Spine

Question 1

Spinal Chord

Answer 1

Spinal chord housed within the vertebral foramen.

Question 2

Dura Mater

Answer 2

outer most meninges
epidural space and subdural space

Question 3

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 3

Middle meninges

Question 4

Subarachnoid Space

Answer 4

csf flows through

Question 5

Pia Mater

Answer 5

Innermost meninges

Question 6

Cervical enlargement

Answer 6

The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord is the source of the spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus and supply the upper limbs.

Question 7

Lumbar enlargement

Answer 7

Nerves supply the lower limbs

Question 8

Conus medullaris

Answer 8

give rise to the lumbar sympathetic, sacral somatic and sacral parasympathetic nerves which continue downward within the cauda equina.

Question 9

Spinal nerves

Answer 9

31 pairs of nerves

Question 10

Cauda equina

Answer 10

these nerves send and receive messages to and from the lower limbs and pelvic organs

Question 11

Filum terminale

Answer 11

fixate, stabilize, and buffer the distal spinal cord from normal and abnormal cephalic and caudal traction.

Question 12

Denticulate ligaments

Answer 12

help to anchor the spinal cord in place

Question 13

Cervical region

Answer 13

c1-8

Question 14

thoracic region

Answer 14

t1-t12

Question 15

lumbar region

Answer 15

l1-5

Question 16

sacral region

Answer 16

s1-5

Question 17

Coccygeal region

Answer 17

c0

Question 18

Roots of spinal chord

Answer 18

Axons extend from spinal cord to innervate tissues
Ventral/anterior:motor and Dorsal/posterior:sensory

Question 19

Anterior median fissure

Answer 19

Groove in front of spinal cord

Question 20

Posterior median fissure

Answer 20

Groove in back of spinal cord

Question 21

Anterior horns

Answer 21

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
Motor nuclei send out efferent somatic signals

Question 22

Lateral horns

Answer 22

Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons (only segments T1-L2)
Motor nuclei send out efferent autonomic signals

Question 23

Posterior horns

Answer 23

Synaptic knobs of sensory neurons and cell bodies of
interneurons
Sensory nuclei receive afferent somatic and autonomic signals

Question 24

Gray commissure

Answer 24

Band of gray matter surrounding central canal. Connect left and right gray matter

Question 25

Posterior funiculus

Answer 25

Ascending sensory tracts

Question 26

Lateral funiculus

Answer 26

Sensory and motor tracts

Question 27

Anterior funiculus

Answer 27

Sensory and motor tracts

Question 28

Somatosensory pathways

Answer 28

sensory info from muscles, joints, skin

Question 29

Viscerosensory pathways

Answer 29

Sensory information from organs and vessels

Question 30

Dorsal (posterior) column

Answer 30

Spinal cord to the medulla, transmits sensory info.

Question 31

Medial lemniscus

Answer 31

Continuation of the dorsal column, from the medulla to the cortex

Question 32

Anterior root

Answer 32

Axons of motor neurons Cell bodies located in anterior and lateral horns

Question 33

Posterior root

Answer 33

Axons of sensory neurons Cell bodies located in posterior root ganglion

Question 34

Posterior ramus

Answer 34

Innervates muscles and skin of back

Question 35

Anterior ramus

Answer 35

Innervates trunk, upper and lower limbs

Question 36

Rami communicantes

Answer 36

Small branches of autonomic fibers

Question 37

Nerve plexus

Answer 37

Network of branching spinal nerves * Provide a backup system for sensory and motor function  Cervical plexus  Brachial plexus  Lumbar plexus  Sacral plexus * Give rise to peripheral (named) peripheral nerves

Question 38

Medial lemniscus pathway

Answer 38

a sensory pathway in the central nervous system responsible for carrying information related to fine touch, vibration, proprioception (body position), and two-point discrimination from the body to the somatosensory cortex in the brain

Question 39

Anterolateral pathway

Answer 39

carries information about noxious stimuli, temperature stimuli, and deep touch and pain.

Question 40

Spinocerebellar pathways

Answer 40

an ascending tract that travels a path from the spinal cord to the cerebellum ipsilaterally. The function involves carrying unconscious proprioceptive information toward the cerebellum.

Question 41

Somatic motor pathway

Answer 41

Control skeletal muscle * Involve 2-3 neurons  Upper motor neurons  “Descending” tracts  Begin in motor cortex, cerebral nuclei, brainstem nuclei  Substantia nigra, striatum  Excite or inhibit lower motor neurons  Lower motor neurons  “Efferent” pathways  Begin in cranial nerve nucleus or anterior horn of spinal cord  Synapse with effectors

Question 42

Direct pathway

Answer 42

Conscious voluntary control * Involves 2 neurons  Upper motor neuron  Originates at precentral gyrus of cerebral cortex  Axon part of one of two corticospinal tracts * Lateral corticospinal tract o Decussates in medulla o Targets appendicular skeletal muscle o 85% of direct pathway neurons * Anterior corticospinal tract o Does not decussate o Targets axial skeletal muscle o 15% of direct pathway neurons  Lower motor neuron  Originates in anterior gray horn of spinal cord  Synapses with skeletal muscle

Question 43

Indirect Pathway

Answer 43

Unconscious, reflexive control * Lateral pathway  Precise, discrete movement of limbs  Lateral corticospinal tract and rubrospinal tract (tegmentum to spinal cord) * Medial pathway  Muscle tone and movement of axial muscles  Face, head, neck, trunk

Question 44

Cervical plexus

Answer 44

C1-C5 Innervates head neck and shoulders Phrenic nerve: innervates diaphragm

Question 45

Brachial plexus

Answer 45

C6-T1 Innervates upper extremities Axillary nerve: delt Median nerve: anterior forearm Radial nerve: posterior lateral forearm Ulnar nerve: medial forearm

Question 46

Lumbar plexus

Answer 46

L1-L5 femoral nerve: hip, anterior thigh Obturator nerve: medial thigh

Question 47

Sacral plexus

Answer 47

S1-S5 Sciatic nerve: glute, posterior thigh longest nerve in the body Tibial nerve: hamstring, adductors Common fibular nerve: knee and leg movers

Question 48

Dermatomes

Answer 48

An area of skin supplied by sensory neurons of a single spinal nerve  Borders overlap  Some overlap of function  Referred pain