Reproduction 1 Flashcards
2
Q
How many chromosomes do ‘HUMANS’ have? How many pairs does this equal out to?
A
46 CHROMOSOMES
23 PAIRS
3
Q
How many pairs of the ‘23 PAIRS’ of chromosomes determines the ‘SEX’ of the offspring?
A
ONLY 1 PAIR
4
Q
What chromosome pair combination determines a ‘MALE’?
A
XY
5
Q
What chromosome pair combination determines a ‘FEMALE’?
A
XX
6
Q
The ‘EGG’ carries what type(s) of ‘SEX CHROMOSOME(S)’?
A
X ONLY
7
Q
The ‘SPERM’ carries what type(s) of ‘SEX CHROMOSOME(S)’?
A
X AND Y
8
Q
Approximately how many ‘GENES’ are present on the human ‘X CHROMOSOME’?
What do these genes control? (*2 Main things)
A
~100+
- COLOR VISION
- BLOOD CLOTTING
9
Q
Which ‘SEX CHROMOSOME’ gets ‘short-changed’ and does NOT have very many genes?
A
Y CHROMOSOME
10
Q
What does ‘GONADAL DEVELOPMENT’ depend on?
A
Y CHROMOSOME
11
Q
What are the ‘GONADS?
A
TISSUE THAT CAN GO IN EITHER DIRECTION DEPENDING ON THE ‘SEX CHROMOSOME PAIR’
TESTES IN MALES
OVARIES IN FEMALES
12
Q
There are 2 reasons why the presence of the ‘Y CHROMOSOME’ results in a male. What are the 2 reasons?
A
- (SRY)SEX-DETERMINING REGION Y GENE
- ENCODES FOR (TDF) PROTEIN
- (TDF) TESTIS DETERMINING FACTOR
- PROTEIN THAT INDUCES FORMATION OF TESTIS)
13
Q
The development of ‘SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES’ depends on the ‘PRESENCE’/’ABSENCE’ of what hormone?
A
TESTOSTERONE
14
Q
TRUE or FALSE
Ovaries CAN secrete androgens.
A
FALSE
Ovaries canNOT secret androgens
Testes CAN secrete androgens
15
Q
There are 2 ‘DUCTS’ that cause the formation of ‘SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES’. What are the 2 ducts?
A
- WOLLFIAN DUCTS = MALES
2. MULLERIAN DUCTS = FEMALES
16
Q
Up until what point of embryonic development does the baby have both ‘WOLLFIAN DUCTS/MULLERIAN DUCTS’?
A
UNTIL WEEK 7
17
Q
What are ‘WULFFIAN DUCTS’. What do they determine and how are they determined?
A
WOLLFIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL MALE STRUCTURE FORMATION
MALES
TESTOSTERONE
18
Q
What are ‘MULLERIAN DUCTS’. What do they determine and how are they determined?
A
MULLERIAN DUCTS = INTERNAL FEMALE STRUCTURES
FEMALES
LACK OF TESTOSTERONE
19
Q
There are 2 more hormones that play a role in SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT besides ‘TESTOSTERONE’. What are the 2 hormones?
A
- MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR
2. HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
20
Q
What hormone is secreted by the ‘PLACENTA’ and is also considered to be the ‘STIMULUS’ for early testicular secretion of ‘TESTOSTERONE’?
A
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
21
Q
‘TESTOSTERONE’ induces development of the ‘WOLFFIAN DUCTS’ into what?
A
- MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
- EPIDIDYMIS
- DUCTUS DEFERENS
- EJACULATORY DUCT
- SEMINAL VESICLES
22
Q
‘MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR’ causes what to occur? Who does this happen to? Where is this secreted from?
A
REGRESSION OF MULLERIAN DUCTS
MALES
PLACENTA
23
Q
If an ‘EMBRYO’ is not exposed to ‘TESTOSTERONE’ and ‘MULLERIAN INHIBITING FACTOR’, what occurs?
A
WOLFFIAN DUCTS REGRESS
FEMALE STRUCTURES GROW
MULLERIAN DUCTS DEVELOP INTO REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
- OVIDUCTS
- UTERUS
- VAGINA
24
Q
The ‘EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES’ in ‘MALES’ require what hormone to be present?
A
(DHT) - DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE
25
Q
What happens if a baby is ‘XY’ but the ‘TESTES’ don’t have ‘RECEPTORS’ or will NOT secrete ‘TESTOSTERONE’?
A
THE BABY WILL PHYSICALLY BE FEMALE BUT BE A ‘GENETIC MALE’.
26
At what point do the 'MALE'/'FEMALE' reproductive organs look the same?
UP TO 8 WEEKS
27
The 'DIFFERENTATION OF 'MALE'/'FEMALE BRAIN' depends on the absence/presence of what 'HORMONE' during a critical period.
TESTOSTERONE
28
What does the absence of 'TESTOSTERONE' during a critical period lead to the development of?
FEMALE BRAIN
29
What are the differences of the 'FEMALE/MALE BRAIN'? (*There are 3)
1. SIZE OF HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
2. CYCLIC RELEASE OF GONADOTROPIN
3. SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
30
What is 'PUBERTY'. About how long does it last?
SEXUAL MATURITY / REPRODUCTION BECOMES POSSIBLE
USUALLY LASTS 3-5 YEARS
31
The age of 'MENARCHE' (First Menstruation Period) is occuring slower/faster from previous times?
FASTER
1840 - 17 YEARS OLD
1950 - 13 YEARS OLD
*LAST 50 YEARS FROM 14.2 - 12.8 YEARS OLD
32
The lowering of the age at 'MENARCHE' (First Menstruation Period) may be caused by what? (*MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE)
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
33
There are 7 things that happen during 'MALE PUBERTY'. What are they?
1. SPERM/TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
2. ENLARGEMENT OF PENIS/SCROTUM/PROSTATE GLANDS/SEMINAL VESICLES
3. INCREASED BODY HAIR GROWTH
4. VOCAL FOLD THICKENING
5. SKIN THICKENING
6. INCREASED MUSCULAR GROWTH
7. THICKENING/STRENGTHENING OF BONES
34
The following are signs of what?
1. SPERM/TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
2. ENLARGEMENT OF PENIS/SCROTUM/PROSTATE GLANDS/SEMINAL VESICLES
3. INCREASED BODY HAIR GROWTH
4. VOCAL FOLD THICKENING
5. SKIN THICKENING
6. INCREASED MUSCULAR GROWTH
7. THICKENING/STRENGTHENING OF BONES
MALE PUBERTY
35
'TESTOSTERONE' has seveal non-reproductive actions. There are 3 of them. What are they?
```
1. BONE GROWTH STIMULATION
(GROWTH SPURT)
2. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE CLOSURE
(GROWTH PLATES)
3. SEBACEOUS GLAND OIL SECRETION
(MAY CAUSE ACNE)
```
36
There are 6 things that happen during 'FEMALE PUBERTY'. What are they?
1. OVA/ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
2. OVARIAN/MENSTRUATION CYCLE BEINGS
3. VAGINAL/UTERUS/UTERINE TUBES/OVARY ENLARGEMENT
4. BREAST DEVELOPMENT
5. INCREASED ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THIGHS/BUTTOCKS/BREASTS
6. INCREASED VASCULARIZATION OF SKIN
37
What is the approximate age of puberty for 'MALES'?
9-14 BOYS
38
What is the approximate age of puberty for 'FEMALES'?
8-13 FEMALES
39
The following are signs of what?
1. OVA/ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE PRODUCTION
2. OVARIAN/MENSTRUATION CYCLE BEINGS
3. VAGINAL/UTERUS/UTERINE TUBES/OVARY ENLARGEMENT
4. BREAST DEVELOPMENT
5. INCREASED ADIPOSE TISSUE IN THIGHS/BUTTOCKS/BREASTS
6. INCREASED VASCULARIZATION OF SKIN
FEMALE PUBERTY
40
What is 'PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY'?
What are the causes for this to occur?
EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS W/OUT GAMETOGENESIS
CAUSES:
- FEMALES = ABNORMAL EXPOSURE TO ESTROGEN
- MALES = ABNORMAL EXPOSURE TO ANDROGENS
41
'PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY' is often caused by what?
TUMORS OF THE GONADS OR ADRENAL GLANDS
42
What is 'DELAYED PUBERTY' in 'FEMALES' considered to be?
LATE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBERTY CHARACTERISTICS
- 'MENARCHE' has failed to occur by age of 17 (FEMALES)
43
What is 'DELAYED PUBERTY' in 'MALES' considered to be?
LATE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBERTY CHARACTERISTICS
- 'TESTES' failed to develop by age 20 (MALES)
44
What is the temperature in the 'SCROTUM' compared to body temperature? Why?
SEVERAL DEGREES LOWER
SPERMATOGENESIS IS TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE
45
TRUE or FALSE
'SPERMATOGENSIS' canNOT occur at normal body temperature
TRUE
Must occur at a LOWER temperature
46
The 'TESTES' are divided into what?
TESTICULAR LOBULES
47
How many compartments do 'TESTICULAR LOBULES' have?
~250 COMPARTMENTS
48
'TESTICULAR LOBULES' contain 2 things. What are the 2 things and do they produce?
1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES = SPERM PRODUCTION
| 2. LEYDIG CELLS = TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
49
'SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES' also contain what type of cells that help 'NURTURE' sperm cells?
SERTOLI CELLS
50
Where are 'LEYDIG CELLS' located? What do they do?
LOCATED OUTSIDE OF THE 'SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES'
LEYDIG CELLS = TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
51
What are some of the characteristics of the 'EPIDIDYMIS'? (* There are 3)
1. SMALL COILED TUBE
2. MEASURES ABOUT 20 FEET
3. SITE OF SPERM MATURATION
52
Where is the 'EPIDIDYMIS' located?
TOP AND SIDE OF 'TESTES'
53
A 'SPERM'S' capacity to fertilize is enhanced by what?
EXPOSURE TO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT SECRETIONS
54
What is 'CAPACITATION'?
ENHANCEMENT OF SPERM FERTILIZING ABILITY ('MALE'/'FEMALE' REPRODUCTIVE TRACT)
55
The 'DUCTUS EPIDIDYIS' also secretes a specific protein to help sperm. What is the protein and how does it help the sperm?
1. SPERM FORWARD-MOBILITY PROTEIN
| 2. CAUSES A MOVEMENT PATTERN OF SPERM
56
What do the 'VAS DEFERENS' (Ductus Deferens) do?
TUBES THAT CARRY SPERM FROM 'EPIDIDYMIS' to EJACULATORY DUCT NEAR BLADDER.
57
Towards the end of the 'VAS DEFERENS' there is an expanded region. What is this 'EXPANDED REGION' called. What is its purpose?
1. AMPULLA = EXPANDED REGION
| 2. RESERVOIR FOR SPERM
58
What is a 'VASECTOMY'?
SEGMENTS BETWEEN THE 'VAS DEFERENS' (2 PLACES) ARE REMOVED AND TIED OFF.
*INCISION MADE IN SCROTUM
59
What is the purpose of the 'EJACULATORY DUCTS'?
CARRY SPERM FROM 'VAS DEFERENS' TO 'URETHRA'
60
What is the 'URETHRA' function in males?
What 2 fluids does it carry?
TUBE FROM URINARY BLADDER -> PENIS (External Opening)
1. URINE
2. SPERM
61
'MALES' have 3 'SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS'. What are they?
1. SEMINAL VESICLES
2. PROSTATE GLAND
3. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
62
What does the 'SECRETION' of the 'MALE' 'SEX ACCESSORY ORGANS' do?
SEMINAL PLASMA MIXES WITH SPERM = 'SEMEN' / 'SEMINAL FLUID'
63
What is the purpose of the 'SEMINAL VESICLES'? (* Only 1)
1. SECRETE VISCOUS LIQUID PORTION OF SEMEN (SEMINAL PLASMA)
64
More than half of the 'TOTAL SEMEN VOLUME' is made of this. Where is is created?
MADE OF 'SEMINAL PLASMA'
MADE IN 'SEMINAL VESICLES'
65
'SEMINAL PLASMA' fluid also contains what? This is to give sperm 'ENERGY' for their journey.
FRUCTOSE (SUGAR)
66
'SEMINAL PLASMA' fluid also contains this which helps 'STIMULATE' contraction of 'MALE'/'FEMALE' reproductive tracts.
Also helps 'SPERM TRANSPORT'.
PROSTAGLANDINS
67
Where is the 'PROSTATE' located? How is it shaped?
1. LOCATED - BELOW BLADDER
| 2. SHAPED - LIKE A DOGUHNUT
68
What are the functions of the 'PROSTATE GLAND'? What passes through it and what happpens?
'URETHRA' passe through a small hole in center.
'PROSTATE GLAND' secretes 'ALKALINE FLUID'.
- Helps protect sperm from acidic environment of 'MALE' URETHRA/ 'FEMALE' VAGINA.
69
13 - 33% of the 'SEMINAL PLASMA' is made up of this.
| *HELPS PROTECT FROM ACIDIC ENVIRONMENT
ALKALINE FLUID
70
What is the process of 'SPERM' travel?
| *6 Steps
1. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
2. EPIDIDYMIS
3. VAS DEFERENS
4. EJACULATORY DUCT
5. URETHRA
6. PENIS
(*MNEMONIC - SEVE(N) UP
71
What is the purpose of the 'BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS'?
SECRETE ALKALINE FLUID
*ACTS AS LUBRICANT
72
'MALE' fertility depends on what 2 things?
1. QUALITY
| 2. QUANTITY
73
What is the approximate 'SPERM' count for measuring fertility?
AT LEAST 20 MILLION SPERM/ML
74
New 'SPERM' are continously produced by the 'TESTES'. How many are made each 'DAY'?
ABOUT 200 MILLION/DAY
75
What is the 'AVERAGE' amount of 'SPERM' that is deposited in 2.75ml of 'SEMEN'?
180 MILLION SPERM
76
What is the 'SPERM' to 'OVUM' production ratio
1 OVUM: 1 BILLION SPERM
77
After 'EJACULATION', 'SPERM' live for approximately how long?
48-72 HOURS
78
What is the approximate 'SEMEN' volume of 'ONE EJACULATION'?
2-6 ML
79
What is the 'APPROXIMATE SPERM' count per/ejaculation?
40 MILLION - 250 MILLION / EJACULATION
80
How many 'SPERM' survive to enter EACH 'FALLOPIAN TUBE'?
100 - 100,000 SPERM
81
How many 'SPERM' make it to the general area of the 'waiting egg'?
FEW HUNDRED
82
How many 'SPERM' can 'FERTILIZE' an egg?
ONLY 1 SPERM
83
After an 'EGG' is 'FERTILIZED', what is it reffered to as?
ZYGOTE
84
What happens to the 'DEAD SPERM'?
PHAGOCYTIZED BY LEUKOCYTES
85
How much contribution does each 'SEX' usually have on 'INFERTILITY'?
50% (EVEN)
86
More than __% of 'INFERTILITY' case can be diagnosed and successfully treated.
80%
87
What is a 'SPERMATOZOON'?
SPERM
88
What are the 4 parts of a 'SPERMATOZOON' (SPERM) and what does each part contain?
1. HEAD - NUCLEUS +23 CHROMO
2. ACROSOME - ENZYME-FILLED
3. TAIL - MOVEMENT
4 MIDPIECE - LOTS OF MITOCHONDRIA
89
What is 'UTERUS' shaped like and where is it located?
1. SHAPED = PEAR
| 2. LOCATED = PELVIC CAVITY ABOVE URINARY BLADDER FRONT OF RECTUM
90
The size/shape of the 'UTERUS' depends on what?
IF THE WOMAN HAS GIVEN BIRTH (LARGER IN MULTIPAROUS WOMEN)
*More than one birth at a time. (i.e., twins)
91
What are the 2 main regions of the 'UTERUS'?
1. CORPUS
| 2. UTERINE ISTHMUS or CERVIX (NECK)
92
There are 2 main components in the 'UTERINE WALL'. What are they?
1. ENDOMETRIUM
| 2. MYOMETRIUM
93
Which of the 2 components of the 'UTERINE WALL' is shed during 'MENSTRUATION'?
ENDOMETRIUM
94
What are the characteristics 'MYOMETRIUM'?
SMOOTH MUSCLE
CONTRACTION OF THE UTERINE WALL. THIS RESULTS IN 'EXPULSION' of the FETUS IN BIRTH.
95
'FALLOPIAN TUBES' are also called 2 other things. What are they?
1. OVIDUCTS
| 2. UTERINE TUBES
96
Where are the 'FALLOPIAN TUBES' attached?
TO UTERUS AT ITS LATERAL SUPERIOR ANGLES
97
The 'DISTAL ENDS' of the 'FALLOPIAN TUBES' expand into what?
FUNNEL-LIKE STRUCTURES
98
What do the 'FALLOPIAN TUBES' serve as for the 'OVARIES'?
What are their diameters?
DUCTS
~DIAMETER = SIZE OF A DRINKING STRAW
99
Where does 'FERTILIZATION' usually occur?
FALLOPIAN TUBES
| UNION OF SPERM AND OVUM
100
'OVARIES' are about the size of what? Where are they located?
LARGE ALMONDS
EITHER SIDE OF THE UTERUS
101
TRUE or FALSE
'OVARIES' are among the most vascular organs of the body.
TRUE
'OVARIES' are VERY vascular
102
Female Germ Cells or 'OOCYTES' are enclosed inside the ovary in tissue sacs called what?
'OVARIAN FOLLICLES'
103
The 'OVARY' of a newborn girl contains about how many 'FOLLICLES'?
500,000 FOLLICLES
104
Will a 'FEMALE' increase the amount of 'FOLLICLES' she has after birth?
NO
NO NEW FOLLICLES ARE MADE AFTER BIRTH
105
TRUE or FALSE
'FOLLICLES' begin to 'DEGENERATE' after birth.
TRUE
FOLLICLES DO DEGENERATE
106
How many 'FOLLICLES' does each ovary contain at 'PUBERTY'?
~83,000 FOLLICLES
107
How many 'FOLLICLES' does each ovary contain at 'AGE 35'?
~30,000 FOLLICLES
108
How many 'FOLLICLES' does each ovary contain at 'AGE 50'?
~1,000 FOLLICLES
109
On average, how many 'FOLLICLES' are released through 'OVULATION'?
400 FOLLICLES
110
There are 2 main functions of the 'OVARIES'. What are they?
1. OVULATION - PRODCUTION OF MATURE EGG
| 2. SECRETION - PRODUCTION OF FEMALE HORMONES
111
How many 'OVARIAN FOLLICLES' will 'MATURE' during a cycle?
ONLY ONE (MOST OF THE TIME)
