Blood 1 Flashcards
THE AVERAGE YOUNG ADULT HAS HOW MUCH ‘BLOOD’? (*VOLUME)
6 LITERS
‘BLOOD’ is separated into 2 different components. What are the 2 components?
- CELLS
2. PLASMA
What 3 types of ‘CELLS’ are found in ‘BLOOD’ composition?
- ERYTHROCYTES
- LEUKOCYTES
- THROMBOCYTES
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR ‘ERYTHROCYTES’?
RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR ‘LEUKOCYTES’?
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR ‘THROMBOCYTES’?
PLATELETS
In ‘BLOOD’, ‘PLASMA’ can be separated into 2 main sub-groups. What are the 2 main sub-groups?
What percentages does each make up of the ‘PLASMA’?
- WATER (90-92%)
2. SOLIDS (7-9%)
What are the 5 functions of ‘BLOOD’?
- CARRIAGE OF O2 TO CELLS
- TRANSPORT OF HORMONES IN BODY
- REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM CELLS
- DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE
- REGULATE ACID/BASE BALANCE
In the ‘SOLUTE’ portion of the ‘PLASMA’ in blood there are 4 major substances. What are they?
- PROTEINS (7%)
- ELECTROLYTES
- UREA
- GLUCOSE
What ‘PROTEIN’ is found in the most abundance in blood plasma?
ALBUMIN
‘ALBUMIN’ accounts for what percentage of the total amount of ‘protein’ found in blood plasma?
ALBUMIN = 55% OF ‘BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN’ CONCENTATION
What is considered to be the ‘NORMAL’ hematocrit?
45% = NORMAL
What is the normal ‘HEMATOCRIT’ range for males?
42-48% = MALES
What is the normal ‘HEMATOCRIT’ range for females?
38-44% = FEMALES
When blood is placed in centrifuge and spun down, there are 2 different sections. What is the ‘BOTTOM’ portion referred to as and what is the ‘TOP’ portion referred to as?
FORMED ELEMENTS = ‘BOTTOM’
PLASMA = ‘TOP’
‘PLASMA’ minus the ‘coagulation factors’ is referred to as what?
SERUM
What causes a sample of blood to clot?
COAGULATION FACTORS / CLOTTING FACTORS
What is the ratio of ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ to other ‘BLOOD CELLS’?
500:01:00
There are many organic/inorganic substances that are dissolved in blood. What are 9 examples of these?
- PROTEINS
- ELECTROLYTES
- GLUCOSE
- AMINO ACIDS
- LIPIDS
- VITAMINS
- HORMONES
- GASES
- WASTE PRODUCTS
‘PLASMA PROTEINS’ can be separated into 4 basic groups. What are the 4 basic groups?
- ALBUMIN
- GLOBULINS (ALPHA/BETA/GAMMA)
- CLOTTING FACTORS
- OTHERS (ENZYMES/HORMONES)
WHERE ARE THE ‘ALPHA/BETA’ GLOBULINS FORMED?
IN THE LIVER
What is the main function of ‘ALBUMIN’ proteins found in the blood?
What is a important characteristic of this protein?
OSMOTIC PRESSURE REGULATION
IS THE ‘SMALLEST’ MOST ‘ABUNDANT’ PLASMA PROTEIN
What are the functions of the ‘ALPHA/BETA’ globulins?
How do they work?
CARRIER VEHICLES
PREVENT SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD FROM LEAVING THE CAPILLARY TOO QUICKLY.
What is the function of ‘GAMMA’ globulins as a blood plasma protein?
What 2 types of this are possible?
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
- NATURAL IMMUNITY
- ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Where are ‘GAMMA GLOBULINS’ formed?
IN LYMPHOID TISSUES
What is the function of the ‘RETICULO-ENDOTHEILIAL’ system?
What does it produce?
- TISSUES/CELLS CAPABLE OF ‘PHAGOCYTOSIS’
2. FORMS ANTIBODIES (IMMUNE RESPONSE) TO BACTERIA
‘CELLS’ connected to the ‘RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL’ system can be found in 4 different places in the human body. What are the 4 places?
- BONE MARROW
- SPLEEN
- LIVER
- LYMPH NODES
What are the 4 characteristics of ‘ERYTHROCYTES’?
- NO NUCLEUS
- CANNOT MULTIPLY
- BICONCAVE DISCS
- NO ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- DO NOT SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
What are the 2 functions of ‘ERYTHROCYTES’?
- TRANSPORT HEMOGLOBIN
2. PARTICIPATE IN CO2 TRANSPORT
‘MALES’ have an average of approximately how many ‘ERYTHROCYTES’ (RBCs)?
5.5 million/mm^3
‘FEMALES’ have an average of approximately how many ‘ERYTHROCYTES’ (RBCs)?
4.5 million/mm^3 = FEMALES
Under what conditions will there be an ‘INCREASE’ of ‘ERYTHROCYTES’ (RBCs)?
- ALTITUDE
- MUSCULAR EXERCISE
- TEMPERATURE
- AGE - HIGHER IN INFANTS
The synthesis of ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ is known as what?
ERYTHROPOIESIS
The synthesis of ‘ALL BLOOD CELLS’ is known as what?
HEMATOPOIESIS
During life, the synthesis of ‘BLOOD CELLS’ is split into different parts of the body.
Where does synthesis take place during the following times of life:
- EARLY EMBRYO
- MIDDLE PREGNANCY
- ADULT
- EARLY EMBRYO = YOLK SAC
- MIDDLE PREGNANCY = LIVER, SPLEEN AND BONE MARROW
- ADULT = BONE MARROW, VERTEBRAE, RIBS, STERNUM
What is the process of forming a ‘RED BLOOD CELL’?
*There are 5 steps
- STEM CELL
- PROERYTHROBLAST
- NORMOBLAST
- RETICULOCYTE
- ERYTHROCYTE (MATURE RBC)
What is considered to be the most important step in the process of ‘RED BLOOD CELL’ synthesis?
Why?
RETICULOCYTE
Cell leaves marrow and enters blood-stream ‘W/OUT’ a ‘NUCLEUS’
Between what 2 processes does the ‘RED BLOOD CELL’ lose its nucleus?
NORMOBLAST -> RETICULOCYTE
Without this ‘hormone’ red blood will not forms and ‘stem cells’ will NOT be stimulated.
ERYTHROPOIETIN
How is the ‘synthesis’ of RED BLOOD CELLS regulated?
*THERE ARE 4 EXAMPLES
- HEMORRHAGE
- RESPIRATORY/CIRCULATORY DISEASE
- PARTIAL MARROW DESTRUCTION
- PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
If the ‘OXYGEN’ delivery to certain cells of the kidney decreases, what is secreted and from what organ?
ERYTHROPOIETIN = SECRETED
SECRETED FROM ‘KIDNEYS’
(*STARTS ‘ERYTHROPOIESIS’)
‘ERYTHROPOIETIN’ (EPO) goes into the blood and stimulates what to become what. Where does this ‘generally’ occur?
STIMULATES ‘STEM CELLS’ to become ‘PROERYTHROBLASTS’
GENERALLY OCCURS IN ‘BONE MARROW’
There are 3 other uncommon factors that help regulate ‘RED BLOOD CELL’ production. What are they?
- COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS
- INTERLEUKINS
- STEM CELL FACTORS
It takes approximately how many days for (RBCs) to increase after ‘ERYTHROPOIETIN’ is stimulated?
5 DAYS
‘ERYTHROPOIETIN’ is part of the group of ‘CYTOKINES’ called what?
HEMATOPOEITIC GROWTH FACTORS (HGFs)
What is ‘BLOOD DOPING’?
SEPARATING ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ AND STORING THEM FOR A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF TIME.
RE-INJECTING THE ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ TO CAUSE A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT. THIS CAUSES INCREASED ‘ENDURANCE’ / ‘OXYGEN’ CARRYING CAPACITY.
What might happen with an abnormally ‘HIGH’ hematocrit due to ‘BLOOD DOPING’?
BLOOD BECOMES ‘SLUGGISH’ AND ‘THICK’.
HEART HAS TO WORK HARDER FOR IT TO MOVE THROUGH BODY. INCREASED CHANGE OF HEART ATTACK.
How do (RBCs) become ‘worn out’?
THROUGH WEAR/TEAR OF PASSING THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS.
Approximately how many ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ (RBCs) are ‘destroyed’ each second?
~2,500,000 RED BLOOD CELLS / SECOND
What is ‘HEMOGLOBIN’?
Substance the can ‘reversibly’ bind to ‘OXYGEN’
Approximately how many molecules of ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ are there per ‘RED BLOOD CELL’?
200 MILLION HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULES / RED BLOOD CELL
‘HEMOGLOBIN’ consists of 2 parts. What are the 2 parts?
- GLOBIN (4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS)
2. HEME (Fe++ w/ PORPHYRIN)
The ‘GLOBIN’ portion of ‘HEMEGLOBIN’ is considered to be a what?
What is it made of?
PROTEIN
MADE OF 4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS. (2 ALPHA CHAINS AND 2 BETA CHAINS)
4 DISK-SHAPED MOLECULES ARE WHAT MAKE UP THIS COMPOUND.
‘HEME’ IN HEMO-GLOBIN
Each ‘HEME’ has what molecule in the center?
IRON
When ‘IRON’ (Fe++) is combined with ‘PORPHYRIN’, what is the result?
A ‘HEME’ GROUP
How many ‘PEPTIDE’ bonds does a ‘HEME’ molecule have?
4 PEPTIDE BONDS
By ‘WEIGHT’, what percentage of a RBC is ade of Hb (HEMOGLOBIN)?
34% of RBC = HEMOGLOBIN
In 100 ml of ‘BLOOD’ there are approximately how many ‘GRAMS’ of ‘HEMOGLOBIN’?
15 GRAMS
What amount of ‘OXYGEN’ in ‘ml’ will combine on a ‘per gram’ basis with ‘HEMOGLOBIN’?
1.34 ml OXYGEN / 1g Hb
What is ‘OXYHEMOGLOBIN’ defined as?
What color(s) does it have? Does it change? If so, when?
HEMOGLOBIN that is ‘SATURATED’ with O2 (OXYGEN)
COLOR = CHERRY (W/ OXYGEN) COLOR = PURPLE-BLUE (W/OUT OXYGEN)
Hb (HEMOGLOBIN) can combine with 2 other molecules. What are the 2 moelcules?
Which one does ‘COMPETE’ for the OXYGEN binding Hb spot?
- CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
- CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) ‘DOES’ COMPETE FOR THE SAME ‘OXYGEN’ (O2) BINDING SPOT.
Why is ‘CARBON MONOXIDE’ such a dangerous gas?
BECAUSE IT ‘COMPETES’ FOR THE SAME LOCATION ‘OXYGEN’ BINDS TO ON ‘HEMOGLOBIN’
HAS 200X AFFINITY FOR Hb THAN OXYGEN
When ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ combines with CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE), what is the molecule called?
CARBAMINO HEMOGLOBIN
When ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ combines with CO (CARBON MONOXIDE), what is the molecule called?
CARBOXY HEMOGLOBIN
This molecule has ‘200x’ the affinity for ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ (Hb) than ‘OXYGEN’ does.
CARBON MONOXIDE
TRUE OR FALSE
The 4 ‘POLYPEPTIDE’ chains formed on the globin protein in a ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ molecule can NOT be re-used again.
FALSE
POLYPEPTIDE BONDS CAN BE USED ‘AGAIN’ OR FOR ‘AMINO ACIDS’
(*HUMAN BODY IS EFFICIENT)
What happens to ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ when RBCs are worn out and destroyed? What is this referred to as?
CATABOLISM (BREAKDOWN) OF HEMOGLOBIN
When ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ (Hb) is ‘catabolized’ or broken down. There are 4 steps that occur for a complete breakdown. What are they?
- Hb goes to (HEME + GLOBIN)
- GLOBIN is ‘reused’ in AMINO ACIDS or in another HEMEGLOBIN
- HEME goes to (Fe++ and PORPHYRIN)
- IRON in the PORPHYRIN is ‘REDUCED’
After ‘catabolism’ of a ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ molecule, what happens to the ‘PORPHYRIN’ portion?
(*THERE ARE 2 STEPS)
- IRON IS REMOVED FROM CENTER
2. RING STRUCTURE CHANGES TO CHAIN STRUCTURE CALLED ‘BILIVERDIN’
What is ‘BILIVERDIN’ a result of?
RESULT FROM THE BREAKDOWN (CATABOLISM) OF A ‘HEME’ GROUP DUE TO ‘HEMOGLOBIN’/’RBC’ DESTRUCTION.
‘BILIVERDIN’ is converted to what molecule when it is being broken down by the body?
BILIRUBIN (YELLOW COLOR)
What is ‘BILIVERDIN’?
THE BY-PRODUCT OF THE ‘CATABOLISM’ OF THE ‘HEME’ GROUP FROM A ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ MOLECULE THAT HAS BEEN DESTROYED.
What is the process for ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ destruction?
*3 STEPS
- HEMOGLOBIN -> HEME + GLOBIN
GLOBIN = REABSORBED/REUSED - HEME -> IRON + PORPHRYIN
IRON = REABSORBED - PORPHYRIN -> BILIVERDIN -> BILIRUBIN -> SECRETED FROM BODY
Where is ‘BILIRUBIN’ delivered to?
LIVER
After ‘BILIRUBIN’ has been delivered to the ‘LIVER’, what is its function?
EXCRETED FROM LIVER WITH ‘BILE’
‘BILIRUBIN’, once in the ‘LIVER’ and secreted with ‘BILE’ has 2 options/pathways. What are they?
- EXCRETION VIA ‘FECES’
2. EXCRETION VIA ‘URINE’
What do ‘FECES’ and ‘URINE’ owe their normal ‘brown/yellowish’ color to?
BILIRUBIN PRODUCTS
When ‘BILIRUBIN’ is excreted in the form of ‘FECES’ what is it called?
STERCOBILIN
When ‘BILIRUBIN’ is reabsorbed back into the blood, delivered to ‘KIDNEYS’ and excreted in the form of ‘URINE’ what is it called?
UROBILIN
What is it called when the ‘YELLOWISH’ colored ‘BILIRUBIN’ accumlates in the blood to an abnormally ‘HIGH’ degree?
JAUNDICE (HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA)
HIGH BLOOD BILIRUBIN LEVELS
There are 3 causes of ‘JAUNDICE’, what are they?
- LIVER DISEASE
- EXCESS RED CELL DESTRUCTION
- BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION
What is ‘ANEMIA’ defined as?
ANY CONDITION THAT RESULTS IN A ‘DECREASED’ OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE BLOOD.
There are 2 main ‘CAUSES’ of ‘ANEMIA’, what are they?
- DECREASED NUMBER OF RBCs
2. DECREASED HEMOGLOBIN/CELL
What are the 3 ‘SYMPTOMS’ of ‘ANEMIA’?
- PALE SKIN COLOR
- FATIGUE
- RAPID HEART RATE
Why do ‘NEWBORN BABIES’ develop ‘JAUNDICE’ more commonly than adults?
BABIES HAVE A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT WHEN BORN.
RBCs ARE DESTROYED AT HIGH RATE AFTER BIRTH TO REACH A BALANCED LEVEL.
INCREASED RBC DESTRUCTION CAUSES ‘HIGH’ BILIRUBIN LEVELS
TRUE OR FALSE
‘BABIES’ develop a ‘BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER’ at a very young age.
FALSE
‘BABIES’ do ‘NOT’ have a well developed ‘BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER’ until they are much older.
What are the 4 basic ‘TYPES’ of ‘ANEMIA’?
- HEMORRHAGIC
- APLASTIC
- NUTRITIONAL
- HEMOLYTIC
What is ‘HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA’ defined as?
‘ANEMIA’ DUE TO BLOOD LOSS
What is ‘APLASTIC ANEMIA’ defined as?
‘ANEMIA’ DUE TO BONE MARROW DESTRUCTION
*LEAST COMMON
What are some of the ‘CAUSES’ for ‘APLASTIC ANEMIA’?
*THERE ARE 4
- CANCER
- EXCESSIVE X-RAY EXPOSURE
- CERTAIN CHEMICALS
- SOME DRUGS
What is ‘NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA’ defined as?
What 2 ‘SUB-GROUPS’ are included in this type of ‘ANEMIA’?
ANEMIA DUE TO A ‘LACK’ OF VITAMINS/PROTEINS IN THE BODY.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
What ‘PROTEIN’ is ‘IRON’ bound to in the body? What does it serve as?
IRON IS BOUND TO ‘FERRITIN’ PROTEIN
SERVES AS BUFFER TO FIGHT AGAINST ‘IRON DEFICIENCY’
What is considered to be the ‘MOST COMMON’ type of ‘ANEMIA’?
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
What is the definition of ‘FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA’? What specific type of ‘ANEMIA’ does this fall under?
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
Folic Acid = REQUIRED FOR ‘MITOSIS’.
WITHOUT ‘FOLIC ACID’, CELL DIVISION IMPAIRMENT OCCURS. IMPACTS GREATER ON ‘RBC’ PRODUCTION
What is ‘PERNICIOUS ANEMIA’? What type of ‘ANEMIA’ is this considered to be?
NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA
VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
FAILURE OF VITAMIN B12 TO BE ‘ABSORBED’ FROM THE G-I TRACT.
What is the process in which ‘PERNICIOUS ANEMIA’ occurs?
PARIETAL CELLS -> INTRINSIC FACTOR -> VITAMIN B12 ABSORPTION -> MITOSIS (RBC) PRODUCTION
What is ‘HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA’ defined as?
RBC DESTRUCTION
What are 3 causes of ‘HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA’?
- SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
- ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
- LEAD/ARSENIC POISONING
- SICKEL CELL ANEMIA
What happens in ‘SICKEL CELL ANEMIA’?
THE #6 ‘AMINO ACID’ IS SUBSTITUTED.
GLUTAMIC ACID CHANGED TO VALINE
What is the definition of ‘POLYCYTHEMIA’?
‘INCREASED’ RBC NUMBERS ‘ABOVE’ NORMAL LEVELS
*HINT - BLOOD DOPERS. HIGH HEMATOCRIT
What are the 2 different types of ‘POLYCYTHEMIA’?
- PHYSIOLOGIC/SECONDARY
2. POLYCYTHEMIA VERA
What are the ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘PHYSIOLOGIC/SECONDARY’ ‘POLYCYTHEMIA’?
(*THERE IS ONLY 1)
NO ACTUAL RBC PATHOLOGY
RESIDING AT HIGH ALTITUDES
NORMAL RESPONSE TO LOW OXYGEN PRESSURE. COUNTS OF 6-8 MILLION CELLS ARE COMMON. THERE ARE ‘NO’ SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE REACTIONS.
What is ‘POLYCYTHEMIA VERA’ also known as? What is it caused by?
KNOWN AS ‘ERYTHREMIA’
CAUSED BY ‘TUMOR OF THE BONE MARROW’
What are some of the ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘POLYCYTHEMIA VERA’ (ERYTHREMIA)?
(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)
- 11 MILLION CELLS/MM^3 (RBCs)
- HEMATOCRIT = 80%
- BLOOD IS VERY VISCOUS/SLUGGISH
- HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
- HIGH RISK OF STROKE/HEART ATTACK
What is the ‘average’ number of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ in a person?
6,000 - 12,000 /mm^3 (1/500 of RBC count)
TRUE OR FALSE
Though ‘LEUKOCYTE’ numbers are low, ‘PRODUCTION RATE’ is equal to or great than that of RBC’s.
TRUE
‘PRODUCTION RATE’ IS EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN ‘RBC’ PRODUCTION.
What is the range of ‘LIFE SPAN’ of a ‘LEUKOCYTE’?
4 DAYS to MONTHS (DEPENDS ON TYPE)
Where are the ‘MAJORITY’ of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ found?
OUTSIDE CIRCULATION
What 3 types of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ are considered to be ‘GRANULOCYTES’ and what are their percentages?
- NEUTROPHILS (65-70%)
- ESOINOPHILS (1-2%)
- BASOPHILS (0-.5%)
(*HINT - ‘Granny N.E.B’. All the ‘-phil’ cells are part of the same family)
What 2 types of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ are considered to be ‘AGRANULOCYTES’ and what are their percentages?
- LYMPHOCYTES (20-24%)
- MONOCYTES (5%)
(*HINT - [ALMs])
Where are ‘AGRANULOCYTES’ formed?
IN THE ‘LYMPH NODES’
Where are ‘GRANULOCYTES’ formed?
BONE MARROW
Which ‘LEUKOCYTE’ is ‘MOST’ common in fighting ‘INFECTION’?
What group does it belong to?
NEUTROPHILS
GRANULOCYTE FAMILY
What is the definition of ‘DIFFERENTIAL WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT’?
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF ‘WBCs’
*OUT OF 100 WBCs RATIO IS DETERMINED
Where are the ‘LEUKOCYTE’ production sites for an ‘EMBRYO’?
*THERE ARE 3 SITES
- BONE MARROW
- LIVER
- SPLEEN
Where are the ‘LEUKOCYTE’ production sites for an ‘ADULT’?
(*THERE ARE 2 DIFFERENT SITES)
(*HINT - EACH FAMILY HAS A DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SITE)
- GRANULOCYTES = BONE MARROW
2. AGRANULOCYTES = LYMPHOID TISSUES
What is the definition of ‘PHAGOCYTOSIS’? What cells ‘commonly’ participate in this?
ABILITY TO ‘ENGULF’ FOREIGN BODIES
‘WHITE BLOOD CELLS’ (LEUKOCYTES)
What is ‘DIAPEDESIS’?
What cells ‘commonly’ participate in this?
ABILITY TO ‘SQUEEZE’ THROUGH CAPILLARY WALLS
‘WHITE BLOOD CELLS’ (LEUKOCYTES)
What is ‘AMEBOID MOTION’ described as?
What cells ‘commonly’ participate in this?
ABILITY TO MOVE ONCE CIRCULATION HAS BEEN LEFT.
CYTOPLASM STREAMS SIMILAR TO AN ‘AMOEBA’
‘WHITE BLOOD CELLS’ (LEUKOCYTES)
What is ‘CHEMOTAXIS’ defined as?
LEUKOCYTES ARE ‘DRAWN’ TOWARD AN AREA OF ‘INFECTION’.
What is the ‘PROCESS’ for ‘CHEMOTAXIS’?
- INJURED CELL RELEASES ‘LEUCOTAXINE’
- INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
- LEUCOTAXIN ATTRACTS ‘NEUTROPHILS’
- ‘NEUTROPHILS’ INITIATE PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES
What is ‘LEUCOTAXINE’?
A ‘CHEMOTAXIC’ SUBSTANCE RELEASED BY AN ‘INJURED CELL’
ATTRACTS ‘NEUTROPHILS’
What are the characteristics of ‘NEUTROPHILS’?
*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
GRANULOCYTE
- ACUTE CONDITION DEFENSE
- PHAGOCYTIC SPECIALISTS
- RELEASE ‘NETs’ (NEUTRPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS) TO CONTAIN BACTERIA-KILLING CHEMICALS
What are the characteristics of ‘EOSINOPHILS’?
*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
GRANULOCYTE
- INCREASE DURING ‘ALLERGIC’ CONDITIONS (HAYFEVER and ASTHMA)
- ATTRACTED TO SITES WHERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS HAVE OCCURRED.
- MAST CELLS / BASOPHILS RELEASE ‘EOSINOPHIL CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR) DURING ALLERGIC REACTION
This ‘LEUKOCYTE’ is involved during ‘ACUTE CONDITIONS’ to fight off ‘INFECTION’.
Examples are, appendicitis, sore throat, and pneumonia.
NEUTROPHILS
These ‘LEUKOCYTES’ ‘INCREASE’ in number during an ‘ALLERGIC’ reaction.
EOSINOPHILS
What are the characteristics of ‘BASOPHILS’?
*THERE IS ONLY 1
- SECRETE ‘ANTICOAGULANT’
(HEPARIN and HISTAMINE) DURING ALLERGIC REACTION
These ‘LEUKOCYTES’ release ‘HISTAMINE’ and ‘HEPARIN’.
BASOPHILS
These ‘LEUKOCYTES’ are ‘very active’ in an ‘IMMUNE RESPONSE’.
AGRANULOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES
What are the 2 types of ‘LYMPHOCYTES’?
- B-LYMPHOCYTES
2. T-LYMPHOCYTES
What are the functions of ‘B-LYMPHOCYTES’?
- PRODUCE ANTIBODIES (ANTIBODIES ALSO PRODUCED BY PLASMA CELLS)
(*HINT - ‘B’ STANDS FOR ‘BODIES-BUILDER’)
What are the functions of ‘T-LYMPHOCYTES’?
DIRECTLY ‘DESTROY’ SPECIFIC TARGET CELLS
CELLS DESTROYED THAT HAVE BEEN INVADED BY VIRUS/CANCER. PROCESS IS CALLED ‘CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY’
(*HINT - ‘T’ STANDS FOR ‘TERMINATOR’)
What are the ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘MONOCYTES’?
*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM
- ‘CHRONIC CONDITION’ DEFENSE
- ACTIVE IN PHAGOCYTOSIS
- BECOME ‘MACROPHAGES’
- LIVE FOR ‘MONTHS’ EVEN ‘YEARS’
These type of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ ‘INCREASE’ during ‘CHRONIC’ conditions (e.g., tuberculosis/venereal disease).
MONOCYTES
These type of ‘LEUKOCYTE’ become ‘MACROPHAGES’ and are ‘very active’ in ‘PHAGOCYTOSIS’. They can live for months and even years.
MONOCYTES
What is ‘LEUKEMIA’ defined as?
MALIGNANT ‘BLOOD DISEASE’
‘INCREASED’ NUMBER OF ‘LEUKOCYTES’
*IMMATURE TO FIGHT OFF INFECTION
With ‘LEUKEMIA’, what could be considered to be ‘FATAL’?
Why?
A SMALL ‘INFECTION’
INCREASED NUMBER OF ‘LEUKOCYTES’ ARE VERY ‘IMMATURE’ AND ARE UNABLE TO FIGHT OFF INFECTION.
During ‘LEUKEMIA’, the ‘WBC’ count may reach what number?
500,000/mm^3 ‘WBCs’
What are considered to be the ‘most common’ reasons for death among ‘LEUKEMIA’ patients?
*There are 2 of them
- INFECTIONS
2. HEMORRHAGE
What is ‘LEUKOPENIA’ defined as?
DECREASED PRODUCTION OF ‘WHITE BLOOD CELLS’ (LEUKOCYTES).
What are the 3 possible causes for ‘LEUKOPENIA’?
- RADIATION
- DRUGS
- CHEMICALS
What is the ‘AVERAGE’ number of ‘THROMBOCYTES’ (PLATELETS) in the body?
150,000-350,000/mm^3 PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)
What are ‘THROMBOCYTES’ also referred to as?
PLATELETS
What is a ‘MEGAKARYOCYTE’?
VERY LARGE ‘BONE MARROW CELL’
How are ‘THROMBOCYTES’ (PLATELETS) formed?
PIECES OF ‘CYTOPLASM’ THAT ARE SAID TO ‘CHIP’ OFF.
What is the name of the ‘recently’ identified ‘HORMONE’ that is said to ‘INCREASE’ the number of ‘MEGAKARYOCYTES’?
THROMBOPOIETIN
What produces ‘PLATELETS’?
MEGAKARYOCYTES
Where does the ‘DESTRUCTION’ of ‘PLATELETS’ occur?
IN THE ‘SPLEEN’
What is the ‘LIFE SPAN’ range of ‘PLATELETS’ (THROMBOCYTES)?
8 DAYS TO MANY MONTHS
What do ‘PLATELETS’ play an important role in?
BLOOD CLOTTING
How do ‘PLATELETS’ perform ‘BLOOD CLOTTING’?
‘PLATELET PLUG’ IS FORMED
‘PLATELET PLUG’ STOPS BLEEDING BEFORE ACTUAL CLOT IS FORMED
TRUE OR FALSE
‘PLATELET PLUGS’ are formed ‘many’ times during the day.
TRUE
‘PLATELET PLUGS’ are formed ‘many’ times during the day.
THIS IS DUE TO SMALL SITES OF INJURY IN VESSELS IN THE BODY.
Why do ‘PLATELETS’ not form in the ‘BLOOD VESSELS’?
BLOOD VESSELS ARE EXTREMELY SMOOTH WHICH DO ‘NOT’ ALLOW PLATELETS TO STICK TOGETHER.
When do ‘PLATELETS’ begin to stick together?
WHEN EXPOSED TO ‘COLLAGEN’ (A PROTEIN)
As ‘PLATELETS’ begin to stick together, 3 things are released. What are the 3 substances?
- ADP
- SEROTONIN
- PROSTAGLANDIN (THROMBOXANE A2)
The ‘chemicals’ that are released upon the formation of a ‘PLATELET PLUG’ stimulate what process to occur?
STIMULATE ‘VASOCONSTRICTION’
OTHER ‘PLATELETS’ BECOME STICKY
‘PLATELETS’ also contain a very high concentration of what 2 molecules that are also found in muscle tissue?
- ACTIN
2. MYOSIN
Because of the ‘ACTIN’ and ‘MYOSIN’, ‘PLATELETS’ have the ability to do what in ‘aggregated platelets’?
CONTRACT
The ‘PLATELET PLUG’ does ‘NOT’ expand and spread from damaged endothelium. Why does this happen?
UNDAMAGED ‘ENDOTHELIAL CELLS’ secrete ‘PROSTAGLANDIN I2’ (PGI2).
THIS INHIBITS ‘PLATELET AGGREGATION’
‘PROSTAGLANDIN I2’ (PGI2) is also known as what?
PROSTACYCLIN
There are 2 chemicals that the body secretes in order to ‘INHIBIT’ ‘PLATELET AGGREGATION’ on ‘undamaged endothelial cells’. What are the 2 chemicals?
- PROSTACYCLIN (PGI2)
2. NITRIC OXIDE (NO)
‘NITRIC OXIDE’ has the ability to do 4 things with regards to ‘PLATELET AGGREGATION’. What are they?
- CAUSES VASODILATION
- INHIBITS PLATELET ADHESION
- ACTIVATION
- AGGREGATION
What is the definition of ‘THROMBOCYTOPENIA’?
ABNORMALLY ‘LOW’ NUMBER OF PLATELETS
50,000 AND BELOW
What is one of the ‘SYMPTOMS’ of ‘THROMBOCYTOPENIA’?
EXCESS BLEEDING
‘THROMBOCYTOPENIA’ may result from 2 causes. What are the 2 causes?
- IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA (UNKNOWN CAUSES)
2. AUTOIMMUNITY ATTACK ON PLATELETS
What numbers of ‘PLATELETS’ (THROMBOCYTES) is considered to be ‘LETHAL’?
~10,000/mm^3 PLATELETS
