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A&P > A&P 1 final unit 2 > Flashcards

A&P 1 final unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrons

A

Atoms with no charge

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2
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged atoms

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3
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged atoms

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4
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Donation of electrons
-Form most inorganic compounds (salts, acids, bases)
-Dissociate in body fluids and conduct electricity
-Provide ions required for survival
-Sodium, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, etc.

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5
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Sharing of electrons
-Occurs when both atoms require electrons
-Do not dissociate easily in body fluids
-Form organic compounds
-Always contain carbon
-Building blocks of cells
-Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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6
Q

Function of water in the body

A

Transportation, lubrication, cushions, excretes wastes

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7
Q

pH

A

<7 acidic
7- neutral (pure water)
>7 basic

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8
Q

Acids

A

Increase concentration of free hydrogen

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9
Q

Bases

A

Decrease concentration of free hydrogen

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10
Q

Carbon

A

4th most abundant atom, backbone of organic compounds

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11
Q

Biological Macromolecules

A

Large organic compounds synthesized by the
body, each with its unique “carbon skeleton.”

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12
Q

Polymers

A

repeating subunits of monomers

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13
Q

Proteins

A

Speed reaction (enzymes)
Support (structural proteins)
Movement (contractile proteins)
Transport (carrier proteins)
Protection (antibodies)
Chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds

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14
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Amino Acid: monomer of proteins
Oligopeptide: small number of amino acids linked together
Polypeptide: many amino acids linked together
Protein: complex molecule composed of the folding of polypeptide chains

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15
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Protein carriers that transport lipid molecules in plasma

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16
Q

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

A

“Good” cholesterol
Carries cholesterol to liver to be eliminated

17
Q

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

A

“Bad” cholesterol
Risk of CVD and stroke

18
Q

Denaturation

A

Change in the shape of a protein; involves breaking of bonds
-Disturbs protein activity
-Usually irreversible
-May occur due to increased temperature or changes in pH

19
Q

Lipids

A

Molecules of fatty acids; not “true” polymers
Water insoluble

20
Q

Classifications of lipids

A

-Steroids
-Triglycerides
-Eicosanoids
-Phospholipids

21
Q

Steroids

A

component of cell membranes; steroid
hormones (ex: testosterone and estrogen);act
systemically

22
Q

Triglycerides

A

long term energy (fat)

23
Q

Eicosanoids

A

hormones (signaling molecules); act locally
primarily respond to inflammation (control blood flow and clotting)

24
Q

Phospholipids

A

make up cell membrane, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

25
Q

Types of triglycerides

A

Saturated (animal fats)
-Meat, butter, cheese
-Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated (plant fats)
-Olive, peanut, canola oils, nuts, seeds
-May liquify at room temperature
-Generally healthier
Trans fats
-Unsaturated liquid oils converted into solids; (shortening, margarine)
-Increase the risk of heart attack and stroke

26
Q

Lipogenisis

A

Formation of fat when there is excess glucose

27
Q

Lipolysis

A

Breaks down fat when glucose is needed

28
Q

Types of carbs

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

29
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugar monomers (glucose, fructose)

30
Q

Disaccharides

A

Two linked monosaccharides (Sucrose (table sugar); lactose (milk sugar))

31
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Many linked monosaccharides; starches, cellulose, glycogen

32
Q

Glucose

A

Most common monosaccharide
-Primary nutrient supplying energy to cells
-Stored as glycogen

33
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Store and transfer genetic information
Two classes of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

34
Q

DNA

A

Double-stranded nucleic acid
-Located in the nucleus of cells
-Monomers; Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

35
Q

Nitrogenous bases of DNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

36
Q

RNA

A

Single-stranded nucleic acid
-Located in nucleus and in cytoplasm of cell
-Monomers: Ribose sugar and phosphate

37
Q

Nitrogenous bases of RNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

38
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

Molecule of energy within every cell
-Composed of nitrogenous base adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
-High-energy bonds between last two phosphate
groups
-Release energy when broken

39
Q

Enzymes

A

Biologically active catalysts that accelerate chemical
reactions
Only facilitate reactions that would already occur

A&P (14 decks)

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