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Nervous system Flashcards

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2
Q

The ‘NERVOUS SYSTEM’ is separated into 2 ‘MAJOR SYSTEMS’. What are they?

A
  1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

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3
Q

The ‘CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’ contains what 2 major organs?

A
  1. BRAIN

2. SPINAL CORD

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4
Q

The ‘BRAIN’ is separated into 2 different types of ‘MATTER’.

What are the they?

A
  1. GRAY MATTER

2. WHITE MATTER

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5
Q

‘GRAY MATTER’ in the ‘CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’ is defined as what?

A

GRAY MATTER = NERVE CELL BODIES

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6
Q

‘WHITE MATTER’ in the ‘CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’ is defined as what?

A

WHITE MATTER = MYELINATED AXONS

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7
Q

Where is the ‘NERVE TRACT’ located? In what ‘MAJOR NERVOUS SYSTEM COMPONENT’?

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

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8
Q

The ‘NERVE TRACT’ which is located in the ‘CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’. Is defined as what?

A

GROUP OF NERVE FIBERS WITHIN THE ‘CNS’ THAT HAVE A COMMON ORIGIN/DESTINATION.

(ASCENDING/DESCENDING)

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9
Q

Where is the ‘NERVE TRACT’ located?

A

ONLY IN THE ‘CNS’

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10
Q

The ‘NUCLEUS’ in regards to the ‘CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’ is defined as what?

A

NUCLEUS = CLUSTER OF ‘NERVE CELL BODIES’

*ONLY IN THE ‘CNS’

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11
Q

What is the ‘PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’ (PNS) defined as?

*2 Things

A

NERVOUS TISSUE OUTSIDE THE:

  1. ‘BRAIN’
  2. ‘SPINAL CORD’
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12
Q

How many pairs of ‘CRANIAL NERVES’ are there in the ‘PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’?

A

12 PAIRS

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13
Q

How many pairs of ‘SPINAL NERVES’ are there in the ‘PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’?

A

31 PAIRS

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14
Q

In the ‘PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’, what is a ‘NERVE’ defined as?

A

GROUP OF NERVE FIBERS WITH COMMON ORIGIN/DESTINATION.

  1. AFFERENT (SENSORY)
  2. EFFERENT (MOTOR)
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15
Q

‘PERIPHERAL SYSTEM NERVES’ are separated into 2 types. What are they?

A
  1. AFFERENT (SENSORY)

2. EFFERENT (MOTOR)

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16
Q

What is a ‘GANGLION’ defined as? Where is it located?

A

CLUSTER OF NERVE CELL BODIES

ONLY IN THE ‘PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’

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17
Q

What is the ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ composed of?

What 2 divisions is it separated into?

A

COMPOSED OF SPECIFIC STRUCTURES IN THE ‘CNS’ and ‘PNS’.

  1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
  2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION
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18
Q

What are the 2 ‘STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS’ of the ‘NERVOUS SYSTEM’?

A
  1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)

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19
Q

What are the 2 ‘FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS’ of the ‘NERVOUS SYSTEM’?

A
  1. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

2. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SKELETAL SYSTEM)

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20
Q

What are the 4 ‘PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS’ of the ‘NERVOUS SYSTEM’?

A
  1. ORIENTATION
  2. COORDINATION
  3. ASSIMILATION
  4. PROGRAMMING
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21
Q

What is ‘CEREBRAL PALSY’ and what are the 4 symptoms of it?

A

ABNORMAL PATHOLOGY OF THE BRAIN

  1. PARALYSIS
  2. LACK OF COORDINATION
  3. MOTOR/SENSORY DYSFUNCTIONS
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22
Q

What is a ‘COMA’ defined as?

A

DEGREE OF UNCONSCIOUSNESS

RESULT MAY BE FROM A MANY NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CAUSES.

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23
Q

There are 5 steps taking during a ‘NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION’. What are they?

A
  1. MENTAL STATUS/SPEECH
  2. CRANIAL NERVES
  3. THE MOTOR SYSTEM
  4. THE SENSORY SYSTEM
  5. REFLEXES
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24
Q

Someone diagnosed with ‘PARAPLEGIA’ has what?

A

PERMANENT PARALYSIS OF ‘BOTH’ LEGS DUE TO INJURY OR DISEASE OF THE ‘SPINAL CORD’

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25
Q

Someone diagnosed with ‘QUADRIPLEGIA’ has what?

A

PERMANENT PARALYSIS OF ARMS ‘AND’ LEGS DUE TO ‘SPINAL CORD’ INJURY OR DISEASE.

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26
Q

What is a ‘NEURON’ also known as in the ‘NERVOUS SYSTEM’ terminology?

(*There are 2 names)

A
  1. NERVE CELL

2. NERVE FIBER

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27
Q

What is a ‘NEURON’ defined as in the ‘NERVOUS SYSTEM’?

A

STRUCTURAL/FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE ‘NERVOUS SYSTEM’

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28
Q

What is the main function of a ‘NEURON’?

A

CONDUCT IMPULSES TOWARD/AWAY FROM THE ‘CELL BODY’

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29
Q

What are the 3 components to a ‘NEURON’?

A
  1. CELL BODY
  2. DENDRITES
  3. AXONS
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30
Q

What is the ‘CELL BODY’ of a ‘NEURON’ defined as?

What does it contain? (5 things)

A

ENLARGED PORTION OF THE NEURON

CONTAINS:

  1. NUCLEUS
  2. NISSL BODIES (ROUGH ER)
  3. NEUROFIBRILS (PROTEIN)
  4. OTHER ORGANELLES
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31
Q

What are ‘DENDRITES’ defined as?

What is their main function?

A

CYTOPLASMIC EXTENSIONS

RECEIVE STIMULI AND CONDUCT ‘IMPULSES’ TO THE ‘CELL BODY’

(*TOWARD NERVE BODY!)

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32
Q

What are ‘AXONS’ defined as?

What 2 types are there and where are each of these types generally located?

A

CYLINDRICAL PROCESSES THAT CONDUCT IMPULSES ‘AWAY’ FROM THE CELL BODY.

  1. SHORT AXONS (CNS)
  2. LONG AXONS (PNS)
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33
Q

Which type of ‘AXONS’ are usually ‘MYELINATED’?

Why?

A

LONG AXONS

MYELIN SHEATH HELPS CONDUCT IMPULSES FASTER

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34
Q

What are ‘SCHWANN CELLS’, and in what system are they located?

A

ANOTHER NAME FOR ‘MYELINATED ‘LONG’ AXONS’

ONLY IN THE ‘PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’ (PNS)

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35
Q

What are ‘OLIGODENDROCYTES’, and in what system are they located?

A

ANOTHER NAME FOR ‘MYELINATED ‘LONG’ AXONS’

ONLY IN THE ‘CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM’ (CNS)

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36
Q

What are ‘NODES OF RANVIER’?

A

SEGMENTS IN THE ‘MYELIN SHEATH’

*LOCATED BETWEEN SCHWANN CELLS/OLIGODENDROCYTES

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37
Q

Where do ‘AXONS’ terminate?

A

AT THE ‘PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL’ OF THE ‘NEURON’

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38
Q

Because there are many ‘NEURONS’ in the body, how are they classified?

(*3 THINGS)

A
  1. DIRECTION OF ‘IMPULSE CONDUCTION’
  2. NUMBER OF ‘CYTOPLASMIC PROCESSES’
  3. AREA OF ‘INNERVATION’
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39
Q

There are 3 types of ‘NEURONS’ defined by ‘IMPULSE CONDUCTION’. What are they?

A
  1. SENSORY (AFFERENT)
  2. INTERNEURONS
  3. MOTOR (EFFERENT)
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40
Q

What is the function of a ‘SENSORY’ neuron?

Is it ‘AFFERENT’ or ‘EFFERENT’?

A

TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSE ‘TO’ THE ‘CNS’ (BRAIN)
(e.g. PAIN RESPONSE)

‘AFFERENT’

(*HINT - (A)FFERENT (A)RRIVES TO THE BRAIN)

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41
Q

What is the function of a ‘MOTOR’ neuron?

Is it ‘AFFERENT’ or ‘EFFERENT’?

A

TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSE ‘AWAY’ FROM THE ‘CNS’ (BRAIN).
(e.g. MUSCULAR RESPONSE)

‘EFFERENT’

(*HINT - (E)FFERENT (E)XITS THE BRAIN)

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42
Q

What is the function of ‘INTERNEURONS’ and what are they also known as?

(*2 other names)

A

CONDUCT THE ‘IMPULSES’ BETWEEN BOTH SENSORY ‘AND’ MOTOR’ NEURONS.

[*HINT - (INTER)states bridge the gap between states. (INTER)neurons bridge the gap between SENSORY/MOTOR neurons.]

ALSO KNOWN AS:

  1. INTERNUNCIAL NEURONS
  2. ASSOCIATION NEURONS
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43
Q

‘NEURONS’ that have only ‘1 AXON’ and ‘2+ DENDRITES’ are known as what kind of neurons?

A

‘MULTI’POLAR

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44
Q

‘NEURONS’ that have only ‘1 AXON’ and ‘1 DENDRITE’ are known as what kind of neurons?

A

‘BI’POLAR

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45
Q

‘NEURONS’ that have only ‘1 SINGLE PROCESS’ (aka - DENDRITE/AXON connected together) are known as what kind of neurons?

A

‘UNI’POLAR

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46
Q

There are 4 specific types of ‘NEURON INNERVATION’. What are they?

A
  1. SOMATIC (A)FFERENT (SKELETAL)
  2. SOMATIC (E)FFERENT (SKELETAL)
  3. VISCERAL (A)FFERENT (ORGANS)
  4. VISCERAL (E)FFERENT (ORGANS)

[*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]

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47
Q

What is the definition of a ‘SOMATIC AFFERENT’ neuron?

What is its functions?

A

NEURONS WITHIN SKIN, MUSCLES, JOINTS.

(SOMATIC SYSTEM = SKELETAL)

FUNCTION:
RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (TO) THE BRAIN (CNS).

[*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]

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48
Q

What is the definition of a ‘SOMATIC EFFERENT’ neuron?

What is its functions?

A

NEURONS WITHIN SKIN, MUSCLES, JOINTS.

(SOMATIC SYSTEM = SKELETAL)

FUNCTION:
RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (FROM) THE BRAIN (CNS) -> SKELETAL MUSCLES

[*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]

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49
Q

What is the definition of a ‘VISCERAL AFFERENT’ neuron?

What is its functions?

A

NEURONS LOCATED ON/IN ‘INTERNAL ORGANS’

(VISCERAL SYSTEM = INTERNAL ORGANS)

FUNCTION:
RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (TO) THE BRAIN (CNS) ‘FROM’ INTERNAL MUSCLES

[*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]

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50
Q

What is the definition of a ‘VISCERAL EFFERENT’ neuron?

What is its functions?

A

NEURONS LOCATED ON/IN ‘INTERNAL ORGANS’

(VISCERAL SYSTEM = INTERNAL ORGANS)

FUNCTION:
RECEIVE STIMULI -> CONVEY IMPULSE (FROM) THE BRAIN (CNS) ‘TO’ INTERNAL MUSCLES

[*Hint - (A)fferent (A)rrives to the brain (CNS) and (E)fferent (E)xits)the brain (CNS).]

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51
Q

What is ‘RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL’ defined as?

A

WHEN A NEURON IS ‘NOT’ CONDUCTING AN ‘IMPULSE’

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52
Q

What components of a ‘NEURON’ constitute the ability to create an ‘IMPULSE’?

A

THE ‘DIFFERENCE’ IN THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE BETWEEN THE INSIDE/OUTSIDE OF THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’

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53
Q

When a ‘NEURON’ is ‘UN-STIMULATED’, how is there a difference in electrical charge inside and outside the cell membrane?

A

DUE TO THE ‘IMBALANCE’ OF CHARGED PARTICLES (IONS/PROTEINS) BETWEEN THE ‘INTRACELLULAR’ AND ‘EXTRACELLULAR’ FLUIDS.

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54
Q

What is the ‘OVERALL’ charge of ‘NEURON’ when it is at ‘REST’ or ‘UN-STIMULATED’?

Why is it like this?

A

OVERALL NEGATIVE (-) CHARGE

BECAUSE OF ‘LARGE’ NEGATIVELY (-) CHARGED PROTEINS THAT ARE ‘NOT’ PERMEABLE TO THE CELL MEMBRANE

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55
Q

When the membrane of the ‘NEURON’ is said to be ‘POLARIZED’, what does this mean?

A

MORE (+) POSITIVE IONS ‘OUTSIDE’

MORE (-) NEGATIVE IONS ‘INSIDE’

*MEMBRANE IS AT ‘REST’ OR ‘UN-STIMULATED’ AND AT ‘EQUILIBRIUM’

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56
Q

What are ‘POSITIVE (+) IONS’ also called?

A

CATIONS (+)

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57
Q

What are ‘NEGATIVE (-) IONS’ also called?

A

ANIONS (-)

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58
Q

There are 3 mechanisms that are responsible for the ‘IMBALANCE’ in particles (charge) across the ‘NEURON CELL MEMBRANE’. What are they?

A
  1. SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP
  2. PERMEABILITY OF K+ TO Na+
  3. PROTEIN IMPERMEABILITY
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59
Q

Which ‘IONS’ are more favorable with cell permeability in the ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ of a ‘NEURON’?

A

MORE PERMEABLE TO ‘K+ IONS’

*K+ IONS MOVE ‘OUTWARD’ AND FASTER THAN Na+ IONS MOVE ‘INWARD’

60
Q

Which ‘IONS’ are ‘LESS’ favorable with cell permeability in the ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ of a ‘NEURON’?

A

LESS PERMEABLE TO ‘Na+ IONS’

*Na+ IONS MOVE ‘INWARD’ AND SLOWER THAN K+ IONS MOVE ‘OUTWARD’

61
Q

How does the ‘SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP’ function with respect to ‘NEURONS’?

What type of ‘TRANSPORT’ is this? Why?

A

MOVES ‘Na+’ IONS TO ‘OUTSIDE’
MOVES ‘K+’ IONS TO ‘INSIDE’

‘ACTIVE TRANSPORT’. REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP) TO FACILITATE TRANSPORT.

62
Q

What is the ‘NORMAL’ charge inside of the ‘NEURON’ when it is at ‘REST’ or ‘UN-STIMULATED’?

A

-65 to -85mV

63
Q

The ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ is ______ permeable to ‘K+ IONS’ and _____ permeable to ‘Na+ IONS’.

This makes it so that ‘____ IONS’ move outward faster than the ‘____ IONS’ move inward.

A
  1. MORE PERMEABLE TO ‘K+ IONS’
  2. LESS PERMEABLE TO ‘Na+ IONS’
  3. ‘K+ IONS’ MOVE OUTWARD FASTER
  4. ‘Na+ IONS’ MOVE INWARD SLOWER
64
Q

What characteristic of the ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ holds a ‘NEGATIVE (-) CHARGE’ over a positive charge?

A

THE ‘IMPERMEABILITY’ OF THE CELL MEMBRANE TO LARGE NEGATIVELY (-) CHARGED ‘PROTEINS’ INSIDE THE ‘NEURON’.

‘FEWER’ (-) CHARGED PARTICLES MOVE OUT

WHEREAS

‘MORE’ (+) CHARGED PARTICLES MOVE OUT

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘ALL’ CELLS OF THE BODY HAVE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS ACROSS THEIR CELL MEMBRANES?

A

TRUE

‘ALL’ CELLS HAVE ELECTRICAL POTENTIALS

66
Q

Which 2 types of cells have the ability to ‘ALTER/ADAPT’ their ‘RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL’ in response to appropriate stimuli?

How does this work?

A
  1. NERVE CELLS
  2. MUSCLE CELLS

VARYING MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO DIFFERENT ‘IONS’.

67
Q

An ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ can be separated into 3 points. What are they?

A
  1. SPIKE
  2. NERVE IMPULSE
  3. DISCHARGE
68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘ACTION POTENTIALS’ ARE ‘NOT’ SIMILAR IN SIZE/DURATION.

THEY ‘DIMINISH’ AS THEY ARE CONDUCTED DOWN AN ‘AXON’.

A

FALSE

THEY ARE ‘SIMILAR’ IN ‘SIZE/DURATION’.

THEY DO ‘NOT’ DIMINISH AS THEY ARE CONDUCTED DOWN AN ‘AXON’

69
Q

What 2 characteristics of an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ constitute the ‘CODE’ as well as the ‘DESTINATION’ of the ‘IMPULSE’?

A
  1. FREQUENCY

2. PATTERN

70
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

ACTION POTENTIALS ‘ARE’ SIMILAR IN ‘ALL’ ORGANISMS.

A

TRUE

‘ACTION POTENTIALS’ ARE SIMILAR IN ALL ORGANISMS.

(FROM A SQUID TO A COLLEGE STUDENT)

71
Q

How can an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ be recorded?

*Name of the instrument used

A

VIA AN ‘OSCILLOSCOPE’ OR ‘VOLTMETER’

72
Q

How often does/can an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ occur?

A

VERY RAPIDLY

(Every 2 msec) or 1000/second

73
Q

What happens to inside of the ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ during an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’?

What is the state of the ‘MEMBRANE’ referred to as?

A

BECOMES POSITIVE (+) INSIDE

STATE OF BEING ‘DEPOLARIZED’

74
Q

During an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ there are 5 characteristics (phases) that occur. What are they?

A
  1. RISING PHASE
  2. OVERSHOOT
  3. FALLING PHASE
  4. UNDERSHOOT/HYPERPOLARIZATION
  5. RESTORATION OF RESTING POTENTIAL
75
Q

What is the ‘RISING PHASE’ of an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’?

When does this phase occur?

A

RAPID ‘DEPOLARIZATION’ OF THE ‘MEMBRANE’ (Na+ IONS MOVE INTO CELL TO MAKE OVERALL CHARGE MORE (+) POSITIVE)

1st PHASE DURING ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’

76
Q

What is the ‘OVERSHOOT’ phase of an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’?

When does this phase occur?

A

INSIDE OF MEMBRANE BECOMES ‘POSITIVE (+)’ (+40mV)

2nd PHASE DURING ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’

77
Q

What is the ‘FALLING PHASE’ of an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’?

When does this phase occur?

A

MEMBRANE IS RAPIDLY ‘REPOLARIZED’ (K+ IONS MOVE OUT OF CELL TO MAKE OVER ALL CHARGE MORE (-) NEGATIVE)

78
Q

What is the ‘UNDERSHOOT’ or ‘HYPERPOLARIZATION’ phase of an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’?

A

WHERE THE ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ GOES DOWN TO A MORE (-) NEGATIVE CHARGE THAN ITS NORMAL RESTING POTENTIAL. (UNDERSHOOT)

79
Q

What is an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ defined as? What causes this to occur?

A

‘STIMULUS’ APPLIED TO A NEURON’S MEMBRANE. CREATES A ‘WAVE OF DEPOLARIZATION’ ALONG THE FIBER.

80
Q

When an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ is created, there are 10 standard steps that occur. What are they 10 steps?

A
  1. STIMULATION OF MEMBRANE
  2. SODIUM CHANNELS OPEN
  3. SODIUM IONS MOVE ‘INWARD’
  4. THRESHOLD (-55mV) REACHED
  5. DEPOLARIZATION OF MEMBRANE
  6. REVERSE POLARIZATION
  7. *STEP 6 ACTS AS STIMULUS TO ADJACENT REGIONS
  8. POTASSIUM CHANNEL ‘OPEN’
  9. PUMPS TRANSPORT SODIUM BACK OUT OF ‘NEURON’ AND POTASSIUM ‘INTO’ ‘NEURON’.
81
Q

What are 3 factors that can be considered ‘adequate stimulation’ of a membrane to create an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’?

A
  1. PHYSICAL
  2. CHEMICAL
  3. TEMPERATURE

(DIFFERENT NEURONS = DIFFERENT STIMULI)

82
Q

When ‘Na+ IONS’ move inward, what happens to the cell membrane?

A

BECOMES ‘LESS’ NEGATIVE

83
Q

What is the ‘THRESHOLD LEVEL’?

What does ‘ALL or NONE’ mean with regards to this?

A

THRESHOLD LEVEL = -55mV

LEVEL THAT MUST BE CROSSED IN ORDER TO TRIGGER AN ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’.

‘ALL or NONE’ = Unless a ‘STIMULUS’ makes cell membrane reach -55 mV, an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ will ‘NOT’ be created.

84
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The ‘GREATER’ the stimulus, the larger the ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’.

A

FALSE

‘ALL or NONE’ MEANS THAT ONLY THRESHOLD LEVEL HAS TO BE REACHED FOR AN ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ TO BE CREATED. (-55mV)

85
Q

What happens when nerve/muscle fibers receive a ‘SUB-THRESHOLD’ stimulus?

A

NO RESPONSE / NO ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’

86
Q

What is the ‘ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD’ defined as?

A

INTERVAL DURING AN ACTIVE ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ WHERE ANOTHER STIMULUS ‘CANNOT’ CREATE ANOTHER ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ RESPONSE BECAUSE THE CHANNELS ARE ALREADY OPEN.

(*HINT - ‘ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD’ = ‘ABSOLUTELY [NOT] GOING TO HAPPEN’)

87
Q

What is the ‘RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD’ defined as?

A

INTERVAL WHERE NEURON WILL ‘NOT’ RESPOND TO A NORMAL STIMULUS.

A VERY ‘STRONG’ STIMULUS WILL PRODUCE A ‘SECOND’ ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’.

(*HINT - ‘2nd ACTION POTENTIAL CREATION IS ‘RELATIVE’ TO STRENGTH OF STIMULUS’)

88
Q

Until the ‘RE-POLARIZATION’ is ____ completed, a 2nd ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ cannot be produced.

What is this referred to as?

A

‘1/3 COMPLETED’

‘ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD’

(*HINT - ‘ABSOLUTELY [NOT] GOING TO HAPPEN’)

89
Q

Which molecules act as ‘CHAPERONES’ for the ‘Na+ IONS’?

Why is this important?

A

WATER (H2O)

THIS ‘ION-WATER’ COMPLEX ALLOWS ‘Na+’ TO MOVE THROUGH PORES AND EXCLUDE ‘K+ IONS’.

90
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Na+ CHANNELS OPEN RELATIVELY ‘SLOW’

A

FALSE

Na+ CHANNELS OPEN ‘RAPIDLY

91
Q

What are 3 characteristics about the ‘Na + CHANNELS’ in a ‘NEURON CELL’?

A
  1. OPEN VERY RAPIDLY/FIRST
  2. STAY OPEN FOR ~1msec
  3. CANNOT OPEN AGAIN UNTIL ‘AFTER’ ‘ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD’ IS OVER.
92
Q

What is ‘TTX’ and what does it do?

Where is it found?

A

TETRODOTOXIN (TTX)
PHYSICALLY BLOCKS ‘Na+’ PORES

FOUND IN ‘JAPANESE PUFFER FISH’

93
Q

What does ‘SAXITOXIN’ do?

Where is it found?

A

BLOCKS ‘Na+’ PORES

FOUND IN CLAMS, MUSSELS AND OTHER SHELL FISH.

94
Q

What is ‘BATRACHOTOXIN’ do?

A

CAUSES THE ‘Na+ CHANNELS’ TO OPEN AND STAY OPEN MUCH LONGER

95
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘K+ CHANNELS’?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A
  1. DO NOT IMMEDIATELY OPEN UPON ‘DEPOLARIZATION’
  2. OPEN WHEN ‘Na+ CHANNELS’ CLOSE
  3. MOVE OF K+ DURING ‘RE-POLARIZATION’ REFERRED TO AS ‘DELAYER RECTIFIER’
96
Q

Why does an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’ most of the time only move in ‘ONE-DIRECTION’?

What is this known as?

A

BECAUSE THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL BEHIND IT IS IN ‘ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY’ PHASE THUS NO IMPULSE CAN BE CREATED FROM ANY STIMULUS.

KNOWN AS ‘ORTHODROMIC CONDUCTION’

96
Q

What is ‘ORTHODROMIC CONDUCTION’

Is this common/uncommon?

A

‘ONE-WAY’ CONDUCTION OF ‘NERVE IMPULSES’

*MOST COMMON UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS

97
Q

What is ‘ANTIDROMIC CONDUCTION’?

Is this common/uncommon?

A

‘TWO-WAY’ (BACKWARD PROPAGATION) CONDUCTION OF ‘NERVE IMPULSES’

*VERY UNCOMMON - UNDER ‘EXPERIMENTAL’ CONDITIONS

98
Q

What is ‘CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION’?

In what type of ‘NEURON’ does this occur in?

A

IMPULSE TRAVELS ALONG THE ‘ENTIRE’ SURFCE OF THE MEMBRANE SURFCAE

OCCURS IN ‘UNMYELINATED NEURONS’

99
Q

An ‘UNMYELINATED NEURON’ travels approximately how fast?

What type of ‘CONDUCTION’ do these types of ‘NEURONS’ use?

A

1m/sec

‘CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION’

100
Q

A ‘MYELINATED NEURON’ travels approximately how fast?

What type of ‘CONDUCTION’ do these types of ‘NEURONS’ use?

A

100m/sec

‘SALTATORY CONDUCTION’

101
Q

Why do ‘MYELINATED NEURONS’ travel faster than ‘UNMYELINATED NEURONS’?

(*2 MAIN FACTORS)

A
  1. ‘MYELIN SHEATH’ CREATES INSULATION TO THE ‘AXON’

2. ‘NODES OF RANVIER’ ALLOW ACTION POTENTIALS TO ‘LEAP’ WHERE ‘MYELIN SHEATH’ COVERS AXON.

102
Q

What are the characteristics/benefits of ‘SALTATORY CONDUCTION’?

A
  1. INCREASE VELOCITY OF IMPULSE CONDUCTION
  2. CONSERVES ENERGY
    (BECAUSE Na+ AND K+ PUMPS ONLY HAVE TO RE-ESTABLISH CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES AT
    ‘NODES OF RANVIER’.
103
Q

What is ‘MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS’?

A

2nd MOST COMMON ‘CNS DISEASE’

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE WHERE BODY ATTACKS THE ‘MYELIN SHEATH’ (OLIGODENDROGLIA) IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM WHICH CAUSES NERVE CONDUCTION INTERRUPTED.

104
Q

What are some of the possible treatments for ‘MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS’?

A
  1. ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) TREATMENT
  2. EXERCISE
  3. PHYSICAL THERAPY
105
Q

What is ‘TAY-SACHS DISEASE’?

A

INHERITED DISEASE IN WHICH THE ‘MYELIN SHEATHS’ ARE DESTROYED.

EXCESSIVE LIPID ACCUMULATION OCCURS IN THE MEMBRANE LAYERS.

105
Q

How does ‘LOCAL ANESTHESIA’ work?

What are 2 examples of drugs of this type?

A

BLOCK THE INITIATION OF ‘ACTION POTENTIALS’ IN NEURONS.

PHYSICALLY BLOCK SODIUM CHANNELS

LIDOCAINE AND COCAINE ARE ARE EXAMPLES OF DRUGS THAT ARE LOCAL ANESTHETICS.

106
Q

What is the ‘SYNAPSE’ defined as?

A

JUNCTION BETWEEN ‘2 NEURONS’

WHERE THE ELECTRICAL IMPULSE OF ONE NEURON INITIATES A SERIES OF EVENTS

107
Q

What are the 3 parts of a ‘SYNAPSE’?

A
  1. AXONS TERMINALS
  2. SYNAPTIC CLEFT
  3. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE
108
Q

What are ‘AXON TERMINALS’ defined as?

A

SMALL ROUNDED/OVAL KNOBS, BOUTONS, END FEET OR ‘PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS’.

SITE WHERE ‘SYNAPTIC VESICLES’ CONTAINING ‘NEUROTRANSMITTERS’ ARE LOCATED.

109
Q

What are the 3 main ‘NEUROTRANSMITTERS’?

What do they do?

A
  1. ACETYL CHOLINE (ACh)
  2. NOREPINEPHRINE (NorEPI)
  3. EPINEPHRINE (EPI)

*STIMULATE MUSCLES

110
Q

What is the ‘SYNAPTIC CLEFT’ defined as?

A

MICROSCOPIC SPACE BETWEEN THE ‘2 NEURONS’

111
Q

What is the ‘POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE’ defined as?

A

CELL MEMBRANE THAT CONTAINS ‘SPECIFIC RECEPTORS’ FOR THE ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’

112
Q

There are 5 events that take place each time a ‘SYNAPSE’ is made. What are they?

A
  1. IMPULSE TO AXON TERMINAL (PRESYNAPTIC NEURON)
  2. Ca+ CAUSES RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTER INTO SYNAPTIC CLEFT
  3. NEUROTRANSMITTER DIFFUSES ACROSS SYNAPTIC CLEFT/DETECTED BY RECEPTORS ON POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON
  4. POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE = STIMULATED/INHIBITED DEPENDING ON NEUROTRANSMITTER
  5. NEUROTRANSMITTER IS DIFFUSED OUT OF CLEFT OR METABOLIZED
113
Q

What are the 2 enzymes that metabolize the excess ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ left in the synaptic cleft?

A
  1. CHOLINESTERASE (ACh)

2. MONOAMINE OXIDASE (NorEPI)

114
Q

What ‘ENZYME’ metabolizes excess ‘ACETYLCHOLINE’ in the ‘SYNAPTIC CLEFT’?

A

CHOLINESTERASE

115
Q

What ‘ENZYME’ metabolizes excess ‘NOREPINEPHRINE’ in the ‘SYNAPTIC CLEFT’?

A

MONOAMINE OXIDASE

116
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a ‘SYNAPSE’?

A
  1. SYNAPTIC DELAY
  2. SYNAPTIC FATIGUE (DEPLETION OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER)
  3. ONE-WAY CONDUCTION
117
Q

Drugs may influence/alter ‘SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION’ in what 4 different ways?

A
  1. ‘SYNTHESIS’ OF NEUROTRANSMITTER
  2. ‘RELEASE’ OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER
  3. ‘BINDING’ OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER WITH THE RECEPTOR
  4. ‘DESTRUCTION’ OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER
118
Q

What 3 disease affect ‘SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION’?

A
  1. PARKINSON’S DISEASE
  2. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
  3. BOTULISM
118
Q

What is ‘PARKINSON’S DISEASE’ defined as?

A

LACK OF THE NEUROTRANSMITTER ‘DOPAMINE’

119
Q

What is ‘MYASTHENIA GRAVIS’ defined as?

A

BLOCKS ‘ACETYLCHOLINE’ (ACh) NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS.

120
Q

What is ‘BOTULISM’ defined as?

A

‘INHIBITION’ OF ‘ACETYL CHOLINE’ (ACh) RELEASE

121
Q

There are 2 types of transmissions in ‘NEURONS’. What are they?

A
  1. EXCITATORY

2. INHIBITORY

122
Q

What is ‘SYNAPTIC INTEGRATION’ defined as?

A

ABILITY FOR A SINGLE ‘NEURON’ TO BY STIMULATED BY:

  1. EXCITATORY TRANSMISSIONS
  2. INHIBITORY TRANSMISSIONS

FROM ‘DIFFERENT’ ‘PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS’

123
Q

What is ‘SYNAPTIC EXCITATION’?

What is it also referred as when this occurs?

A

‘EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS’ INCREASE THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE’S PERMEABILITY TO SODIUM (Na+) IONS

KNOWN AS ‘EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL’ (EPSP)

124
Q

What is ‘EPSP’?

What is the ‘MEMBRANE’ said to be in this state?

A

‘EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL’

‘EXCITATORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS’ INCREASE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO Na+ IONS.

MEMBRANE IS SAID TO BE ‘HYPOPOLARIZED’

124
Q

During an ‘EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL’ (EPSP), the membrane is said to be what?

A

HYPOPOLARIZED

124
Q

What are the 2 different ways in order to get ‘EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL’ (EPSP) to reach an ‘ACTION POTENTIAL’?

(*HINT - SUMMATIONS)

A
  1. SPATIAL SUMMATION

2. TEMPORAL SUMMATION

125
Q

What is ‘SPATIAL SUMMATION’?

A

‘SEVERAL’ PRESYNAPTIC NEURONS SIMULTANEOUSLY RELEASE NEUROTRANSMITTERS TO A SINGLE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON.

(*HINT - (S)PATIAL AND (S)EVERAL)

126
Q

What is ‘TEMPORAL SUMMATION’?

A

‘EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL’ (EPSP) result of the ‘RAPID’ discharge from the ‘SAME’ presynaptic terminal.

127
Q

What is ‘SYNAPTIC INHIBITION’?

What is it also referred as when this occurs?

A

‘INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS’ INCREASE THE POSTSYNAPTIC MEMBRANE’S PERMEABILITY TO CHLORIDE (Cl-) AND POTASSIUM (K+) IONS.

KNOWN AS ‘INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL’ (IPSP)

128
Q

What is ‘IPSP’?

What is the ‘MEMBRANE’ said to be in this state?

A

‘INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL’

‘INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTERS’ INCREASE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY TO (CHLORINE) Cl- AND (POTASSIUM) K+ IONS.

MEMBRANE IS SAID TO BE ‘HYPERPOLARIZED’

129
Q

During an ‘INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL’ (IPSP), the membrane is said to be what?

A

‘HYPERPOLARIZED’

130
Q

What is ‘GRAND POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL’ (GPSP) defined as?

A

THE ‘SUM’ TOTAL OF BOTH ‘EXCITATORY’ AND ‘INHIBITORY’ POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIALS THAT ARE BEING STIMULATED.

131
Q

There are 6 basic types of ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ groups. What are they?

A
  1. ACETYLCHOLINE
  2. AMINO ACIDS
  3. AMINES
  4. POLYPEPTIDES
  5. PURINES
  6. GASES
132
Q

What are the 2 main ‘AMINO ACID’ ‘NEUROTRANSMITTERS’?

A
  1. GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
  2. GLYCINE

Both inhibitory

133
Q

What type of ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is ‘GABA’ (gamma-aminobutyric acid)?

What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)

A

‘AMINO ACID’

‘INHIBITORY’

133
Q

What type of ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is ‘GLYCINE’?

What is its function? (Inhibitory/Excitatory)

A

‘AMINO ACID’

‘MAINLY INHIBITORY’

134
Q

What are the 2 main ‘AMINE’ ‘NEUROTRANSMITTERS’?

A
  1. NOREPINEPHRINE
  2. EPINEPHRINE

*All made from the ‘SAME’ ‘AMINO ACID’

135
Q

What type of ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is ‘NOREPINEPHRINE’?

A

‘AMINE’

136
Q

What type of ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is ‘EPINEPHRINE’?

A

‘AMINE’

136
Q

What 2 ‘NEUROTRANSMITTERS’ are in the ‘POLYPEPTIDE’ group?

What is their function?

A
  1. SUBSTANCE P
  2. ENDORPHINS/ENKEPHALINS

FUNCTION: TRANSMISSION/INHIBITION OF PAIN

137
Q

Which ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is in the ‘GAS’ group?

A

‘NITRIC OXIDE’

138
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

EVERY TIME YOU STEP ‘NEURONS’ ARE BEING INHIBITED/STIMULATED?

A

TRUE

‘NEURONS’ ARE BEING ‘INHIBITED/STIMULATED’ ON OPPOSITE ENDS EACH TIME YOU STEP.

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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