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A&P > A&P 1 Final unit 4 > Flashcards

A&P 1 Final unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Generic Human Cell

A

Three common characteristics
-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Cytosol
-Organelles

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2
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
-Hydrophilic & hydrophobic
-Membrane proteins

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3
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins

A

Integrated within plasma membrane
Transport molecules across membrane

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4
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

A

Attached to surface of plasma membrane

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5
Q

Transporters

A

channels, pumps and gates move substances across membrane

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6
Q

Receptors

A

respond to neurotransmitters and hormones

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7
Q

Identity markers

A

identify “self” to immune cells

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8
Q

Enzymes in peripheral membrane

A

Catalyze chemical reactions

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9
Q

Anchoring sites peripheral membrane

A

secure cytoskeleton to membrane

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10
Q

Linkers peripheral membrane

A

cell-to-cell attachment

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11
Q

Cholesterol

A

Lipoproteins
Strengthen membrane and stabilize against temperature extremes

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12
Q

Glycolipids

A

Maintain membrane stability
Located on outer phospholipid region only

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13
Q

Tight junctions

A

connect adjacent cells by sealing the intercellular space between cells preventing the paracellular movement of solutes, ions and water

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14
Q

Desmosomes

A

mediate cell-cell contact and strong adhesion.

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15
Q

Gap Junctions

A

clusters of intercellular channels that allow direct diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Houses DNA and RNA, handles protein production, cell growth and reproduction

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17
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Houses the nucleus, phospholipid bilayer
Allows passage in and out of the nucleus

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18
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes

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19
Q

Dna

A

Housed in the nucleus, double helix shape

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20
Q

Chromatin

A

Unwound strands of protein that occurs during protein synthesis

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21
Q

Chromosomes

A

Coiled DNA, occurs during cellular reproduction

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22
Q

Genes

A

Coding for specific proteins

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23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains the cytosol and organelles.

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid space within the cell that supports the organelles where lots of chemical reactions occur very rapidly

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25
Q

Organelles

A

“Little organs”
Perform the work of the cell
Eight different organelles, each with specific function

26
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produces energy (ATP) preforms aerobic respiration, which involves combusting glucose and oxygen

27
Q

Ribosomes

A

Packages of RNA
Involved in protein synthesis

28
Q

Transcription

A

Copy of a gene formed from DNA in nucleus

29
Q

Translation

A

RNA is translated into Amino acid chains making up a synthesized protein

30
Q

Bound ribosomes (Rough ER)

A

Proteins for export, part of membrane, enzymes in lysosomes

31
Q

Free ribosomes (cytosol)

A

All other proteins

32
Q

Rough ER

A

Site of ribosomal attachment
Transport vesicles shuttle proteins to Golgi apparatus

33
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones
Detoxification
Calcium ion storage

34
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorts and packages macromolecules for cell maintenance, repair and transport

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Immune cells, attacks and dissolves unwanted things

36
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Involved in lipid
production

37
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Provides the cell with structural support

38
Q

Centrosomes

A

Reorganize the cytoskeleton to move chromosomes to
ensure each daughter cell receives the appropriate
number of chromosomes
Comprised of 2 centrioles

39
Q

Proteosomes

A

Eats messed up proteins

40
Q

Cilia

A

Protein projections that wave substances past the cell
“mucus elevator”

41
Q

Flagella

A

tails that enable things like sperm to swim

42
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections of cell membrane that increase surface area for absorption
-Small intestine

43
Q

Passive transport

A

No cellular energy required
Substances move down concentration gradient
Osmosis and diffusion

44
Q

Active transport

A

Requires cellular energy
Substances moved up concentration gradient

45
Q

Diffusion

A

-Passive
-Moves from higher to lower concentration uses kinetic energy. A steeper gradient or higher temperature increases diffusion rate

46
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Molecules move unassisted between phospholipid molecules. Small and nonpolar solutes. Not regulated by plasma membrane

47
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Transport process for small charged or polar solutes Requires assistance from plasma membrane proteins
can be channel or carrier mediated

48
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water, not solutes
Passive movement of water through semipermeable membrane
Osmosis is promoted by differences in water concentration on either side of a membrane

49
Q

Isotonic solution

A

ECF and cytosol have same solute concentration
No net movement of water in/out of cell

50
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

ECF has lower solute concentration than cytosol
Water moves into cell

51
Q

Hemolysis

A

cell ruptures

52
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solution with higher concentration of solutes than
cytosol
Water moves from inside cell to outside

53
Q

Crenation

A

cell shrinks

54
Q

Active transport process

A

Solute moves against concentration gradient

55
Q

Primary and secondary (active) transport

A

primary uses atp
secondary uses a secondary substance

56
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Movement of large substances with vesicle
Move out is exocytosis, moving in is endocytosis

57
Q

symport

A

two substances moved in the same direction

58
Q

antiport

A

two substances moving In opposite directions

59
Q

pinocytosis

A

ingestion into cell via invaginations

60
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

61
Q

exocytosis

A

contents of a cell vacuole are released outside the cell

62
Q

Ligands

A

Chemical messengers released by one cell to signal either itself or a different cell

A&P (14 decks)

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