A&P 1 final unit 2 Flashcards
Ionic bonds
Donation of electrons
-Form most inorganic compounds (salts, acids, bases)
-Dissociate in body fluids and conduct electricity
-Provide ions required for survival
-Sodium, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, etc.
Covalent bonds
Sharing of electrons
-Occurs when both atoms require electrons
-Do not dissociate easily in body fluids
-Form organic compounds
-Always contain carbon
-Building blocks of cells
-Carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Function of water in the body
Transportation, lubrication, cushions, excretes wastes
pH
<7 acidic
7- neutral (pure water)
>7 basic
Acids
Increase concentration of free hydrogen
Bases
Decrease concentration of free hydrogen
Carbon
4th most abundant atom, backbone of organic compounds
Biological Macromolecules
Large organic compounds synthesized by the
body, each with its unique “carbon skeleton.”
Polymers
repeating subunits of monomers
Proteins
Speed reaction (enzymes)
Support (structural proteins)
Movement (contractile proteins)
Transport (carrier proteins)
Protection (antibodies)
Chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds
Protein synthesis
Amino Acid: monomer of proteins
Oligopeptide: small number of amino acids linked together
Polypeptide: many amino acids linked together
Protein: complex molecule composed of the folding of polypeptide chains
Lipoproteins
Protein carriers that transport lipid molecules in plasma
HDL (high density lipoprotein)
“Good” cholesterol
Carries cholesterol to liver to be eliminated
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
“Bad” cholesterol
Risk of CVD and stroke
Denaturation
Change in the shape of a protein; involves breaking of bonds
-Disturbs protein activity
-Usually irreversible
-May occur due to increased temperature or changes in pH
Lipids
Molecules of fatty acids; not “true” polymers
Water insoluble
Classifications of lipids
-Steroids
-Triglycerides
-Eicosanoids
-Phospholipids
Steroids
component of cell membranes; steroid
hormones (ex: testosterone and estrogen);act
systemically
Triglycerides
long term energy (fat)
Eicosanoids
hormones (signaling molecules); act locally
primarily respond to inflammation (control blood flow and clotting)
Phospholipids
make up cell membrane, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.
Types of triglycerides
Saturated (animal fats)
-Meat, butter, cheese
-Solid at room temperature
Unsaturated (plant fats)
-Olive, peanut, canola oils, nuts, seeds
-May liquify at room temperature
-Generally healthier
Trans fats
-Unsaturated liquid oils converted into solids; (shortening, margarine)
-Increase the risk of heart attack and stroke
Lipogenisis
Formation of fat when there is excess glucose
Lipolysis
Breaks down fat when glucose is needed
Types of carbs
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simple sugar monomers (glucose, fructose)
Disaccharides
Two linked monosaccharides (Sucrose (table sugar); lactose (milk sugar))
Polysaccharides
Many linked monosaccharides; starches, cellulose, glycogen
Glucose
Most common monosaccharide
-Primary nutrient supplying energy to cells
-Stored as glycogen
Nucleic Acids
Store and transfer genetic information
Two classes of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
DNA
Double-stranded nucleic acid
-Located in the nucleus of cells
-Monomers; Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate
Nitrogenous bases of DNA
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
RNA
Single-stranded nucleic acid
-Located in nucleus and in cytoplasm of cell
-Monomers: Ribose sugar and phosphate
Nitrogenous bases of RNA
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Molecule of energy within every cell
-Composed of nitrogenous base adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
-High-energy bonds between last two phosphate
groups
-Release energy when broken
Enzymes
Biologically active catalysts that accelerate chemical
reactions
Only facilitate reactions that would already occur
