • Hematopoiesis
    • Blood cell production
  • Stores energy
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3
Q

Spongy bone

A

Deep
Porous
red bone marrow

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4
Q

Compact bone

A

Superficial
dense

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5
Q

Axial skeleton

A
  • Forms “axis” of body
  • Skull bones, rib cage, vertebral column, hyoid
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6
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Bones of appendages
-Shoulder girdle
-Hip girdle

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7
Q

Long Bone examples

A

humerus
femur

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8
Q

Short bone examples

A

Carpals
tarsals

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9
Q

Flat bone examples

A

Cranial bone
sternum

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10
Q

Irregular bones examples

A

Vertebral
facial bones

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11
Q

Cartilage

A

semi rigid connective tissue
Types:
- Hyaline
- Smooth, gliding surface
- between joints, like the knee
- Fibrocartilage
- Weight-bearing
- vertebral discs, public symphysis
- Elastic
- External ear, epiglottis

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12
Q

Tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone

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13
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone

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14
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of long bone

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15
Q

Epiphysis

A

Ends of long bone
- Proximal
- Distal

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16
Q

Metaphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate
- “Growth plate”
- Thin layer of hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal line (in adults)

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17
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Red marrow in children
Yellow marrow in adults

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18
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Lines medullary cavity
  • Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
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19
Q

Periosteum

A

Connective tissue wrapping of all bones
Two layers

Fibrous layer
- Perforating fibers
- Anchors vessels and nerves to bone surface
- Tendon/ligament attachment
Osteogenic layer
- Osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

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20
Q

Articular Cartilage

A
  • Thin layer of hyaline cartilage
  • Covers joint surface
  • Reduces friction
  • Acts as shock absorber
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21
Q

Vessels enter bone from:

A

periosteum

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22
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

Vessels penetrate bone through small opening

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23
Q

Nerves

A
  • Accompany blood vessels through foramen
  • Most are sensory
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24
Q

Red bone marrow

A
  • Found in spongy bone
  • Hemopoietic
    • Blood cell production
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25
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A
  • Found in medullary cavity of long bones
  • Adipose tissue
  • Stored energy
  • May convert back to red bone marrow with severe anemia (reduced RBCs)
26
Q

Where is red bone marrow found

A

Adults -> Axial skeleton
- Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, os coxae, proximal epiphysis of humerus and femur

Children -> Long bones
- Spongy bone and medullary cavities

27
Q

Mesenchymal cells

A

become osteoprogenitor cells
(stem cells found in bone marrow)

Mes(sy) because there are many things it can become

28
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

become osteoblasts

29
Q

Osteoblasts

A

produce and secrete osteoid (bone matrix)

30
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature osteoblasts embedded in bone matrix

31
Q

Osteoclasts

A

secrete enzymes involved in bone resorption
- bone matrix broken down to release calcium and phosphate

32
Q

Bone Matrix is made of:

A

Rings of collagen protein
Hydroxyapatite
Vitamins/minerals

33
Q

hydroxyapatite

A
  • Part of bone matrix
  • Calcium phosphate
  • Forms crystals
  • Hardens matrix
  • Provides strength and rigidity
34
Q

required Vitamins/minerals in bone

A
  • D for calcium absorption
  • C for collagen formation
  • Calcium and phosphate
35
Q

Osteons

A

Structural unit of compact bone
- Central canal
——- Vessels/nerves
- Lamellae
——- Rings of calcified collagen fibers
- Lacunae
——- House osteocytes
- Canaliculi
——- Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc.
——- microscopic canals in bone that connect lacunae, or small cavities, that house osteocytes

36
Q

Central canal

A

Vessels/nerves
in center of osteon

37
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of calcified collagen fibers in osteon

Lamb running in a ring
Lame ring made of collagen

38
Q

Lacunae

A

House osteocytes

39
Q

Canaliculi

A

microscopic canals in bone that connect lacunae
Exchange of nutrients, gases, etc.

40
Q

Trabeculae

A
  • Meshwork of bony arches
  • make up spongy bone
  • Spaces filled with red bone marrow
  • Offer some resistance to stress
41
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Produce matrix of Cartilage

42
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Encased in matrix
maintains surrounding cartilage

43
Q

Perichondrium

A
  • Dense irregular CT
  • Covers and protects cartilage
    - Except articular cartilage
44
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • Begins with hyaline cartilage only
  • Chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix
  • Osteoblasts migrate into cartilage and secrete osteoid (the unmineralized part of bone matrix)
    • Chondroblasts die leaving spaces, “cavitation”
    • Spongy bone
  • Periosteal bud invades new spongy bone
  • Diaphyses elongate and medullary cavity forms
  • Epiphyses ossify
  • Hyaline cartilage remains as epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage
  • Most bones of the skeleton
45
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone growth within a membrane
Skull bones, mandible, clavicles

46
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Growth in length
Occurs at epiphyseal plate

47
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth in thickness
Occurs at osteogenic layer of periosteum and endosteum

48
Q

Bone Remodeling

A
  • occures during the first 25 years of life, during bone repair, and in response to exercise
  • Occurs at periosteal and endosteal surfaces
  • Results from activities of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  • Influenced by hormones and mechanical stress
49
Q

Importance of Calcium

A

Required for
- Bone strength
- Muscle contraction
- Neural function
- Cardiac function
- Blood clotting
Vitamin D required for calcium absorption
- Vitamin D converts to calcitriol
- Most active form hormonal form of vit D

50
Q

Effects of Aging

A

Reduced rate of protein synthesis by osteoblasts
- Decreased strength of bone
- Bones become brittle and susceptible to fracture
Bone loss of calcium and other minerals
- Bones thinner and weaker
- Osteopenia
- Loss of bone mineral density (BMD)

51
Q

Osteopenia

A

 Osteoblast activity declines while osteoclast
activity remains the same
 Vertebrae and epiphyses loose bone mass
 Affects women more profoundly than me

52
Q

Osteoporosis

A

-Reduced bone mass compromises bone function
—– Increased risk of fractures (wrist, hip, spine)
-Occurs in significant percentage of older individuals
—– Postmenopausal women at most risk
-Reduced hormones with age
—– Growth hormone, estrogen, testosterone

53
Q

Bone Fractures: Stress

A

hairline fractures due to repeated impact

54
Q

Bone Fractures: Pathologic

A

fracture due to disease process

55
Q

Bone Fractures: Simple

A

bone breaks but does not break through skin

56
Q

Bone Fractures: Compound

A

broken ends of bone break through skin

57
Q

Bone Fractures: Greenstick

A

partial fracture; bone bends and frays

58
Q

Bone Fractures: Colles

A

wrist fracture; “dinner fork” deformity

59
Q

Bone Fractures: Compression

A

osteoporosis leads to fractures of vertebrae

60
Q

Bone Fractures: Pott’s

A

ankle fracture

61
Q

Bone Repair

A
  1. Fracture hematoma
    • Blood clot forms
  2. Soft callus
    • Collagen deposited
    • Fibrocartilaginous CT forms
  3. Hard callus
    • Osteoblasts build trabeculae
  4. Remodeling
    • Osteoclasts remove excess
    • Compact bone develops
62
Q

osteoid

A

the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that is created by osteoblasts.

A&P 1 (18 decks)

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