Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PD BIO 305 > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

2
Q

The ‘SENSORY’ area is located on what part of the ‘BRAIN’?

A

BACK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the ‘LARGEST’ and ‘MOST PROMINENT’ part of the brain?

How much ‘MASS’ does it make up of the brain?

A

‘CEREBRUM’

‘80% OF THE TOTAL BRAIN MASS’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

‘GROOVES’ or ‘VALLEYS’ located on the surface of the ‘BRAIN’ are also called what two things?

A

‘FISSURES’ or ‘SULCI’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The ‘BRAIN’ is separated into 3 ‘FISSURES/SULCI’. What are they?

What is their purpose?

A
  1. LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
  2. CENTRAL FISSURE
  3. LATERAL FISSURE

PURPOSE = HELP DIVIDE ‘BRAIN’ INTO LOBES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

‘CONVOLUTIONS’ or ‘FOLDS’ on the surface of the ‘BRAIN’ are also called what?

What is the plural form of this called?

A 
GYRUS = SINGULAR
GYRI = PLURAL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 ‘CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES’ connected to each other by?

What is this made up of?

Why is this important?

A

‘CORPUS CALLOSUM’

MADE UP OF ‘300 MILLION’ NEURAL AXONS.

ALLOWS COMMUNICATION/COOPERATION WITH RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ‘RIGHT HEMISPHERE’ is known to be connected with what type of characteristics?

(*There are 2 of them)

A
  1. CREATIVE PERCEPTION

2. ARTISTIC PERCEPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ‘LEFT HEMISPHERE’ is known to be connected with what type of characteristics?

(*There are 3 of them)

A
  1. LOGIC
  2. ANALYTICAL ABILITY
  3. LANGUAGE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the names of the 4 ‘LOBES’ of the ‘CEREBRUM’?

A
  1. FRONTAL LOBE
  2. PARIETAL LOBE
  3. TEMPORAL LOBE
  4. OCCIPITAL LOBE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 functions of the ‘FRONTAL LOBE’?

What part of the ‘BRAIN’ is it located on?

A
  1. MOTOR AREA
  2. ELABORATE THOUGHT
  3. SPEAKING ABILITY

LOCATED ON ‘CEREBRUM’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 3 functions of the ‘PARIETAL LOBE’?

What part of the ‘BRAIN’ is it located on?

A
  1. SENSORY AREA
  2. BODY FEELINGS/TOUCH/PRESSURE/HEAT/COLD/PAIN
  3. BODY POSITIONS

LOCATED ON ‘CEREBRUM’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which ‘LOBE’ of the ‘CEREBRUM’ is connected with ‘SOMESTHETIC’ and ‘PROPRIOCEPTION’ sensations?

A

‘PARIETAL LOBE’

SOMESTHETIC = SENSES IN SKIN/BODY

PROPRIOCEPTION = POSITION PERCEPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the sole function of the ‘TEMPORAL LOBE’?

What part of the ‘BRAIN’ is it located on?

A

HEARING

LOCATED ON ‘CEREBRUM’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the sole function of the ‘OCCIPITAL LOBE’?

What part of the ‘BRAIN’ is it located on?

A

VISUAL INPUT

LOCATED ON ‘CEREBRUM’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the ‘CEREBRAL CORTEX’?

Where is it located?

A

GRAY MATTER (6 LAYERS OF NEURONS)

LOCATED ON THE ‘OUTER PORTION’ OF THE ‘CEREBRUM’ (3/16”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 6 ‘various’ ‘FUNCTIONS’ of the ‘CEREBRUM’?

A
  1. ALL ‘CONSCIOUS’ FUNCTIONS
  2. INTERPRETATIONS OF SENSATIONS
  3. UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE
  4. INTELLIGENCE
  5. MEMORY
  6. EMOTIONAL FEELINGS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The ‘THALAMUS’ is located ‘right’ next to what other part of the ‘BRAIN’?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The ‘THALAMUS’ has 4 main functions. What are they?

A
  1. CRUDE SENSATION OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE, TOUCH
  2. PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS
  3. COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION
  4. IS A ‘RELAY CENTER’
    (RECEIVES ‘ALL’ SENSORY INPUT EXCEPT FOR ‘SMELL’.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is considered to be the ‘RELAY CENTER’?

A

‘THALAMUS’

*RELAY CENTER = RECEIVES ‘ALL’ SENSORY INPUT (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) AND RELAYS TO ‘SENSORY CORTEX’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with the ‘RECOGNITION OF CRUDE SENSATIONS OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE AND TOUCH’?

A

THALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with ‘PLEASANT/UNPLEASANT FEELINGS’?

A

THALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with ‘COMPLEX REFLEX MOVEMENT PRODUCTION’?

A

THALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 functions of the ‘HYPOTHALAMUS’?

A
  1. CONTROLS THE ‘PITUITARY’
  2. WATER BALANCE
  3. APPETITE AND FOOD INTAKE
  4. BODY TEMPERATURE
  5. INDIRECT/DIRECT INPUTS TO ‘AUTONOMIC’ NERVOUS SYSTEM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with ‘CONTROLLING THE PITUITARY’?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with ‘WATER BALANCE’?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

VIA ‘ADH’ (ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with ‘APPETITE/FOOD INTAKE’?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is connected with ‘BODY TEMPERATURE’?

A

‘HYPOTHALAMUS’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ has ‘DIRECT/INDIRECT INPUTS TO THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’?

A

‘HYPOTHALAMUS’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The ‘CEREBELLUM’ (*NOT CEREBRUM!) has 3 main functions. What are they?

A
  1. CONTROL MUSCLE ACTION
  2. POSTURAL REFLEXES
  3. EQUILIBRIUM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is responsible for ‘CONTROLLING MUSCLE ACTION’?

A

‘CEREBELLUM’

PLANS AND EXECUTES VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is responsible for ‘POSTURAL REFLEXES’?

A

‘CEREBELLUM’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is responsible for ‘EQUILIBRIUM’?

A

‘CEREBELLUM’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the 6 basic functions of the ‘MEDULLA OBLONGATA’?

A
  1. CONTROLS HEART RATE
  2. CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE
  3. CONTROLS RESPIRATIONS
  4. REFLEXES OF ‘VOMITING’
  5. COUGHING
  6. HICCUPING
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is responsible for ‘CONTROLLING HEART RATE’?

A

‘MEDULLA OBLONGATA’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is responsible for ‘BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL’?

A

‘MEDULLA OBLONGATA’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is responsible for ‘RESPIRATION CONTROL’?

A

‘MEDULLA OBLONGATA’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is responsible for ‘REFLEXES IN VOMITING’?

A

‘MEDULLA OBLONGATA’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is responsible for ‘COUGHING’?

A

‘MEDULLA OBLONGATA’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is responsible for ‘HICCUPING’?

A

‘MEDULLA OBLONGATA’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the ‘FUNCTION’ of the ‘PONS’?

A

CENTER FOR ‘CRANIAL NERVES’

5th, 6th, 7th and 8th ‘CRANIAL NERVES’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is the ‘CENTER FOR THE 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th CRANIAL NERVES’?

A

‘PONS’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What two parts of the ‘BRAIN’ are responsible/center for half of the ‘CRANIAL NERVES’?

(*6 of the 12 CRANIAL NERVES)

A
  1. PONS

2. MIDBRAIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the ‘FUNCTION’ of the ‘MIDBRAIN’?

A

CENTER FOR ‘CRANIAL NERVES’

3rd and 4th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN’ is the ‘CENTER FOR THE 3rd and 4th CRANIAL NERVES’?

A

‘MIDBRAIN’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The ‘BRAIN STEM’ can be separated into what 3 parts?

A
  1. MEDULLA
  2. PONS
  3. MIDBRAIN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The ‘RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER’ has 3 main functions. What are they?

A
  1. OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS
  2. WAKEFULNESS
  3. SLEEP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN STEM’ is responsible for the ‘OVERALL DEGREE OF ALERTNESS’?

A

‘RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN STEM’ is responsible for ‘WAKEFULNESS’?

A

‘RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which part of the ‘BRAIN STEM’ is responsible for ‘SLEEP’?

A

‘RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

‘GENERAL ANESTHETICS’ suppress ‘NEURONS’ in what part of the ‘BRAIN’?

What is this area called?

A

‘BRAIN STEM’

‘RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘DAMAGE’ OF NEURONS IN THE ‘RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER’ MAY LEAD TO A COMA.

A

TRUE

DAMAGE TO NEURONS IN THE ‘RAC’ (RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER) MAY LEAD TO A COMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

All of the ‘CRANIAL NERVES’ supply the ‘HEAD’ and ‘NECK’ except for one. What is the name of that ‘CRANIAL NERVE’?

What does it supply?

A

‘VAGUS NERVE’

SUPPLIES ORGANS IN THE ‘THORACIC/ABDOMINAL CAVITIES’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Which ‘NERVE’ is considered to be the ‘MAJOR NERVE’ of the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC SYSTEM’?

What percentage of ‘PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES’ does this nerve supply?

A

‘VAGUS NERVE’

SUPPLIES 80% OF ALL PARASYMPATHETIC NERVES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How many pairs of ‘SPINAL NERVES’ are there?

A

31 PAIRS OF ‘SPINAL NERVES’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

‘SPINAL NERVES’ can be separated into 5 groups of nerves. What are the 5 groups?

(*In order from TOP to BOTTOM of the SPINAL CORD)

A
  1. CERVICAL (NECK)
  2. THORACIC (CHEST)
  3. LUMBAR (ABDOMINAL)
  4. SACRAL (PELVIC)
  5. COCCYGEAL (TAILBONE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How many ‘CERVICAL SPINAL NERVES’ are there?

What does it supply?

A

8 CERVICAL NERVES

‘NECK’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How many ‘THORACIC SPINAL NERVES’ are there?

What does it supply?

A

12 THORACIC NERVES

‘CHEST’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How many ‘LUMBAR SPINAL NERVES’ are there?

What does it supply?

A

5 LUMBAR NERVES

‘ABDOMINAL’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

How many ‘SACRAL SPINAL NERVES’ are there?

What does it supply?

A

5 SACRAL NERVES

PELVIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How many ‘COCCYGEAL SPINAL NERVES’ are there?

What does it supply?

A

ONLY ‘1’ COCCYGEAL NERVE

TAILBONE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Towards the ‘lower’ vertebral canal. There is a ‘THICK BUNDLE OF ELONGATED NERVE ROOTS’. What is this called?

A

‘CAUDA EQUINA’

aka - ‘HORSE’S TAIL’

(*Called this because of its appearance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the numbers and names of all of the ‘CRANIAL NERVES’?

(*THERE ARE 12 OF THEM)

A
  1. OLFACTORY
  2. OPTIC
  3. OCULOMOTOR
  4. TROCHLEAR
  5. TRIGEMINAL
  6. ABDUCENS
  7. FACIAL
  8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR
  9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
  10. VAGUS
  11. ACCESSORY
  12. HYPOGLOSSAL

(*MNEMONIC - (OL)ympic (OP)ium (OC)cupies (TRO)ubled (TRI)athletes (A)fter (F)inishing (VE)rmont (G)ambling (VA)cations (S)till (H)igh)

61
Q

Which ‘CRANIAL NERVES’ are ‘SENSORY, MOTOR or BOTH’?

A
  1. OLFACTORY - SENSORY
  2. OPTIC - SENSORY
  3. OCULOMOTOR - MOTOR
  4. TROCHLEAR - MOTOR
  5. TRIGEMINAL - BOTH
  6. ABDUCENS - MOTOR
  7. FACIAL - BOTH
  8. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR - SENSORY
  9. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL - BOTH
  10. VAGUS - BOTH
  11. ACCESSORY - MOTOR
  12. HYPOGLOSSAL - MOTOR

(*MNEMONIC - (S)mall (S)hips (M)ake (M)oney, (B)ut (M)y (B)rother (S)ays (B)ig (B)oats (M)ake (M)ore)

M=MOTOR | B=BOTH | S=SENSORY

62
Q

What is the function of the ‘OLFACTORY’ nerve?

A

SMELL - MUCOSA IN NOSE

SENSORY

63
Q

What is the function of the ‘OPTIC’ nerve?

A

SIGHT

SENSORY

63
Q

What is the function of the ‘OCULOMOTOR’ nerve?

A

MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL

(FOCUSING/CHANGE IN PUPIL SIZE)

(MOTOR)

64
Q

What is the function of the ‘TROCHLEAR’ nerve?

A

MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL

MOTOR

65
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ‘TRIGEMINAL’ nerve?

A
  1. SENSATIONS FROM FACE,TEETH AND TONGUE (SENSORY)
  2. MOVEMENT OF JAW, CHEWING MUSCLES (MOTOR)

(BOTH)

66
Q

What is the function of the ‘ABDUCENS’ nerve?

A

‘MOVEMENT OF EYEBALL’

MOTOR

67
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ‘FACIAL’ nerve?

A
  1. TASTE BUDS AT THE FRONT OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY)
  2. MOVEMENT OF FACIAL MUSCLES, SECRETION OF SALIVA/TEARS (MOTOR)

(BOTH)

68
Q

What is the function of the ‘VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR’ nerve?

A

HEARING, BALANCE AND POSTURE

SENSORY

69
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ‘GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL’ nerve?

A
  1. TASTE BUDS AT THE BACK OF THE TONGUE (SENSORY)
  2. SWALLOWING AND SECRETION OF SALIVA (MOTOR)

(BOTH)

70
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ‘VAGUS’ nerve?

A
  1. VISCERAL SENSATIONS (SENSORY)
  2. VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT (MOTOR)

(BOTH)

71
Q

What is the function of the ‘ACCESSORY’ nerve?

A

SWALLOWING, HEAD AND NECK MOVEMENTS

MOTOR

72
Q

What is the function of the ‘HYPOGLOSSAL’ nerve?

A

SPEECH AND SWALLOWING

MOTOR

73
Q

What 3 ‘CRANIAL NERVES’ are involved with ‘EYE MOVEMENT’?

A

(NERVES 3,4,6)

III. OCULOMOTOR
IV. TROCHLEAR
VI. ABDUCENS

(*MNEMONIC - 3,4 AND 6 MAKE MY EYES DO ‘TRICKS’)

74
Q

What letter is formed at the ‘CENTER’ of the ‘SPINAL CORD’?

What forms this?

A

THE LETTER ‘H’

‘GRAY MATTER’ FORMS THIS

75
Q

What is located in the ‘CENTRAL CANAL’ in the ‘SPINAL CORD’?

A

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

76
Q

What is located in the ‘GRAY MATTER’ in the ‘SPINAL CORD’?

A

NEURON CELL BODIES

77
Q

In a ‘SPINAL CORD’ cross section, what is located next to the ‘GRAY MATTER’?

A

WHITE MATTER

78
Q

What is ‘WHITE MATTER’ composed of in a ‘SPINAL CORD’?

A

MYELINATED AXONS

79
Q

There are columns or ‘FUNICULI’ located in the ‘SPINAL CORD’ in a cross section. What are they?

A
  1. POSTERIOR (TOP)
  2. LATERAL (SIDES)
  3. ANTERIOR (BOTTOM)
80
Q

What divides the ‘SPINAL CORD’ cross section into the 3 sections/funiculi?

A

THE ‘GRAY MATTER’ THAT FORMS THE LETTER ‘H’

81
Q

Where are ‘NERVE TRACTS’ located in the ‘SPINAL CORD’?

A

IN THE 3 ‘FUNICULI’

82
Q

‘NERVE TRACTS’ can go one of two ways. What are the 2 options?

What do each of them mean?

A
  1. ASCENDING - BOTTOM OF SPINAL CORD TO BRAIN

2. DESCENDING - FROM BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD

83
Q

In every ‘NERVE TRACT’ name, there are 3 things that are defined. What are they?

A
  1. FUNICULUS IN WHICH TRACT IS LOCATED
  2. LOCATION OF CELL (ORIGIN)
  3. LEVEL OF ‘DESTINATION’
84
Q

What are the 2 main ‘ASCENDING’ nerve tracts?

A
  1. LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC
  2. ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC

(*HINT - SPINE to THALAMUS = ASCENDING TRACT)

85
Q

What are the 2 main ‘DESCENDING’ nerve tracts?

A
  1. LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL
  2. ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL

(*HINT - CEREBRUM to SPINE = DESCENDING TRACT)

86
Q

What ‘NERVE TRACT’ conducts the following:

‘SENSORY IMPULSES’ for ‘CRUDE TOUCH’ and ‘PRESSURE’?

Is it ‘ASCENDING/DESCENDING’?

A

ANTERIOR SPINOTHALAMIC

ASCENDING TRACT

87
Q

What ‘NERVE TRACT’ does the following:

‘CONDUCTS PAIN’ and ‘TEMPERATURE IMPULSES’?

Is it ‘ASCENDING/DESCENDING’?

A

LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC

ASCENDING TRACT

88
Q

What ‘NERVE TRACT’ does the following:

‘Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves and [OUTWARD] through ‘ANTERIOR HORNS’ for coordinated movements.

Is it ‘ASCENDING/DESCENDING’?

A

ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL

DESCENDING TRACT

89
Q

What ‘NERVE TRACT’ does the following:

‘Conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal nerves through ‘ANTERIOR HORNS’ for coordinated movements.

Is it ‘ASCENDING/DESCENDING’?

A

LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL

DESCENDING

90
Q

What is the ‘SIMPLEST TYPE OF ‘SENSORY-TO-MOTOR’ NERVE PATHWAY’?

A

‘REFLEX ARC’

91
Q

What is the ‘REFLEX ARC’

A

THE SIMPLEST ‘SENSORY-TO-NERVE’ PATHWAY

92
Q

How does the ‘REFLEX ARC’ work?

*THERE ARE 3 STEPS

A
  1. RECEPTOR DETECTS STIMULUS
  2. ‘SENSORY NEURON’ SENDS NERVE IMPULSE TO ‘CNS’
  3. ‘MOTOR NEURON’ CONDUCTS IMPULSE TO ‘EFFECTOR ORGAN’
93
Q

What is a ‘RECEPTOR’ defined as?

A

PORTION OF ‘DENDRITE’ OR SPECIALIZED RECEPTOR CELL IN A ‘SENSORY ORGAN’

94
Q

What is the ‘FUNCTION’ of a ‘RECEPTOR’?

A

SENSITIVE TO SPECIFIC TYPES OF ‘STIMULUS’

95
Q

What is a ‘SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON’ defined as?

*3 PARTS

A
  1. DENDRITE
  2. CELL BODY
  3. AXON
96
Q

What is the function of a ‘SENSORY (AFFERENT) NEURON’?

A

TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM RECEPTOR TO THE (CNS)

*HINT - (A)FFERENT NEURONS (A)RRIVE TO ‘BRAIN’ (CNS)

97
Q

What is an ‘INTERNEURON’ defined as?

*3 PARTS/STAGES

A
  1. DENDRITE
  2. CELL BODY
  3. AXON OF NEURON (IN BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD)
98
Q

What are the functions of an ‘INTERNEURON’?

*There are 2 of them

A
  1. SERVE AS ‘PROCESSING CENTER’

2. CONDUCT IMPULSE FROM ‘SENSORY NEURON’ TO ‘MOTOR NEURON’

99
Q

What is a ‘MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON’ defined as?

*3 PARTS

A
  1. DENDRITE
  2. CELL BODY
  3. AXON
100
Q

What is the function of a ‘MOTOR (EFFECTOR) NEURON’?

A

TRANSMITS IMPULSE FROM CNS OUT TO AN ‘EFFECTOR ORGAN’

*HINT - (E)FFERENT NEURONS (E)XIT THE ‘BRAIN’ AND MOVE TO (E)FFECTOR ORGANS)

101
Q

What is a ‘EFFECTOR’ defined as?

A

MUSCLE/GLAND OUTSIDE THE ‘NERVOUS SYSTEM’

102
Q

What are the functions of ‘EFFECTORS’?

*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM

A
  1. RESPOND TO STIMULATION BY ‘MOTOR NEURON’

2. PRODUCE A ‘REFLEX’ OR ‘PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE’

103
Q

What is an ‘ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM’ (EEG)?

A

GRAPHIC RECORD OF NEURON ACTIVITY IN THE ‘BRAIN’

104
Q

What are the 4 kinds of ‘ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMS’ (EEGs)?

A
  1. ALPHA WAVES
  2. BETA WAVES
  3. THETA WAVES
  4. DELTA WAVES
105
Q

Which ‘BRAIN WAVES’ are approximately ‘8-12 waves/sec’?

A

ALPHA WAVES

106
Q

Which ‘BRAIN WAVES’ are approximately ‘13-25 waves/sec’?

A

BETA WAVES

107
Q

Which ‘BRAIN WAVES’ are approximately ‘5-8 waves/sec’?

A

THETA WAVES

107
Q

Which ‘BRAIN WAVES’ are approximately ‘1-5 waves/sec’?

A

DELTA WAVES

107
Q

Which ‘BRAIN WAVES’ are recorded when a person is ‘AWAKE’ and ‘RELAXED WITH EYES CLOSED’?

A

ALPHA WAVES

107
Q

Which waves are produced when a person is ‘VISUALLY ORIENTATING’ and/or ‘THINKING’?

A

BETA WAVES

107
Q

Where are ‘THETA WAVES’ seen more commonly?

A

NEWBORN INFANTS

108
Q

These type of ‘BRAIN WAVES’ can be observed in ‘ADULTS UNDER SEVERE EMOTIONAL STRESS’.

A

THETA WAVES

108
Q

These type of ‘BRAIN WAVES’ can be observed in ‘INFANTS’ and ‘SLEEPING ADULTS’.

A

DELTA WAVES

108
Q

The presence of these ‘BRAIN WAVES’ in an ‘ADULT’ who is ‘AWAKE’ may indicate ‘ABNORMAL BRAIN FUNCTION’.

A

DELTA WAVES

109
Q

What is ‘BRAIN DEATH’ defined as?

A

THE ‘CESSATION’ OF BRAIN WAVES.

109
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’?

*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM

A
  1. SLIGHTLY ‘ALKALINE’ (BASIC)
  2. MORE SODIUM, CHLORINE AND MAGNESIUM IONS
  3. LESS BLOOD PLASMA, CALCIUM, POTASSIUM AND GLUCOSE
  4. ALSO CONTAINS ‘SOME’ PROTEINS, UREA AND LEUKOCYTES
110
Q

What molecules does ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ contain ‘MORE’ of?

A

‘MORE’:

SODIUM IONS(Na+)
CHLORIDE IONS (Cl-)
MAGNESIUM IONS (Mg2+)
111
Q

What molecules does ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ contain ‘LESS’ of?

A

‘LESS’:

CALCIUM IONS (Ca2+)
POTASSIUM IONS (K+)
GLUCOSE
111
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ IS ONLY PRODUCED SPORADICALLY.

A

FALSE

‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ (CSF) IS PRODUCED ‘CONTINUOUSLY’

112
Q

What is ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ formed from?

113
Q

How is ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ continuously produced?

A

THROUGH ‘ACTIVE TRANSPORT’ AND ‘ULTRAFILTRATION’ FROM MATERIALS ALREADY IN BLOOD VIA SPECIALIZED CAPILLARIES

113
Q

What are ‘CHOROID PLEXUSES’?

What is their function?

Where are they located?

A

CHOROID PLEXUSES = SPECIALIZED BLOOD CAPILLARIES

INVOLVED IN THE ‘PRODUCTION’ OF ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ (CSF)

LOCATED ON THE ‘ROOFS’ OF THE ‘VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN’

114
Q

What is the ‘NORMAL’ fluid pressure of ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ (CSF)?

114
Q

What is the ‘PATHWAY OF FLOW’ for the production of ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ (CSF)?

(*There are 7 steps)

A
  1. LATERAL VENTRICLES
  2. INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN (of Monro)
  3. THIRD VENTRICLE
  4. CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT (of Sylvius)
  5. FOURTH VENTRICLE
  6. SUBARACHNOID SPACE
  7. REABSORPTION AT THE ‘ARACHNOID VILLI’

[*MNEMONIC - (L)ittle (I)ndians (of Monro) (T)hink (C)owboys (of Sylvius) (F)ear (S)piders & (R)ats (at the Arachnoid Villi)]

114
Q

‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ (CSF) has 3 main functions. What are they?

A
  1. CUSHIONS BRAIN WITHIN ‘SOLID VAULT’
  2. ALLOWS FOR EXCHANGE OF ‘NUTRIENTS’ AND ‘WASTES’ WITHIN THE NERVOUS TISSUE
  3. BUOYS THE BRAIN
115
Q

How much does the ‘BRAIN’ weigh when not suspended in ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ (CSF)?

How much does it weight when it is in (CSF)?

A

1500 grams = NOT IN (CSF)

50 gram = SUSPENDED IN (CSF)

116
Q

What is ‘HYDROCEPHALUS’ defined as?

A

ABNORMAL ‘ACCUMULATION’ OF ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ (CSF) IN:

‘VENTRICLES’ AND ‘SUBARACHNOID’ OR ‘SUBDURAL SPACE’

117
Q

What are some of the ‘CAUSES’ of ‘HYDROCEPHALUS’?

*There are 2 of them

A
  1. EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

2. BLOCKED FLOW OF (CSF)

118
Q

What does ‘HYDROCEPHALUS’ eventually cause?

A

CAUSES ‘CRANIAL BONES’ TO THIN AND THE ‘CEREBRAL CORTEX’ TO ‘ATROPHY’.

119
Q

What is the definition of a ‘LUMBAR PUNCTURE’?

A

THE ‘WITHDRAWAL’ OF ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ FROM THE ‘SUBARACHNOID SPACE’ IN THE REGION OF THE ‘LUMBAR VERTEBRAE’.

120
Q

What are the 2 reasons for a ‘STROKE’?

Why would a ‘LUMBAR PUNCTURE’ by important to perform in this case?

A
  1. CLOT
  2. BLOOD VESSEL RUPTURING CAUSING BRAIN TO HEMORRHAGE

A ‘LUMBAR PUNCTURE’ WILL SHOW IF ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ CONTAINS ‘BLOOD’ FROM A HEMORRHAGE. A ‘CLOT’ WILL NOT SHOW ANY.

DEPENDING ON ‘CLOT’ OR ‘HEMORRHAGE’ DIFFERENT MEDICATION IS GIVEN.

121
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ WILL SHOW IF THERE IS AN ‘INFECTION’ IN THE ‘BRAIN/SPINAL CORD’.

A

TRUE

‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ WILL SHOW ‘BACTERIA’

121
Q

What are the 2 types of ‘HYDROCEPHALUS’?

A
  1. NON-COMMUNICATING

2. COMMUNICATING

121
Q

What is the ‘MECHANISM’ involved in ‘NON-COMMUNICATING’ ‘HYDROCEPHALUS’?

A

OBSTRUCTION OF ‘CEREBROSPINAL FLUID’ (CSF) FLOW BETWEEN VENTRICLES

122
Q

What is the ‘CAUSE’ of ‘NON-COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS’?

A
  1. AQUEDUCT STENOSIS

* stenosis= lack of blood flow caused by narrowing

123
Q

What are the MECHANISMS’ involved in ‘COMMUNICATING’ ‘HYDROCEPHALUS’?

A
  1. INCREASED (CSF) SECRETION
124
Q

What are the causes for the 2 ‘MECHANISMS’ involved in ‘COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS’?

A

INCREASED (CSF) SECRETION:

1. SECRETING TUMOR (CHOROID PLEXUS)

125
Q

What is ‘NON-REM’ sleep also referred to as?

*3 TERMS

A
  1. SLOW SLEEP
  2. S-STATE
  3. QUIET SLEEP
126
Q

What is the known as the ‘DEEPEST’ state of ‘NON-REM’ sleep?

127
Q

What are some of the ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘NON-REM’ sleep?

(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM

A
  1. RESPIRATION IS SLOW/DEEP/REGULAR
  2. DECREASED H.R., B.P., CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, BRAIN TEMPERATURE
  3. INCREASED TENDENCY FOR ‘SEIZURE DISORDERS’
  4. 4-5% WHO AWAKE DURING ‘NON-REM’ SLEEP REPORT DREAMS
128
Q

What sleep state is responsible for ‘INCREASED TENDENCY FOR SEIZURE DISORDERS’?

A

NON-REM SLEEP STAGE

128
Q

What sleep state is responsible for ‘DECREASED H.R., B.P., CEREBRAL BLOOD BLOW AND BRAIN TEMPERATURE’?

A

NON-REM SLEEP STAGE

128
Q

What sleep state is responsible for ‘4-5% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING DREAMS’?

A

NON-REM SLEEP STAGE

128
Q

‘REM’ Sleep stage is also referred to as what 3 terms?

A
  1. ACTIVE SLEEP
  2. FAST SLEEP
  3. D-SLEEP
128
Q

What sleep state is responsible for there being ‘DIFFICULTY IN AWAKENING THE INDIVIDUAL’?

A

‘REM’ SLEEP STAGE

128
Q

What sleep state is responsible for ‘80-90% OF INDIVIDUALS REPORTING DREAMS UPON BEING AWOKEN’?

A

‘REM’ SLEEP STAGE

128
Q

What sleep state is responsible for ‘INCREASED HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE’?

A

‘REM’ SLEEP STAGE

128
Q

What sleep state is responsible for ‘INCREASED CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW’?

A

‘REM’ SLEEP STAGE

128
Q

What sleep state is responsible for ‘INCREASED BRAIN TEMPERATURE’?

A

‘REM’ SLEEP STAGE

128
Q

What sleep state is responsible for ‘INCREASED NUMBER OF ERECTIONS’?

(*THIS IS USED IN TESTING IMPOTENCE)

A

‘REM’ SLEEP STAGE

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions