Joints and movement : anna made Flashcards
Arthrology
- Study of joints (articulations)
- Points of contact between bones, bones and cartilage, bones and teeth
Fibrous joints
joined by fiborus tissue
- Connected by “stitches” of collagen fibers
- Immovable or slightly moveable
-3 types: Gomphoses, Sutures, Syndesmoses
Cartilaginous joints
Joined by cartilage
hyaline: Synchondroses (synarthrotic)
- epiphyseal plate, joint between sternum and 1st rib
fibrocartilage: Symphyses (amphiarthrotic)
- pubic symphysis, intervertebral disc
Synchondroses
- Cartilaginous Joint
- hyaline
- synarthrotic (immovable)
Symphyses
- Cartilaginous Joint
- fibrocartilage
- amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable)
Synovial joints
-Freely movable
-most joints
-articular capsule: synovial fluid in joint cavity surrounding bone ends
-articular cartilage: reduce friction, avascular, protects bone ends
-ligaments, nerves, blood vessels
Synarthroses (synarthrotic)
Immoveable; fibrous or cartilaginous
Amphiarthroses (amphiarthrotic)
Slightly moveable; fibrous or cartilaginous
Diarthroses
Freely moveable; all synovial
Syndesmoses
fibrous joint
(amphiarthrotic)—forearm and leg bones
- Bound by interosseous membrane
Sutures
fibrous joint
(synarthrotic)—anchor skull bones together
Gomphoses
fibrous joint
(synarthrotic)—anchor teeth
articular capsule
joint cavity
synovial fluid
synovial joints
synovial joint layers
Outer fibrous layer
- Holds joint together
Inner synovial membrane
- Covers internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage
- Helps produce synovial fluid
articular cartalige
- Thin layer of hyaline cartilage
- Covers joint surface
- Reduces friction
- Acts as shock absorber
Ligaments
- Connect bone to bone
- Dense regular CT
- Stabilize synovial joints
Extrinsic ligaments
Outside the articular capsule
Intrinsic ligaments
Fused to wall of
articular capsule
Tendons
- Attach muscle to bone
- Help stabilize joint
- Dense regular CT
- Poor blood supply
Sensory receptors
Many in ligaments/articular capsule
- Pain, proprioception
Blood vessels
Dense vascular network
- Support tissues of joint
- Source of synovial fluid
- Nourishes articular cartilage
Bursae
- CT sacs of synovial fluid
- Found in synovial joints where bones, ligaments, tendons rub together
- Reduce friction
Tendon Sheaths
- Elongated bursae
- Wrap around tendons
- Predominant in wrist and ankle
- Reduce friction
Uniaxial
-Bone moves in one plane or axis
-synovial joint only
Biaxial
- Bone moves in two planes or axes
- synovial joint only
Multiaxial
- Bone moves in multiple planes or axes
- synovial joint only
Planar/gliding
2 flat things gliding past each other, (uniaxial)
-carpals
Hinge
like a hinge door (uniaxial)
- elbow, knee, ankle,
Pivot
twists against another bone, (uniaxial)
- ulna and radius (radioulnar)
- atlas and axial (Atlantoaxial)
Condylar/ellipsoidal
like an egg in a bowl, (biaxial)
- bottom knuckle (metacarpophalangeal)
Saddle
like a saddle , to the sides and forward (biaxial)
- thumb (1st carpometacarpal)
Ball and socket
twist, forward and back, side to side (multiaxial)
-shoulder and hip
Gliding movement
back and forth (planar joints);
carpals/tarsals
Angular movement
changes angle between bones;
flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction
Rotational movement
bone pivots on its own axis;
lateral and medial rotation, supination, pronation
Special movements
don’t fit other categories;
depression, elevation, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, eversion, inversion, protraction, retraction, opposition, reposition
Flexion
angle of joint decreases
Extension
angle of joint increases
Hyperextension
extension beyond normal range of motion (hypermobile joints or injury)
Adduction
movement toward midline of body
Abduction
movement away from midline of body
Circumduction
cone-shaped movement; (flexion, abduction, extension, adduction)
Lateral rotation
rotation away from midline body
Medial rotation
rotation toward midline of body
Pronation
rotation of forearm to palm-down position
Supination
rotation of forearm to palm-up position
Depression
inferior movement of body part
Elevation
superior movement of body part
Dorsiflexion
Foot and toes pulled up
Plantarflexion
Foot and toes pulled down
Inversion
Medial movement of sole of foot
Eversion
Lateral movement of sole of foot
Protraction
Anterior movement of body part
mandible jut out
Retraction
posterior movement of body part
mandible jut in
Opposition
Movement of thumb toward tips of fingers
Reposition
Movement of thumb away from tips of fingers
