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PD BIO 305 > Reproduction 1 > Flashcards

Reproduction 1 Flashcards

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do ‘HUMANS’ have? How many pairs does this equal out to?

A

46 CHROMOSOMES

23 PAIRS

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3
Q

How many pairs of the ‘23 PAIRS’ of chromosomes determines the ‘SEX’ of the offspring?

A

ONLY 1 PAIR

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4
Q

What chromosome pair combination determines a ‘MALE’?

A

XY

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5
Q

What chromosome pair combination determines a ‘FEMALE’?

A

XX

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6
Q

The ‘EGG’ carries what type(s) of ‘SEX CHROMOSOME(S)’?

A

X ONLY

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7
Q

The ‘SPERM’ carries what type(s) of ‘SEX CHROMOSOME(S)’?

A

X AND Y

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8
Q

Approximately how many ‘GENES’ are present on the human ‘X CHROMOSOME’?

What do these genes control? (*2 Main things)

A

~100+

  1. COLOR VISION
  2. BLOOD CLOTTING
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9
Q

Which ‘SEX CHROMOSOME’ gets ‘short-changed’ and does NOT have very many genes?

A

Y CHROMOSOME

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10
Q

What does ‘GONADAL DEVELOPMENT’ depend on?

A

Y CHROMOSOME

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11
Q

What are the ‘GONADS?

A

TISSUE THAT CAN GO IN EITHER DIRECTION DEPENDING ON THE ‘SEX CHROMOSOME PAIR’

TESTES IN MALES
OVARIES IN FEMALES

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12
Q

There are 2 reasons why the presence of the ‘Y CHROMOSOME’ results in a male. What are the 2 reasons?

A
  1. (SRY)SEX-DETERMINING REGION Y GENE
    • ENCODES FOR (TDF) PROTEIN
  2. (TDF) TESTIS DETERMINING FACTOR
    • PROTEIN THAT INDUCES FORMATION OF TESTIS)
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13
Q

The development of ‘SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES’ depends on the ‘PRESENCE’/’ABSENCE’ of what hormone?

A

TESTOSTERONE

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14
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Ovaries CAN secrete androgens.

A

FALSE

Ovaries canNOT secret androgens

Testes CAN secrete androgens

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15
Q

There are 2 ‘DUCTS’ that cause the formation of ‘SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES’. What are the 2 ducts?

A
  1. WOLLFIAN DUCTS = MALES

2. MULLERIAN DUCTS = FEMALES

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16
Q

Up until what point of embryonic development does the baby have both ‘WOLLFIAN DUCTS/MULLERIAN DUCTS’?

A

UNTIL WEEK 7

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17
Q

What are ‘WULFFIAN DUCTS’. What do they determine and how are they determined?

A

WOLLFIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL MALE STRUCTURE FORMATION

MALES

TESTOSTERONE

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18
Q

What are ‘MULLERIAN DUCTS’. What do they determine and how are they determined?

A

MULLERIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL FEMALE STRUCTURES

FEMALES

LACK OF TESTOSTERONE

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19
Q

There are 2 more hormones that play a role in SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT besides ‘TESTOSTERONE’. What are the 2 hormones?

A
  1. MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR

2. HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

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20
Q

What hormone is secreted by the ‘PLACENTA’ and is also considered to be the ‘STIMULUS’ for early testicular secretion of ‘TESTOSTERONE’?

A

HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN

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21
Q

‘TESTOSTERONE’ induces development of the ‘WOLFFIAN DUCTS’ into what?

A
  1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
    • EPIDIDYMIS
    • DUCTUS DEFERENS
    • EJACULATORY DUCT
    • SEMINAL VESICLES
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22
Q

‘MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR’ causes what to occur? Who does this happen to? Where is this secreted from?

A

REGRESSION OF MULLERIAN DUCTS

MALES

PLACENTA

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23
Q

If an ‘EMBRYO’ is not exposed to ‘TESTOSTERONE’ and ‘MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR’, what occurs?

A

WOLFFIAN DUCTS REGRESS

FEMALE STRUCTURES GROW

MULLERIAN DUCTS DEVELOP INTO REPRODUCTIVE TRACT

  • OVIDUCTS
  • UTERUS
  • VAGINA
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24
Q

The ‘EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES’ in ‘MALES’ require what hormone to be present?

A

(DHT) - DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE

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25
Q

What happens if a baby is ‘XY’ but the ‘TESTES’ don’t have ‘RECEPTORS’ or will NOT secrete ‘TESTOSTERONE’?

A

THE BABY WILL PHYSICALLY BE FEMALE BUT BE A ‘GENETIC MALE’.

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26
Q

At what point do the ‘MALE’/’FEMALE’ reproductive organs look the same?

A

UP TO 8 WEEKS

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27
Q

The ‘DIFFERENTATION OF ‘MALE’/’FEMALE BRAIN’ depends on the absence/presence of what ‘HORMONE’ during a critical period.

A

TESTOSTERONE

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28
Q

What does the absence of ‘TESTOSTERONE’ during a critical period lead to the development of?

A

FEMALE BRAIN

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29
Q

What are the differences of the ‘FEMALE/MALE BRAIN’? (*There are 3)

A
  1. SIZE OF HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
  2. CYCLIC RELEASE OF GONADOTROPIN
  3. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
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30
Q

What is ‘PUBERTY’. About how long does it last?

A

SEXUAL MATURITY / REPRODUCTION BECOMES POSSIBLE

USUALLY LASTS 3-5 YEARS

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31
Q

The age of ‘MENARCHE’ (First Menstruation Period) is occuring slower/faster from previous times?

A

FASTER

1840 - 17 YEARS OLD
1950 - 13 YEARS OLD

*LAST 50 YEARS FROM 14.2 - 12.8 YEARS OLD

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32
Q

The lowering of the age at ‘MENARCHE’ (First Menstruation Period) may be caused by what? (*MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE)

A

NUTRITIONAL FACTORS

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33
Q

There are 7 things that happen during ‘MALE PUBERTY’. What are they?

A
  1. SPERM/TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
  2. ENLARGEMENT OF PENIS/SCROTUM/PROSTATE GLANDS/SEMINAL VESICLES
  3. INCREASED BODY HAIR GROWTH
  4. VOCAL FOLD THICKENING
  5. SKIN THICKENING
  6. INCREASED MUSCULAR GROWTH
  7. THICKENING/STRENGTHENING OF BONES
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34
Q

The following are signs of what?

  1. SPERM/TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
  2. ENLARGEMENT OF PENIS/SCROTUM/PROSTATE GLANDS/SEMINAL VESICLES
  3. INCREASED BODY HAIR GROWTH
  4. VOCAL FOLD THICKENING
  5. SKIN THICKENING
  6. INCREASED MUSCULAR GROWTH
  7. THICKENING/STRENGTHENING OF BONES
A

MALE PUBERTY

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35
Q

‘TESTOSTERONE’ has seveal non-reproductive actions. There are 3 of them. What are they?

A 
1. BONE GROWTH STIMULATION 
   (GROWTH SPURT)
2. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE CLOSURE
   (GROWTH PLATES)
3. SEBACEOUS GLAND OIL SECRETION
   (MAY CAUSE ACNE)
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36
Q

There are 6 things that happen during ‘FEMALE PUBERTY’. What are they?

A
  1. OVA/ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
  2. OVARIAN/MENSTRUATION CYCLE BEINGS
  3. VAGINAL/UTERUS/UTERINE TUBES/OVARY ENLARGEMENT
  4. BREAST DEVELOPMENT
  5. INCREASED ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THIGHS/BUTTOCKS/BREASTS
  6. INCREASED VASCULARIZATION OF SKIN
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37
Q

What is the approximate age of puberty for ‘MALES’?

A

9-14 BOYS

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38
Q

What is the approximate age of puberty for ‘FEMALES’?

A

8-13 FEMALES

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39
Q

The following are signs of what?

  1. OVA/ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
  2. OVARIAN/MENSTRUATION CYCLE BEINGS
  3. VAGINAL/UTERUS/UTERINE TUBES/OVARY ENLARGEMENT
  4. BREAST DEVELOPMENT
  5. INCREASED ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THIGHS/BUTTOCKS/BREASTS
  6. INCREASED VASCULARIZATION OF SKIN
A

FEMALE PUBERTY

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40
Q

What is ‘PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY’?

What are the causes for this to occur?

A

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS W/OUT GAMETOGENESIS

CAUSES:
- FEMALES = ABNORMAL EXPOSURE TO ESTROGEN

  • MALES = ABNORMAL EXPOSURE TO ANDROGENS
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41
Q

‘PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY’ is often caused by what?

A

TUMORS OF THE GONADS OR ADRENAL GLANDS

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42
Q

What is ‘DELAYED PUBERTY’ in ‘FEMALES’ considered to be?

A

LATE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBERTY CHARACTERISTICS

  • ‘MENARCHE’ has failed to occur by age of 17 (FEMALES)
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43
Q

What is ‘DELAYED PUBERTY’ in ‘MALES’ considered to be?

A

LATE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBERTY CHARACTERISTICS

  • ‘TESTES’ failed to develop by age 20 (MALES)
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44
Q

What is the temperature in the ‘SCROTUM’ compared to body temperature? Why?

A

SEVERAL DEGREES LOWER

SPERMATOGENESIS IS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE

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45
Q

TRUE or FALSE

‘SPERMATOGENSIS’ canNOT occur at normal body temperature

A

TRUE

Must occur at a LOWER temperature

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46
Q

The ‘TESTES’ are divided into what?

A

TESTICULAR LOBULES

47
Q

How many compartments do ‘TESTICULAR LOBULES’ have?

A

~250 COMPARTMENTS

48
Q

‘TESTICULAR LOBULES’ contain 2 things. What are the 2 things and do they produce?

A
  1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES = SPERM PRODUCTION

2. LEYDIG CELLS = TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION

49
Q

‘SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES’ also contain what type of cells that help ‘NURTURE’ sperm cells?

A

SERTOLI CELLS

50
Q

Where are ‘LEYDIG CELLS’ located? What do they do?

A

LOCATED OUTSIDE OF THE ‘SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES’

LEYDIG CELLS = TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION

51
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the ‘EPIDIDYMIS’? (* There are 3)

A
  1. SMALL COILED TUBE
  2. MEASURES ABOUT 20 FEET
  3. SITE OF SPERM MATURATION
52
Q

Where is the ‘EPIDIDYMIS’ located?

A

TOP AND SIDE OF ‘TESTES’

53
Q

A ‘SPERM’S’ capacity to fertilize is enhanced by what?

A

EXPOSURE TO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT SECRETIONS

54
Q

What is ‘CAPACITATION’?

A

ENHANCEMENT OF SPERM FERTILIZING ABILITY (‘MALE’/’FEMALE’ REPRODUCTIVE TRACT)

55
Q

The ‘DUCTUS EPIDIDYIS’ also secretes a specific protein to help sperm. What is the protein and how does it help the sperm?

A
  1. SPERM FORWARD-MOBILITY PROTEIN

2. CAUSES A MOVEMENT PATTERN OF SPERM

56
Q

What do the ‘VAS DEFERENS’ (Ductus Deferens) do?

A

TUBES THAT CARRY SPERM FROM ‘EPIDIDYMIS’ to EJACULATORY DUCT NEAR BLADDER.

57
Q

Towards the end of the ‘VAS DEFERENS’ there is an expanded region. What is this ‘EXPANDED REGION’ called. What is its purpose?

A
  1. AMPULLA = EXPANDED REGION

2. RESERVOIR FOR SPERM

58
Q

What is a ‘VASECTOMY’?

A

SEGMENTS BETWEEN THE ‘VAS DEFERENS’ (2 PLACES) ARE REMOVED AND TIED OFF.

*INCISION MADE IN SCROTUM

59
Q

What is the purpose of the ‘EJACULATORY DUCTS’?

A

CARRY SPERM FROM ‘VAS DEFERENS’ TO ‘URETHRA’

60
Q

What is the ‘URETHRA’ function in males?

What 2 fluids does it carry?

A

TUBE FROM URINARY BLADDER -> PENIS (External Opening)

  1. URINE
  2. SPERM
61
Q

‘MALES’ have 3 ‘SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS’. What are they?

A
  1. SEMINAL VESICLES
  2. PROSTATE GLAND
  3. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
62
Q

What does the ‘SECRETION’ of the ‘MALE’ ‘SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS’ do?

A

SEMINAL PLASMA MIXES WITH SPERM = ‘SEMEN’ / ‘SEMINAL FLUID’

63
Q

What is the purpose of the ‘SEMINAL VESICLES’? (* Only 1)

A
  1. SECRETE VISCOUS LIQUID PORTION OF SEMEN (SEMINAL PLASMA)
64
Q

More than half of the ‘TOTAL SEMEN VOLUME’ is made of this. Where is is created?

A

MADE OF ‘SEMINAL PLASMA’

MADE IN ‘SEMINAL VESICLES’

65
Q

‘SEMINAL PLASMA’ fluid also contains what? This is to give sperm ‘ENERGY’ for their journey.

A

FRUCTOSE (SUGAR)

66
Q

‘SEMINAL PLASMA’ fluid also contains this which helps ‘STIMULATE’ contraction of ‘MALE’/’FEMALE’ reproductive tracts.

Also helps ‘SPERM TRANSPORT’.

A

PROSTAGLANDINS

67
Q

Where is the ‘PROSTATE’ located? How is it shaped?

A
  1. LOCATED - BELOW BLADDER

2. SHAPED - LIKE A DOGUHNUT

68
Q

What are the functions of the ‘PROSTATE GLAND’? What passes through it and what happpens?

A

‘URETHRA’ passe through a small hole in center.

‘PROSTATE GLAND’ secretes ‘ALKALINE FLUID’.
- Helps protect sperm from acidic environment of ‘MALE’ URETHRA/ ‘FEMALE’ VAGINA.

69
Q

13 - 33% of the ‘SEMINAL PLASMA’ is made up of this.

*HELPS PROTECT FROM ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT

A

ALKALINE FLUID

70
Q

What is the process of ‘SPERM’ travel?

*6 Steps

A
  1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
  2. EPIDIDYMIS
  3. VAS DEFERENS
  4. EJACULATORY DUCT
  5. URETHRA
  6. PENIS

(*MNEMONIC - SEVE(N) UP

71
Q

What is the purpose of the ‘BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS’?

A

SECRETE ALKALINE FLUID

*ACTS AS LUBRICANT

72
Q

‘MALE’ fertility depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. QUALITY

2. QUANTITY

73
Q

What is the approximate ‘SPERM’ count for measuring fertility?

A

AT LEAST 20 MILLION SPERM/ML

74
Q

New ‘SPERM’ are continously produced by the ‘TESTES’. How many are made each ‘DAY’?

A

ABOUT 200 MILLION/DAY

75
Q

What is the ‘AVERAGE’ amount of ‘SPERM’ that is deposited in 2.75ml of ‘SEMEN’?

A

180 MILLION SPERM

76
Q

What is the ‘SPERM’ to ‘OVUM’ production ratio

A

1 OVUM: 1 BILLION SPERM

77
Q

After ‘EJACULATION’, ‘SPERM’ live for approximately how long?

A

48-72 HOURS

78
Q

What is the approximate ‘SEMEN’ volume of ‘ONE EJACULATION’?

A

2-6 ML

79
Q

What is the ‘APPROXIMATE SPERM’ count per/ejaculation?

A

40 MILLION - 250 MILLION / EJACULATION

80
Q

How many ‘SPERM’ survive to enter EACH ‘FALLOPIAN TUBE’?

A

100 - 100,000 SPERM

81
Q

How many ‘SPERM’ make it to the general area of the ‘waiting egg’?

A

FEW HUNDRED

82
Q

How many ‘SPERM’ can ‘FERTILIZE’ an egg?

A

ONLY 1 SPERM

83
Q

After an ‘EGG’ is ‘FERTILIZED’, what is it reffered to as?

A

ZYGOTE

84
Q

What happens to the ‘DEAD SPERM’?

A

PHAGOCYTIZED BY LEUKOCYTES

85
Q

How much contribution does each ‘SEX’ usually have on ‘INFERTILITY’?

A

50% (EVEN)

86
Q

More than __% of ‘INFERTILITY’ case can be diagnosed and successfully treated.

A

80%

87
Q

What is a ‘SPERMATOZOON’?

A

SPERM

88
Q

What are the 4 parts of a ‘SPERMATOZOON’ (SPERM) and what does each part contain?

A
  1. HEAD - NUCLEUS +23 CHROMO
  2. ACROSOME - ENZYME-FILLED
  3. TAIL - MOVEMENT
    4 MIDPIECE - LOTS OF MITOCHONDRIA
89
Q

What is ‘UTERUS’ shaped like and where is it located?

A
  1. SHAPED = PEAR

2. LOCATED = PELVIC CAVITY ABOVE URINARY BLADDER FRONT OF RECTUM

90
Q

The size/shape of the ‘UTERUS’ depends on what?

A

IF THE WOMAN HAS GIVEN BIRTH (LARGER IN MULTIPAROUS WOMEN)

*More than one birth at a time. (i.e., twins)

91
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the ‘UTERUS’?

A
  1. CORPUS

2. UTERINE ISTHMUS or CERVIX (NECK)

92
Q

There are 2 main components in the ‘UTERINE WALL’. What are they?

A
  1. ENDOMETRIUM

2. MYOMETRIUM

93
Q

Which of the 2 components of the ‘UTERINE WALL’ is shed during ‘MENSTRUATION’?

A

ENDOMETRIUM

94
Q

What are the characteristics ‘MYOMETRIUM’?

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

CONTRACTION OF THE UTERINE WALL. THIS RESULTS IN ‘EXPULSION’ of the FETUS IN BIRTH.

95
Q

‘FALLOPIAN TUBES’ are also called 2 other things. What are they?

A
  1. OVIDUCTS

2. UTERINE TUBES

96
Q

Where are the ‘FALLOPIAN TUBES’ attached?

A

TO UTERUS AT ITS LATERAL SUPERIOR ANGLES

97
Q

The ‘DISTAL ENDS’ of the ‘FALLOPIAN TUBES’ expand into what?

A

FUNNEL-LIKE STRUCTURES

98
Q

What do the ‘FALLOPIAN TUBES’ serve as for the ‘OVARIES’?

What are their diameters?

A

DUCTS

~DIAMETER = SIZE OF A DRINKING STRAW

99
Q

Where does ‘FERTILIZATION’ usually occur?

A

FALLOPIAN TUBES

UNION OF SPERM AND OVUM

100
Q

‘OVARIES’ are about the size of what? Where are they located?

A

LARGE ALMONDS

EITHER SIDE OF THE UTERUS

101
Q

TRUE or FALSE

‘OVARIES’ are among the most vascular organs of the body.

A

TRUE

‘OVARIES’ are VERY vascular

102
Q

Female Germ Cells or ‘OOCYTES’ are enclosed inside the ovary in tissue sacs called what?

A

‘OVARIAN FOLLICLES’

103
Q

The ‘OVARY’ of a newborn girl contains about how many ‘FOLLICLES’?

A

500,000 FOLLICLES

104
Q

Will a ‘FEMALE’ increase the amount of ‘FOLLICLES’ she has after birth?

A

NO

NO NEW FOLLICLES ARE MADE AFTER BIRTH

105
Q

TRUE or FALSE

‘FOLLICLES’ begin to ‘DEGENERATE’ after birth.

A

TRUE

FOLLICLES DO DEGENERATE

106
Q

How many ‘FOLLICLES’ does each ovary contain at ‘PUBERTY’?

A

~83,000 FOLLICLES

107
Q

How many ‘FOLLICLES’ does each ovary contain at ‘AGE 35’?

A

~30,000 FOLLICLES

108
Q

How many ‘FOLLICLES’ does each ovary contain at ‘AGE 50’?

A

~1,000 FOLLICLES

109
Q

On average, how many ‘FOLLICLES’ are released through ‘OVULATION’?

A

400 FOLLICLES

110
Q

There are 2 main functions of the ‘OVARIES’. What are they?

A
  1. OVULATION - PRODCUTION OF MATURE EGG

2. SECRETION - PRODUCTION OF FEMALE HORMONES

111
Q

How many ‘OVARIAN FOLLICLES’ will ‘MATURE’ during a cycle?

A

ONLY ONE (MOST OF THE TIME)

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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