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Blood 1 Flashcards

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2
Q

THE AVERAGE YOUNG ADULT HAS HOW MUCH ‘BLOOD’? (*VOLUME)

A

6 LITERS

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3
Q

‘BLOOD’ is separated into 2 different components. What are the 2 components?

A
  1. CELLS

2. PLASMA

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4
Q

What 3 types of ‘CELLS’ are found in ‘BLOOD’ composition?

A
  1. ERYTHROCYTES
  2. LEUKOCYTES
  3. THROMBOCYTES
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5
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR ‘ERYTHROCYTES’?

A

RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)

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6
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR ‘LEUKOCYTES’?

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBCs)

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7
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR ‘THROMBOCYTES’?

A

PLATELETS

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8
Q

In ‘BLOOD’, ‘PLASMA’ can be separated into 2 main sub-groups. What are the 2 main sub-groups?

What percentages does each make up of the ‘PLASMA’?

A
  1. WATER (90-92%)

2. SOLIDS (7-9%)

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9
Q

What are the 5 functions of ‘BLOOD’?

A
  1. CARRIAGE OF O2 TO CELLS
  2. TRANSPORT OF HORMONES IN BODY
  3. REMOVAL OF CO2 FROM CELLS
  4. DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE
  5. REGULATE ACID/BASE BALANCE
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10
Q

In the ‘SOLUTE’ portion of the ‘PLASMA’ in blood there are 4 major substances. What are they?

A
  1. PROTEINS (7%)
  2. ELECTROLYTES
  3. UREA
  4. GLUCOSE
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11
Q

What ‘PROTEIN’ is found in the most abundance in blood plasma?

A

ALBUMIN

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12
Q

‘ALBUMIN’ accounts for what percentage of the total amount of ‘protein’ found in blood plasma?

A

ALBUMIN = 55% OF ‘BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN’ CONCENTATION

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13
Q

What is considered to be the ‘NORMAL’ hematocrit?

A

45% = NORMAL

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14
Q

What is the normal ‘HEMATOCRIT’ range for males?

A

42-48% = MALES

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15
Q

What is the normal ‘HEMATOCRIT’ range for females?

A

38-44% = FEMALES

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16
Q

When blood is placed in centrifuge and spun down, there are 2 different sections. What is the ‘BOTTOM’ portion referred to as and what is the ‘TOP’ portion referred to as?

A

FORMED ELEMENTS = ‘BOTTOM’

PLASMA = ‘TOP’

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17
Q

‘PLASMA’ minus the ‘coagulation factors’ is referred to as what?

A

SERUM

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18
Q

What causes a sample of blood to clot?

A

COAGULATION FACTORS / CLOTTING FACTORS

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19
Q

What is the ratio of ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ to other ‘BLOOD CELLS’?

A

500:01:00

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20
Q

There are many organic/inorganic substances that are dissolved in blood. What are 9 examples of these?

A
  1. PROTEINS
  2. ELECTROLYTES
  3. GLUCOSE
  4. AMINO ACIDS
  5. LIPIDS
  6. VITAMINS
  7. HORMONES
  8. GASES
  9. WASTE PRODUCTS
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21
Q

‘PLASMA PROTEINS’ can be separated into 4 basic groups. What are the 4 basic groups?

A
  1. ALBUMIN
  2. GLOBULINS (ALPHA/BETA/GAMMA)
  3. CLOTTING FACTORS
  4. OTHERS (ENZYMES/HORMONES)
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22
Q

WHERE ARE THE ‘ALPHA/BETA’ GLOBULINS FORMED?

A

IN THE LIVER

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23
Q

What is the main function of ‘ALBUMIN’ proteins found in the blood?

What is a important characteristic of this protein?

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE REGULATION

IS THE ‘SMALLEST’ MOST ‘ABUNDANT’ PLASMA PROTEIN

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24
Q

What are the functions of the ‘ALPHA/BETA’ globulins?

How do they work?

A

CARRIER VEHICLES

PREVENT SUBSTANCES IN BLOOD FROM LEAVING THE CAPILLARY TOO QUICKLY.

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25
Q

What is the function of ‘GAMMA’ globulins as a blood plasma protein?

What 2 types of this are possible?

A

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

  1. NATURAL IMMUNITY
  2. ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
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26
Q

Where are ‘GAMMA GLOBULINS’ formed?

A

IN LYMPHOID TISSUES

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27
Q

What is the function of the ‘RETICULO-ENDOTHEILIAL’ system?

What does it produce?

A
  1. TISSUES/CELLS CAPABLE OF ‘PHAGOCYTOSIS’

2. FORMS ANTIBODIES (IMMUNE RESPONSE) TO BACTERIA

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28
Q

‘CELLS’ connected to the ‘RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL’ system can be found in 4 different places in the human body. What are the 4 places?

A
  1. BONE MARROW
  2. SPLEEN
  3. LIVER
  4. LYMPH NODES
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29
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of ‘ERYTHROCYTES’?

A
  1. NO NUCLEUS
  2. CANNOT MULTIPLY
  3. BICONCAVE DISCS
  4. NO ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
  5. DO NOT SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
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30
Q

What are the 2 functions of ‘ERYTHROCYTES’?

A
  1. TRANSPORT HEMOGLOBIN

2. PARTICIPATE IN CO2 TRANSPORT

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31
Q

‘MALES’ have an average of approximately how many ‘ERYTHROCYTES’ (RBCs)?

A

5.5 million/mm^3

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32
Q

‘FEMALES’ have an average of approximately how many ‘ERYTHROCYTES’ (RBCs)?

A

4.5 million/mm^3 = FEMALES

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33
Q

Under what conditions will there be an ‘INCREASE’ of ‘ERYTHROCYTES’ (RBCs)?

A
  1. ALTITUDE
  2. MUSCULAR EXERCISE
  3. TEMPERATURE
  4. AGE - HIGHER IN INFANTS
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34
Q

The synthesis of ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ is known as what?

A

ERYTHROPOIESIS

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35
Q

The synthesis of ‘ALL BLOOD CELLS’ is known as what?

A

HEMATOPOIESIS

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36
Q

During life, the synthesis of ‘BLOOD CELLS’ is split into different parts of the body.

Where does synthesis take place during the following times of life:

  • EARLY EMBRYO
  • MIDDLE PREGNANCY
  • ADULT
A
  1. EARLY EMBRYO = YOLK SAC
  2. MIDDLE PREGNANCY = LIVER, SPLEEN AND BONE MARROW
  3. ADULT = BONE MARROW, VERTEBRAE, RIBS, STERNUM
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37
Q

What is the process of forming a ‘RED BLOOD CELL’?

*There are 5 steps

A
  1. STEM CELL
  2. PROERYTHROBLAST
  3. NORMOBLAST
  4. RETICULOCYTE
  5. ERYTHROCYTE (MATURE RBC)
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38
Q

What is considered to be the most important step in the process of ‘RED BLOOD CELL’ synthesis?

Why?

A

RETICULOCYTE

Cell leaves marrow and enters blood-stream ‘W/OUT’ a ‘NUCLEUS’

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39
Q

Between what 2 processes does the ‘RED BLOOD CELL’ lose its nucleus?

A

NORMOBLAST -> RETICULOCYTE

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40
Q

Without this ‘hormone’ red blood will not forms and ‘stem cells’ will NOT be stimulated.

A

ERYTHROPOIETIN

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41
Q

How is the ‘synthesis’ of RED BLOOD CELLS regulated?

*THERE ARE 4 EXAMPLES

A
  1. HEMORRHAGE
  2. RESPIRATORY/CIRCULATORY DISEASE
  3. PARTIAL MARROW DESTRUCTION
  4. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
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42
Q

If the ‘OXYGEN’ delivery to certain cells of the kidney decreases, what is secreted and from what organ?

A

ERYTHROPOIETIN = SECRETED

SECRETED FROM ‘KIDNEYS’

(*STARTS ‘ERYTHROPOIESIS’)

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43
Q

‘ERYTHROPOIETIN’ (EPO) goes into the blood and stimulates what to become what. Where does this ‘generally’ occur?

A

STIMULATES ‘STEM CELLS’ to become ‘PROERYTHROBLASTS’

GENERALLY OCCURS IN ‘BONE MARROW’

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44
Q

There are 3 other uncommon factors that help regulate ‘RED BLOOD CELL’ production. What are they?

A
  1. COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS
  2. INTERLEUKINS
  3. STEM CELL FACTORS
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45
Q

It takes approximately how many days for (RBCs) to increase after ‘ERYTHROPOIETIN’ is stimulated?

A

5 DAYS

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46
Q

‘ERYTHROPOIETIN’ is part of the group of ‘CYTOKINES’ called what?

A

HEMATOPOEITIC GROWTH FACTORS (HGFs)

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47
Q

What is ‘BLOOD DOPING’?

A

SEPARATING ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ AND STORING THEM FOR A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF TIME.

RE-INJECTING THE ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ TO CAUSE A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT. THIS CAUSES INCREASED ‘ENDURANCE’ / ‘OXYGEN’ CARRYING CAPACITY.

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48
Q

What might happen with an abnormally ‘HIGH’ hematocrit due to ‘BLOOD DOPING’?

A

BLOOD BECOMES ‘SLUGGISH’ AND ‘THICK’.

HEART HAS TO WORK HARDER FOR IT TO MOVE THROUGH BODY. INCREASED CHANGE OF HEART ATTACK.

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49
Q

How do (RBCs) become ‘worn out’?

A

THROUGH WEAR/TEAR OF PASSING THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS.

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50
Q

Approximately how many ‘RED BLOOD CELLS’ (RBCs) are ‘destroyed’ each second?

A

~2,500,000 RED BLOOD CELLS / SECOND

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51
Q

What is ‘HEMOGLOBIN’?

A

Substance the can ‘reversibly’ bind to ‘OXYGEN’

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52
Q

Approximately how many molecules of ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ are there per ‘RED BLOOD CELL’?

A

200 MILLION HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULES / RED BLOOD CELL

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53
Q

‘HEMOGLOBIN’ consists of 2 parts. What are the 2 parts?

A
  1. GLOBIN (4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS)

2. HEME (Fe++ w/ PORPHYRIN)

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54
Q

The ‘GLOBIN’ portion of ‘HEMEGLOBIN’ is considered to be a what?

What is it made of?

A

PROTEIN

MADE OF 4 POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS. (2 ALPHA CHAINS AND 2 BETA CHAINS)

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55
Q

4 DISK-SHAPED MOLECULES ARE WHAT MAKE UP THIS COMPOUND.

A

‘HEME’ IN HEMO-GLOBIN

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56
Q

Each ‘HEME’ has what molecule in the center?

A

IRON

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57
Q

When ‘IRON’ (Fe++) is combined with ‘PORPHYRIN’, what is the result?

A

A ‘HEME’ GROUP

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58
Q

How many ‘PEPTIDE’ bonds does a ‘HEME’ molecule have?

A

4 PEPTIDE BONDS

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59
Q

By ‘WEIGHT’, what percentage of a RBC is ade of Hb (HEMOGLOBIN)?

A

34% of RBC = HEMOGLOBIN

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60
Q

In 100 ml of ‘BLOOD’ there are approximately how many ‘GRAMS’ of ‘HEMOGLOBIN’?

A

15 GRAMS

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61
Q

What amount of ‘OXYGEN’ in ‘ml’ will combine on a ‘per gram’ basis with ‘HEMOGLOBIN’?

A

1.34 ml OXYGEN / 1g Hb

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62
Q

What is ‘OXYHEMOGLOBIN’ defined as?

What color(s) does it have?
Does it change? If so, when?
A

HEMOGLOBIN that is ‘SATURATED’ with O2 (OXYGEN)

COLOR = CHERRY (W/ OXYGEN)
COLOR = PURPLE-BLUE (W/OUT OXYGEN)
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63
Q

Hb (HEMOGLOBIN) can combine with 2 other molecules. What are the 2 moelcules?

Which one does ‘COMPETE’ for the OXYGEN binding Hb spot?

A
  1. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
  2. CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) ‘DOES’ COMPETE FOR THE SAME ‘OXYGEN’ (O2) BINDING SPOT.

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64
Q

Why is ‘CARBON MONOXIDE’ such a dangerous gas?

A

BECAUSE IT ‘COMPETES’ FOR THE SAME LOCATION ‘OXYGEN’ BINDS TO ON ‘HEMOGLOBIN’

HAS 200X AFFINITY FOR Hb THAN OXYGEN

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65
Q

When ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ combines with CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE), what is the molecule called?

A

CARBAMINO HEMOGLOBIN

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66
Q

When ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ combines with CO (CARBON MONOXIDE), what is the molecule called?

A

CARBOXY HEMOGLOBIN

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67
Q

This molecule has ‘200x’ the affinity for ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ (Hb) than ‘OXYGEN’ does.

A

CARBON MONOXIDE

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68
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The 4 ‘POLYPEPTIDE’ chains formed on the globin protein in a ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ molecule can NOT be re-used again.

A

FALSE

POLYPEPTIDE BONDS CAN BE USED ‘AGAIN’ OR FOR ‘AMINO ACIDS’

(*HUMAN BODY IS EFFICIENT)

69
Q

What happens to ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ when RBCs are worn out and destroyed? What is this referred to as?

A

CATABOLISM (BREAKDOWN) OF HEMOGLOBIN

70
Q

When ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ (Hb) is ‘catabolized’ or broken down. There are 4 steps that occur for a complete breakdown. What are they?

A
  1. Hb goes to (HEME + GLOBIN)
  2. GLOBIN is ‘reused’ in AMINO ACIDS or in another HEMEGLOBIN
  3. HEME goes to (Fe++ and PORPHYRIN)
  4. IRON in the PORPHYRIN is ‘REDUCED’
71
Q

After ‘catabolism’ of a ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ molecule, what happens to the ‘PORPHYRIN’ portion?

(*THERE ARE 2 STEPS)

A
  1. IRON IS REMOVED FROM CENTER

2. RING STRUCTURE CHANGES TO CHAIN STRUCTURE CALLED ‘BILIVERDIN’

72
Q

What is ‘BILIVERDIN’ a result of?

A

RESULT FROM THE BREAKDOWN (CATABOLISM) OF A ‘HEME’ GROUP DUE TO ‘HEMOGLOBIN’/’RBC’ DESTRUCTION.

73
Q

‘BILIVERDIN’ is converted to what molecule when it is being broken down by the body?

A

BILIRUBIN (YELLOW COLOR)

74
Q

What is ‘BILIVERDIN’?

A

THE BY-PRODUCT OF THE ‘CATABOLISM’ OF THE ‘HEME’ GROUP FROM A ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ MOLECULE THAT HAS BEEN DESTROYED.

75
Q

What is the process for ‘HEMOGLOBIN’ destruction?

*3 STEPS

A
  1. HEMOGLOBIN -> HEME + GLOBIN
    GLOBIN = REABSORBED/REUSED
  2. HEME -> IRON + PORPHRYIN
    IRON = REABSORBED
  3. PORPHYRIN -> BILIVERDIN -> BILIRUBIN -> SECRETED FROM BODY
76
Q

Where is ‘BILIRUBIN’ delivered to?

A

LIVER

77
Q

After ‘BILIRUBIN’ has been delivered to the ‘LIVER’, what is its function?

A

EXCRETED FROM LIVER WITH ‘BILE’

78
Q

‘BILIRUBIN’, once in the ‘LIVER’ and secreted with ‘BILE’ has 2 options/pathways. What are they?

A
  1. EXCRETION VIA ‘FECES’

2. EXCRETION VIA ‘URINE’

79
Q

What do ‘FECES’ and ‘URINE’ owe their normal ‘brown/yellowish’ color to?

A

BILIRUBIN PRODUCTS

80
Q

When ‘BILIRUBIN’ is excreted in the form of ‘FECES’ what is it called?

A

STERCOBILIN

81
Q

When ‘BILIRUBIN’ is reabsorbed back into the blood, delivered to ‘KIDNEYS’ and excreted in the form of ‘URINE’ what is it called?

A

UROBILIN

82
Q

What is it called when the ‘YELLOWISH’ colored ‘BILIRUBIN’ accumlates in the blood to an abnormally ‘HIGH’ degree?

A

JAUNDICE (HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA)

HIGH BLOOD BILIRUBIN LEVELS

83
Q

There are 3 causes of ‘JAUNDICE’, what are they?

A
  1. LIVER DISEASE
  2. EXCESS RED CELL DESTRUCTION
  3. BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION
84
Q

What is ‘ANEMIA’ defined as?

A

ANY CONDITION THAT RESULTS IN A ‘DECREASED’ OXYGEN-CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE BLOOD.

85
Q

There are 2 main ‘CAUSES’ of ‘ANEMIA’, what are they?

A
  1. DECREASED NUMBER OF RBCs

2. DECREASED HEMOGLOBIN/CELL

86
Q

What are the 3 ‘SYMPTOMS’ of ‘ANEMIA’?

A
  1. PALE SKIN COLOR
  2. FATIGUE
  3. RAPID HEART RATE
87
Q

Why do ‘NEWBORN BABIES’ develop ‘JAUNDICE’ more commonly than adults?

A

BABIES HAVE A HIGHER HEMATOCRIT WHEN BORN.

RBCs ARE DESTROYED AT HIGH RATE AFTER BIRTH TO REACH A BALANCED LEVEL.

INCREASED RBC DESTRUCTION CAUSES ‘HIGH’ BILIRUBIN LEVELS

88
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘BABIES’ develop a ‘BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER’ at a very young age.

A

FALSE

‘BABIES’ do ‘NOT’ have a well developed ‘BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER’ until they are much older.

89
Q

What are the 4 basic ‘TYPES’ of ‘ANEMIA’?

A
  1. HEMORRHAGIC
  2. APLASTIC
  3. NUTRITIONAL
  4. HEMOLYTIC
90
Q

What is ‘HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA’ defined as?

A

‘ANEMIA’ DUE TO BLOOD LOSS

91
Q

What is ‘APLASTIC ANEMIA’ defined as?

A

‘ANEMIA’ DUE TO BONE MARROW DESTRUCTION

*LEAST COMMON

92
Q

What are some of the ‘CAUSES’ for ‘APLASTIC ANEMIA’?

*THERE ARE 4

A
  1. CANCER
  2. EXCESSIVE X-RAY EXPOSURE
  3. CERTAIN CHEMICALS
  4. SOME DRUGS
93
Q

What is ‘NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA’ defined as?

What 2 ‘SUB-GROUPS’ are included in this type of ‘ANEMIA’?

A

ANEMIA DUE TO A ‘LACK’ OF VITAMINS/PROTEINS IN THE BODY.

IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

94
Q

What ‘PROTEIN’ is ‘IRON’ bound to in the body? What does it serve as?

A

IRON IS BOUND TO ‘FERRITIN’ PROTEIN

SERVES AS BUFFER TO FIGHT AGAINST ‘IRON DEFICIENCY’

95
Q

What is considered to be the ‘MOST COMMON’ type of ‘ANEMIA’?

A

NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA

96
Q

What is the definition of ‘FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA’? What specific type of ‘ANEMIA’ does this fall under?

A

NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA

Folic Acid = REQUIRED FOR ‘MITOSIS’.

WITHOUT ‘FOLIC ACID’, CELL DIVISION IMPAIRMENT OCCURS. IMPACTS GREATER ON ‘RBC’ PRODUCTION

97
Q

What is ‘PERNICIOUS ANEMIA’? What type of ‘ANEMIA’ is this considered to be?

A

NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA

VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY

FAILURE OF VITAMIN B12 TO BE ‘ABSORBED’ FROM THE G-I TRACT.

98
Q

What is the process in which ‘PERNICIOUS ANEMIA’ occurs?

A

PARIETAL CELLS -> INTRINSIC FACTOR -> VITAMIN B12 ABSORPTION -> MITOSIS (RBC) PRODUCTION

99
Q

What is ‘HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA’ defined as?

A

RBC DESTRUCTION

100
Q

What are 3 causes of ‘HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA’?

A
  1. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
  2. ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS
  3. LEAD/ARSENIC POISONING
  4. SICKEL CELL ANEMIA
101
Q

What happens in ‘SICKEL CELL ANEMIA’?

A

THE #6 ‘AMINO ACID’ IS SUBSTITUTED.

GLUTAMIC ACID CHANGED TO VALINE

102
Q

What is the definition of ‘POLYCYTHEMIA’?

A

‘INCREASED’ RBC NUMBERS ‘ABOVE’ NORMAL LEVELS

*HINT - BLOOD DOPERS. HIGH HEMATOCRIT

103
Q

What are the 2 different types of ‘POLYCYTHEMIA’?

A
  1. PHYSIOLOGIC/SECONDARY

2. POLYCYTHEMIA VERA

104
Q

What are the ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘PHYSIOLOGIC/SECONDARY’ ‘POLYCYTHEMIA’?

(*THERE IS ONLY 1)

A

NO ACTUAL RBC PATHOLOGY

RESIDING AT HIGH ALTITUDES
NORMAL RESPONSE TO LOW OXYGEN PRESSURE. COUNTS OF 6-8 MILLION CELLS ARE COMMON. THERE ARE ‘NO’ SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE REACTIONS.

105
Q

What is ‘POLYCYTHEMIA VERA’ also known as? What is it caused by?

A

KNOWN AS ‘ERYTHREMIA’

CAUSED BY ‘TUMOR OF THE BONE MARROW’

106
Q

What are some of the ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘POLYCYTHEMIA VERA’ (ERYTHREMIA)?

(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)

A
  1. 11 MILLION CELLS/MM^3 (RBCs)
  2. HEMATOCRIT = 80%
  3. BLOOD IS VERY VISCOUS/SLUGGISH
  4. HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
  5. HIGH RISK OF STROKE/HEART ATTACK
107
Q

What is the ‘average’ number of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ in a person?

A

6,000 - 12,000 /mm^3 (1/500 of RBC count)

108
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Though ‘LEUKOCYTE’ numbers are low, ‘PRODUCTION RATE’ is equal to or great than that of RBC’s.

A

TRUE

‘PRODUCTION RATE’ IS EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN ‘RBC’ PRODUCTION.

109
Q

What is the range of ‘LIFE SPAN’ of a ‘LEUKOCYTE’?

A

4 DAYS to MONTHS (DEPENDS ON TYPE)

110
Q

Where are the ‘MAJORITY’ of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ found?

A

OUTSIDE CIRCULATION

111
Q

What 3 types of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ are considered to be ‘GRANULOCYTES’ and what are their percentages?

A
  1. NEUTROPHILS (65-70%)
  2. ESOINOPHILS (1-2%)
  3. BASOPHILS (0-.5%)

(*HINT - ‘Granny N.E.B’. All the ‘-phil’ cells are part of the same family)

112
Q

What 2 types of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ are considered to be ‘AGRANULOCYTES’ and what are their percentages?

A
  1. LYMPHOCYTES (20-24%)
  2. MONOCYTES (5%)

(*HINT - [ALMs])

113
Q

Where are ‘AGRANULOCYTES’ formed?

A

IN THE ‘LYMPH NODES’

114
Q

Where are ‘GRANULOCYTES’ formed?

A

BONE MARROW

115
Q

Which ‘LEUKOCYTE’ is ‘MOST’ common in fighting ‘INFECTION’?

What group does it belong to?

A

NEUTROPHILS

GRANULOCYTE FAMILY

116
Q

What is the definition of ‘DIFFERENTIAL WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT’?

A

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF ‘WBCs’

*OUT OF 100 WBCs RATIO IS DETERMINED

117
Q

Where are the ‘LEUKOCYTE’ production sites for an ‘EMBRYO’?

*THERE ARE 3 SITES

A
  1. BONE MARROW
  2. LIVER
  3. SPLEEN
118
Q

Where are the ‘LEUKOCYTE’ production sites for an ‘ADULT’?

(*THERE ARE 2 DIFFERENT SITES)

(*HINT - EACH FAMILY HAS A DIFFERENT PRODUCTION SITE)

A
  1. GRANULOCYTES = BONE MARROW

2. AGRANULOCYTES = LYMPHOID TISSUES

119
Q

What is the definition of ‘PHAGOCYTOSIS’? What cells ‘commonly’ participate in this?

A

ABILITY TO ‘ENGULF’ FOREIGN BODIES

‘WHITE BLOOD CELLS’ (LEUKOCYTES)

120
Q

What is ‘DIAPEDESIS’?

What cells ‘commonly’ participate in this?

A

ABILITY TO ‘SQUEEZE’ THROUGH CAPILLARY WALLS

‘WHITE BLOOD CELLS’ (LEUKOCYTES)

121
Q

What is ‘AMEBOID MOTION’ described as?

What cells ‘commonly’ participate in this?

A

ABILITY TO MOVE ONCE CIRCULATION HAS BEEN LEFT.

CYTOPLASM STREAMS SIMILAR TO AN ‘AMOEBA’

‘WHITE BLOOD CELLS’ (LEUKOCYTES)

122
Q

What is ‘CHEMOTAXIS’ defined as?

A

LEUKOCYTES ARE ‘DRAWN’ TOWARD AN AREA OF ‘INFECTION’.

123
Q

What is the ‘PROCESS’ for ‘CHEMOTAXIS’?

A
  1. INJURED CELL RELEASES ‘LEUCOTAXINE’
  2. INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
  3. LEUCOTAXIN ATTRACTS ‘NEUTROPHILS’
  4. ‘NEUTROPHILS’ INITIATE PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES
124
Q

What is ‘LEUCOTAXINE’?

A

A ‘CHEMOTAXIC’ SUBSTANCE RELEASED BY AN ‘INJURED CELL’

ATTRACTS ‘NEUTROPHILS’

125
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘NEUTROPHILS’?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A

GRANULOCYTE

  1. ACUTE CONDITION DEFENSE
  2. PHAGOCYTIC SPECIALISTS
  3. RELEASE ‘NETs’ (NEUTRPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS) TO CONTAIN BACTERIA-KILLING CHEMICALS
126
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘EOSINOPHILS’?

*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM

A

GRANULOCYTE

  1. INCREASE DURING ‘ALLERGIC’ CONDITIONS (HAYFEVER and ASTHMA)
  2. ATTRACTED TO SITES WHERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS HAVE OCCURRED.
  3. MAST CELLS / BASOPHILS RELEASE ‘EOSINOPHIL CHEMOTACTIC FACTOR) DURING ALLERGIC REACTION
127
Q

This ‘LEUKOCYTE’ is involved during ‘ACUTE CONDITIONS’ to fight off ‘INFECTION’.

Examples are, appendicitis, sore throat, and pneumonia.

A

NEUTROPHILS

128
Q

These ‘LEUKOCYTES’ ‘INCREASE’ in number during an ‘ALLERGIC’ reaction.

A

EOSINOPHILS

129
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘BASOPHILS’?

*THERE IS ONLY 1

A
  1. SECRETE ‘ANTICOAGULANT’

(HEPARIN and HISTAMINE) DURING ALLERGIC REACTION

130
Q

These ‘LEUKOCYTES’ release ‘HISTAMINE’ and ‘HEPARIN’.

A

BASOPHILS

131
Q

These ‘LEUKOCYTES’ are ‘very active’ in an ‘IMMUNE RESPONSE’.

A

AGRANULOCYTES

LYMPHOCYTES

132
Q

What are the 2 types of ‘LYMPHOCYTES’?

A
  1. B-LYMPHOCYTES

2. T-LYMPHOCYTES

133
Q

What are the functions of ‘B-LYMPHOCYTES’?

A
  1. PRODUCE ANTIBODIES (ANTIBODIES ALSO PRODUCED BY PLASMA CELLS)

(*HINT - ‘B’ STANDS FOR ‘BODIES-BUILDER’)

134
Q

What are the functions of ‘T-LYMPHOCYTES’?

A

DIRECTLY ‘DESTROY’ SPECIFIC TARGET CELLS

CELLS DESTROYED THAT HAVE BEEN INVADED BY VIRUS/CANCER. PROCESS IS CALLED ‘CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY’

(*HINT - ‘T’ STANDS FOR ‘TERMINATOR’)

135
Q

What are the ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘MONOCYTES’?

*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM

A
  1. ‘CHRONIC CONDITION’ DEFENSE
  2. ACTIVE IN PHAGOCYTOSIS
  3. BECOME ‘MACROPHAGES’
  4. LIVE FOR ‘MONTHS’ EVEN ‘YEARS’
136
Q

These type of ‘LEUKOCYTES’ ‘INCREASE’ during ‘CHRONIC’ conditions (e.g., tuberculosis/venereal disease).

A

MONOCYTES

137
Q

These type of ‘LEUKOCYTE’ become ‘MACROPHAGES’ and are ‘very active’ in ‘PHAGOCYTOSIS’. They can live for months and even years.

A

MONOCYTES

138
Q

What is ‘LEUKEMIA’ defined as?

A

MALIGNANT ‘BLOOD DISEASE’

‘INCREASED’ NUMBER OF ‘LEUKOCYTES’

*IMMATURE TO FIGHT OFF INFECTION

139
Q

With ‘LEUKEMIA’, what could be considered to be ‘FATAL’?

Why?

A

A SMALL ‘INFECTION’

INCREASED NUMBER OF ‘LEUKOCYTES’ ARE VERY ‘IMMATURE’ AND ARE UNABLE TO FIGHT OFF INFECTION.

140
Q

During ‘LEUKEMIA’, the ‘WBC’ count may reach what number?

A

500,000/mm^3 ‘WBCs’

141
Q

What are considered to be the ‘most common’ reasons for death among ‘LEUKEMIA’ patients?

*There are 2 of them

A
  1. INFECTIONS

2. HEMORRHAGE

142
Q

What is ‘LEUKOPENIA’ defined as?

A

DECREASED PRODUCTION OF ‘WHITE BLOOD CELLS’ (LEUKOCYTES).

143
Q

What are the 3 possible causes for ‘LEUKOPENIA’?

A
  1. RADIATION
  2. DRUGS
  3. CHEMICALS
144
Q

What is the ‘AVERAGE’ number of ‘THROMBOCYTES’ (PLATELETS) in the body?

A

150,000-350,000/mm^3 PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTES)

145
Q

What are ‘THROMBOCYTES’ also referred to as?

A

PLATELETS

146
Q

What is a ‘MEGAKARYOCYTE’?

A

VERY LARGE ‘BONE MARROW CELL’

147
Q

How are ‘THROMBOCYTES’ (PLATELETS) formed?

A

PIECES OF ‘CYTOPLASM’ THAT ARE SAID TO ‘CHIP’ OFF.

148
Q

What is the name of the ‘recently’ identified ‘HORMONE’ that is said to ‘INCREASE’ the number of ‘MEGAKARYOCYTES’?

A

THROMBOPOIETIN

149
Q

What produces ‘PLATELETS’?

A

MEGAKARYOCYTES

150
Q

Where does the ‘DESTRUCTION’ of ‘PLATELETS’ occur?

A

IN THE ‘SPLEEN’

151
Q

What is the ‘LIFE SPAN’ range of ‘PLATELETS’ (THROMBOCYTES)?

A

8 DAYS TO MANY MONTHS

152
Q

What do ‘PLATELETS’ play an important role in?

A

BLOOD CLOTTING

153
Q

How do ‘PLATELETS’ perform ‘BLOOD CLOTTING’?

A

‘PLATELET PLUG’ IS FORMED

‘PLATELET PLUG’ STOPS BLEEDING BEFORE ACTUAL CLOT IS FORMED

154
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

‘PLATELET PLUGS’ are formed ‘many’ times during the day.

A

TRUE

‘PLATELET PLUGS’ are formed ‘many’ times during the day.

THIS IS DUE TO SMALL SITES OF INJURY IN VESSELS IN THE BODY.

155
Q

Why do ‘PLATELETS’ not form in the ‘BLOOD VESSELS’?

A

BLOOD VESSELS ARE EXTREMELY SMOOTH WHICH DO ‘NOT’ ALLOW PLATELETS TO STICK TOGETHER.

156
Q

When do ‘PLATELETS’ begin to stick together?

A

WHEN EXPOSED TO ‘COLLAGEN’ (A PROTEIN)

157
Q

As ‘PLATELETS’ begin to stick together, 3 things are released. What are the 3 substances?

A
  1. ADP
  2. SEROTONIN
  3. PROSTAGLANDIN (THROMBOXANE A2)
158
Q

The ‘chemicals’ that are released upon the formation of a ‘PLATELET PLUG’ stimulate what process to occur?

A

STIMULATE ‘VASOCONSTRICTION’

OTHER ‘PLATELETS’ BECOME STICKY

159
Q

‘PLATELETS’ also contain a very high concentration of what 2 molecules that are also found in muscle tissue?

A
  1. ACTIN

2. MYOSIN

160
Q

Because of the ‘ACTIN’ and ‘MYOSIN’, ‘PLATELETS’ have the ability to do what in ‘aggregated platelets’?

A

CONTRACT

161
Q

The ‘PLATELET PLUG’ does ‘NOT’ expand and spread from damaged endothelium. Why does this happen?

A

UNDAMAGED ‘ENDOTHELIAL CELLS’ secrete ‘PROSTAGLANDIN I2’ (PGI2).

THIS INHIBITS ‘PLATELET AGGREGATION’

162
Q

‘PROSTAGLANDIN I2’ (PGI2) is also known as what?

A

PROSTACYCLIN

163
Q

There are 2 chemicals that the body secretes in order to ‘INHIBIT’ ‘PLATELET AGGREGATION’ on ‘undamaged endothelial cells’. What are the 2 chemicals?

A
  1. PROSTACYCLIN (PGI2)

2. NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

164
Q

‘NITRIC OXIDE’ has the ability to do 4 things with regards to ‘PLATELET AGGREGATION’. What are they?

A
  1. CAUSES VASODILATION
  2. INHIBITS PLATELET ADHESION
  3. ACTIVATION
  4. AGGREGATION
165
Q

What is the definition of ‘THROMBOCYTOPENIA’?

A

ABNORMALLY ‘LOW’ NUMBER OF PLATELETS

50,000 AND BELOW

166
Q

What is one of the ‘SYMPTOMS’ of ‘THROMBOCYTOPENIA’?

A

EXCESS BLEEDING

167
Q

‘THROMBOCYTOPENIA’ may result from 2 causes. What are the 2 causes?

A
  1. IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA (UNKNOWN CAUSES)

2. AUTOIMMUNITY ATTACK ON PLATELETS

168
Q

What numbers of ‘PLATELETS’ (THROMBOCYTES) is considered to be ‘LETHAL’?

A

~10,000/mm^3 PLATELETS

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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