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PD BIO 305 > Endocrine 2 > Flashcards

Endocrine 2 Flashcards

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2
Q

The major source of IFG-I is found where?

A

LIVER

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3
Q

The production of IGF-I is controlled by a number of factors in addition to ‘GH’. There are 3 of them. What are they?

A
  1. NUTRITIONAL STATUS
  2. AGE
  3. TISSUE-SPECIFIC FACTORS
    • GONADOTROPINS
    • SEX HORMONES
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4
Q

These hormones play a MAJOR role in stimulating the closure of the epiphyseal plate.

A

SEX HORMONES

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5
Q

The 2 ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ hormones are synthesized where? How are they transported?

A
  1. SYNTHESIZED IN HYPOTHALAMUS

2. INTRACELLULARLY TO ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’

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6
Q

What are the effects of ‘OXYTOCIN’? (*There are 2 of them)

Both of these are considered to be what type of ‘Feedback Mechanism’?

A
  1. STIMULATES MILK SECRETION
  2. STIMULATES STRONG UTERINE CONTRACTIONS DURING PARTURITION

‘POSITIVE FEEDBACK’

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7
Q

How does ‘OXYTOCIN’ cause ‘Milk Secretion’?

A

CAUSES CONTRACTION OF MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS AROUND MAMMARY ALVEOLI.

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8
Q

How does ‘OXYTOCIN’ cause ‘Uterine Contraction’?

A

ALTERS TRANSMEMBRANE IONIC CURRENTS IN MYOMETRIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS.

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9
Q

Where is ADH released? It is released in response to what (*2 things)?

A
  1. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
  2. INCREASED PLASMA TONICITY
  3. FALLING BLOOD PRESSURE
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10
Q

Where is the ‘ADRENAL GLAND’ located?

A

SUPERIOR BORDER OF THE KIDNEY

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11
Q

The ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ secretes what type of hormones?

A

CATECHOLAMINE HORMONES

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12
Q

The ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’ secretes what type of steroids?

A

CORTICOSTEROIDS

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13
Q

‘CORTICOSTEROIDS’ which are secreted from the ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’ participate in 3 things. What are the 3 things?

A
  1. MINERAL BALANCE REGULATION
  2. ENERGY BALANCE
  3. REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION
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14
Q

What % of the catecholamines released from the ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ is ‘EPINEPHRINE’?

A

80% = EPINEPHRINE

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15
Q

What % of the catecholamines released from the ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ is ‘NOREPINEPHRINE’?

A

20% = NOREPINEPHRINE

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16
Q

The ‘ADRENAL GLAND’ is separated into two parts. What are the two parts?

A
  1. ADRENAL CORTEX (UPPER)

2. ADRENAL MEDULLA (LOWER)

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17
Q

The ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’ is separated into ‘3 ZONES’. What are the 3 zones and where are they located?

A
  1. ZONA GLOMERULOSA (Outer)
  2. ZONA FASCICULATA (Middle)
  3. ZONA RETICULARIS (Bottom)

*Glow Faster Rat! (Mnemonic)

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18
Q

There are 3 main types of ‘CORTICOSTEROID’ hormones. What are they?

A
  1. MINERALCORTICOIDS
  2. GLUCOCORTICOIDS
  3. GONADOCORTICOIDS
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19
Q
  1. ‘MINERALCORTICOIDS’ are responsible for what hormone?
  2. Where is this hormone made?
  3. What does this hormone do?
  4. What regulates this hormone?
A
  1. ALDOSTERONE
  2. ZONA GLOMERULOSA (OUTER)
  3. Na+/K+/WATER BALANCE
  4. RENIN-ANGIONTENSIN SYSTEM
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20
Q
  1. ‘GLUCOCORTICOIDS’ are responsible for what hormone?
  2. Where is this hormone made?
  3. What does this hormone do? (*4 things)
  4. What regulates this hormone?
A
  1. CORTISOL
  2. ZONA FASCICULATA (MIDDLE)
  3. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, DECREASED ANTIBODY PRODUCTION, GLUCOSE/CARBO METABOLISM, VASOCONSTRICTION
  4. ACTH (In response to stress)
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21
Q
  1. ‘GONADOCORTICOIDS’ are responsible for what hormones?
  2. Where are these hormones made?
  3. What does these hormones do?
  4. What regulates these hormones?
A
  1. SEX HORMONES
  2. ZONA RETICULARIS (BOTTOM)
  3. SUPPLEMENT THE SEX HORMONES FROM THE GONADS
  4. N/A (NONE)
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22
Q

What cells of the ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ are responsible for the secretion of catecholamines (norepi, epi) in a sympathetic response?

A

CHROMAFFIN CELLS

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23
Q

What disease would someone have with the following symptoms:

  1. Inadequate glucocorticoid/mineralcorticoid secretion resulting in hypoclycemia
  2. Na+ / K+ Imbalance
  3. Dehydration
  4. Hypotension
  5. Weight Loss
  6. General Weakness
A

ADDISON’S DISEASE

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24
Q

‘ADDISON’S DISEASE’ has a symptom of ‘inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids/mineralcorticoids. This is caused by DECREASED activity where?

A

ADRENAL CORTEX

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25
Q

The ‘INCREASED SKIN PIGMENTATION’ and ‘HYPERSECRETION’ of ACTH is a symptom of what disease?

A

ADDISON’S DISEASE

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘ADDISON’S DISEASE’? (*There are 9 of them)

A
  1. HYPOGLYCEMIA
  2. Na+ / K+ IMBALANCE
  3. DEHYDRATION
  4. HYPOTENSION
  5. WEIGHT LOSS
  6. GENERAL WEAKNESS
  7. SKIN PIGMENTATION (DARK)
  8. ACTH LEVELS ‘HIGH’
  9. LOW LEVELS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS/MINERALCORTICOIDS
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27
Q

What disease would have the following symptoms:

  1. Hypersecretion of ‘CORTICOSTEROIDS’ via ACTH oversecretion.
  2. Puffy Face
  3. Hyperglycemia
  4. Hypertension
  5. Decreased antibodies
  6. Muscle Weakness
  7. Supressed Wound Healing
A

CUSHING SYNDROME

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28
Q

Someone with ‘HIGH/INCREASED ADRENAL CORTEX’ activity with HIGH levels of corticosteroids causing CUSHING SYNDROME, generally has one of these.

A

TUMOR OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX

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29
Q

Someone with ‘DECREASED ANTIBODIES’ has what kind of levels of ‘CORTICOIDS’? Why?

A

HIGH LEVELS OF ‘GLUCOCORTICOIDS’

Because ‘CORTICOIDS’ create ‘Cortisol’ which decreases INFLAMMATION as well as ANTIBODY PRODUCTION.

They also stimulate ‘ALDOSTERONE’ which would create HYPERTENSION.

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30
Q

What is ‘CUSHING SYNDROME’? What are the symptoms? (*There are 8)

A
  1. PUFFY FACE
  2. HYPERGLYCEMIA
  3. HYPERTENSION
  4. DECREASED ANTIBODIES
  5. MUSCLE WEAKNESS
  6. SUPRESSED WOUND HEALING
  7. OVERSECRETION OF ACTH
  8. HIGH LEVELS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS
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31
Q

What disease would someone have with the following symptoms:

  1. INCREASED FACIAL/BODY HAIR
  2. INCREASED ACNE
  3. INCREASED PALENESS
  4. INCREASED MUSCULARITY
  5. ATROPHY OF BREAST
  6. MENSTRUATION STOPS
  7. MASCULIZATION OF FEMALES
A

ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME

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32
Q

The ‘ALTERATION’ of enzymes that are required to produce ‘MINERALCORTICOIDS’ and ‘GLUCOCORTICOIDS’ results in an increase of production of what type of HORMONES?

A

SEX HORMONES

ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME

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33
Q

What is ‘ADRENOGENITAL SYNDROME’? What are the symptoms? (*There are 7)

A
  1. INCREASED FACIAL/BODY HAIR
  2. INCREASED ACNE
  3. INCREASED PALENESS
  4. INCREASED MUSCULARITY
  5. ATROPHY OF BREAST
  6. MENSTRUATION STOPS
  7. MASCULIZATION OF FEMALES
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34
Q

This ‘HORMONE’ is known as the MAIN SEX HORMONE. What is it? Which sex does it affect more?

A

DHEA - Dehydroepiandrosterone

EFFECTS SEEN MORE IN FEMALES

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35
Q

What is ‘PHEOCROMOCYTOMA’? What characteristics does it have?

A

TUMOR IN THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
(Originates in ‘Chromaffin Cells)

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
INCREASED CATECHOLAMINE SECRETION

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36
Q

Where is the ‘THYROID GLAND’ located? What 3 things does it secrete?

A

NECK

  1. THYROXINE (T4)
  2. TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3)
  3. CALCITONIN
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37
Q

What are the effects of the hormones (T3/T4) secreted from the ‘THYROID GLAND’?

A
  1. DEVELOPMENT
  2. GROWTH
  3. METABOLISM
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38
Q

The ‘THYROID GLAND’ consists of how many lateral lobes? What is it ‘interconnected’ by?

A
  1. TWO LATERAL LOBES

2. ISTHMUS

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39
Q

What are ‘THYROID FOLLICLES’? How many of these do humans have?

A
  1. SPHERICAL SACS

2. ~ONE MILLION

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40
Q

‘THYROID FOLLICLES’ are lined with what type of cells? What do these do?

A
  1. PRINCIPAL CELLS

2. SYNTHESIZE T4/T3

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41
Q

‘THYROID FOLLICLES’ also contain a protein-rich fluid. What is this protein-rich fluid called?

A

COLLOID

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42
Q

Between the ‘THYROID FOLLICLES’ there are some cells. What are these cells and what do they do?

A
  1. PERIFOLLICULAR CELLS

2. SYNTHESIZE CALCITONIN

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43
Q

The ‘THYROID FOLLICLES’ can store how many months worth of T3/T4?

A

6 MONTHS

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44
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Without the ‘THYROID HORMONE’ a woman can still get pregnant.

A

FALSE

The ‘THYROID HORMONE’ MUST be present for a woman to get pregnant.

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45
Q

What is the ‘BASAL METABOLIC RATE’?

A

The ‘METABOLIC RATE’ at REST or when you FIRST WAKE UP.

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46
Q

What are the characteristics of T3/T4? (*There are 6)

How are they regulated?

A
  1. INCREASE RATE OF ENERGY
  2. RELEASE FROM CARBOHYDRATES
  3. REGULATE GROWTH
  4. STIMULATE NERVOUS SYSTEM
  5. REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE
  6. INCREASE RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Regulated from ‘HYPOTHALAMUS’
Regulated from TSH

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47
Q

What does ‘CALCITONIN’ (THYROCALCITONIN) do?

What kind of cells make this?

How is it regulated?

A
  1. LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM BY INHIBITING RELEASE OF CALCIUM FROM BONE TISSUE

(Tones DOWN Blood Ca2+ levels)

  1. MADE FROM C-CELLS
  2. REGULATED BY BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
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48
Q

What disease would a person have with the following symptoms:

  1. LOW T3/T4 IN CHILDREN
  2. STUNTED GROWTH
  3. THICKENED FACIAL FEATURES
  4. LARGE PROTRUDING TONGUE
  5. ABNORMAL BONE GROWTH
  6. METNAL RETARDATION
  7. DECREASED BASAL META. RATE
  8. GENERAL LETHARGY
A

CRETINISM

C = CHILDREN/INFANTS

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49
Q

What are the symptoms of ‘CRETINISM’? (*There are 8)

A
  1. LOW T3/T4 IN CHILDREN
  2. STUNTED GROWTH
  3. THICKENED FACIAL FEATURES
  4. LARGE PROTRUDING TONGUE
  5. ABNORMAL BONE GROWTH
  6. METNAL RETARDATION
  7. DECREASED BASAL META. RATE
  8. GENERAL LETHARGY
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50
Q

If a child has insufficient T3/T4 secretion, what disease does he have? What will happen if not treated?

A
  1. CRETINISM

2. MENTAL RETARDATION

51
Q

What is the adult form of the disease where there is ‘INSUFFICIENT SECRETION OF T3/T4’?

A

MYXEDEMA

52
Q

What disease does someone have if they have the following symptoms?

  1. WEIGHT GAIN
  2. SLOW PULSE
  3. DRY/BRITTLE HAIR
  4. DECREASE BASAL METAB. RATE
  5. LACK OF ENERGY
  6. COLD SENSATIONS
  7. DIMINISHED PERSPIRATION
  8. WEAKNESS
  9. INSUFFICIENT T3/T4 SECRETION.
A

MYXEDEMA

53
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘MYXEDEMA’?

A
  1. WEIGHT GAIN
  2. SLOW PULSE
  3. DRY/BRITTLE HAIR
  4. DECREASE BASAL METAB. RATE
  5. LACK OF ENERGY
  6. COLD SENSATIONS
  7. DIMINISHED PERSPIRATION
  8. WEAKNESS
  9. INSUFFICIENT T3/T4 SECRETION.
54
Q

What is a ‘GOITER’ and what is it caused by?

A

ENLARGED THYROID GLAND

  • INSUFFICIENT IODINE INTAKE
  • CREATES CYCLE BY EXCESSIVE TSH RELEASE
55
Q

What disease would someone have with the following symptoms:

  1. WEIGHT LOSS
  2. WARM/MOIST SKIN
  3. INCREASED APPETITE
  4. INCREASED BASAL METAB. RATE
  5. TREMOR
  6. GOITER
  7. EXOPHTHALMOS (BULGING EYES)
  8. MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
  9. RAPID PULSE
  10. EXCESSIVE T3/T4 SECRETION
A

GRAVE’S DISEASE (THYROXICOSIS)

56
Q

What are the symptoms of ‘GRAVE’S DISEASE’ (THYROXICOSIS)? (*There are 10 of them)

A
  1. WEIGHT LOSS
  2. WARM/MOIST SKIN
  3. INCREASED APPETITE
  4. INCREASED BASAL METAB. RATE
  5. TREMOR
  6. GOITER
  7. EXOPHTHALMOS (BULGING EYES)
  8. MUSCULAR WEAKNESS
  9. RAPID PULSE
  10. EXCESSIVE T3/T4 SECRETION
57
Q

What is the treatment for ‘GRAVE’S DISEASE’? (*There are 3 of them)

A
  1. SURGICAL REMOVAL OF PORTION OF THYROID GLAND
  2. RADIOIODINE
  3. ANTITHYROID DRUGS
58
Q

What disease(s) is/are possible with ‘HYPOTHYROIDISM’?

A
  1. CRETINISM

2. MYXEDEMA

59
Q

What disease(s) is/are possible with ‘HYPERTHYROIDISM’?

A
  1. GRAVE’S DISEASE
60
Q

‘NEONTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM’ affects approximately how many babies per year? When are they treated?

A

1:4000 BABIES

3-4 MONTHS AFTER BIRTH

61
Q

What does ‘CALCITONIN’ inhibit?

A

OSTEOCLASTS

Bone Removal

62
Q

The ‘CALCIUM’ in the body is found for the most part in 3 places. What are the 3 places and what are their percentages?

A
  1. 99% - SKELETON/TEETH
  2. 0.9% - INSIDE CELLS OF BODY
  3. 0.1% - INTERSTITIAL FLUID/PLASMA (EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)
63
Q

Where is ‘CALCITONIN’ produced?

What cells produce it?

What does it do?

A
  1. THYROID GLAND
  2. PARAFOLLICULAR or C-CELLS
  3. LOWERS BLOOD CALCIUM/PHOSPHATE LEVELS
64
Q

How does ‘CALCITONIN’ lower blood calcium levels? (*2 things)

A
  1. INHIBIT OSTEOCLASTS (BONE RESORPTION)

2. STIMULATE URINARY EXCRETION OF ‘CALCIUM’ / ‘PHOSPHATE’ VIA KIDNEY REABSORPTION ‘INHIBITION’.

65
Q

What are the glands that are attached to the ‘posterior’ portion of the ‘THYROID GLAND’ called?

A
  1. PARATHYROID GLANDS
66
Q

What are the effects of ‘PARATHORMONE’ (PTH)?

A

INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM

67
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Parathormone (PTH) is essential for life

A

TRUE

Without (PTH), death would occur in a few days. (HYPOCALCEMIA)

68
Q

How does ‘PARATHORMONE’ (PTH) increase blood calcium? (*3 ways)

A
  1. STIMULATE OSTEOCLASTS
    (REMOVE CA2+ FROM BONES)
  2. STIMULATE KIDNEY REABSORPTION
  3. PROMOTE FORMATION OF ‘DIHYROXYVITAMIN’ D3
69
Q

‘DIHYDROXYVITAMIN’ (D3) is stimulated by (PTH). What does (D3) do? (*There are 4 things)

A
  1. RAISE PLASMA CALCIUM/PHOSPHATE LEVELS
  2. INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF CALCIUM/PHOSPHATE
  3. REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM FROM BONES
  4. RENAL REABSORPTION OF CALCIUM/PHOSPHATE SO LESS IS EXCRETED IN URINE
70
Q

What ‘VITAMIN’ helps Calcium to be absorbed from the G.I. tract?

A

VITAMIN D

71
Q

What is ‘HYPERPARATHYROIDISM’ usually caused by? What are the symptoms?

A

TUMOR IN PARATHYROID GLAND
CHARACTERIZED BY ‘HYPERCALCEMIA’

SYMPTOMS:

  • MUSCLE WEAKNESS
  • NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
  • DECREASED ALERTNESS
  • POOR MEMORY
72
Q

What is ‘HYPOPARATHYROIDISM’ usually caused by? What are the symptoms?

A

REMOVAL OF PARATHYROIDS DURING THYROID SURGERY

SYMPTOMS:

  • MIGHT LEAD TO DEATH
  • ‘HYPOCALCEMIA’
  • INCREASED NERUOMUSCULAR EXCITABILITY
73
Q

The ‘PANCREAS’ is considered to be what type of gland?

A

MIXED GLAND

74
Q

The ‘PANCREAS’ has two types of glands. What are they?

A
  1. EXOCRINE GLAND (w/ducts)

2. ENDOCRINE GLAND (w/out ducts)

75
Q

The ‘ENDOCRINE GLAND’ is formed by what? What are they also referred to as?

A
  1. CLUSTERS OF CELLS

2. ‘ISLETS OF LANGERHANS’

76
Q

Inside of the ‘ENDOCRINE GLAND’ there are two types of cells. What are the two types of cells?

A

ALPHA

BETA

77
Q

‘ALPHA CELLS’ in the ‘ENDOCRINE GLAND’ of the ‘PANCREAS’ secrete what?

A

GLUCAGON

Alpha Guy

78
Q

‘BETA CELLS’ in the ‘ENDOCRINE GLAND’ of the ‘PANCREAS’ secrete what?

A

INSULIN

Beta Inside

79
Q

60-75% of the ‘ISLET CELLS’ in the ‘ENDOCRINE GLAND’ of the ‘PANCREAS’ secrete this hormone. What is the hormone, and what cells secretes it?

A

BETA CELLS

INSULIN

80
Q

What are the effects of ‘GLUCAGON’?

A
  1. ELEVATES BLOOD GLUCOSE
  2. STIMULATES GLYCOGENOLYSIS (LIVER)

Helps body to maintain sufficient blood ‘GLUCOSE’ levels during fasting and starvation.

81
Q

What are the effects of ‘INSULIN’? (*There are 3)

A
  1. PROMOTES UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE IN CELLS
  2. STIMULATES GLYCOLYSIS
  3. LOWER BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
82
Q

There are some tissues that do NOT require insulin for ‘GLUCOSE’ uptake. What are the 4 tissues?

A
  1. BRAIN
  2. KIDNEY
  3. INTESTINAL
  4. RED BLOOD CELLS (RBCs)
83
Q

What is ‘GLUT4’ and how does it function?

A

GLUT4 = (GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER)

INSULIN-REGULATED GLUCOSE DISPOSAL INTO CELLS

84
Q

There is one symptom that is consist for both forms of ‘DIABETES’, what is it?

A

POLYURIA = INCREASED URINE

85
Q

What is ‘DIABETES MELLITUS’ and what is it caused by? (*There are 6)

A

INSULIN DEFICIENCY

CAUSES:
1. GENETIC PREDISPOSITION (20% of diabetic patient relatives have abnormal glucose curves)

  1. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS/DRUGS
  2. INFECTIOUS AGENTS (MUMPS, RUBELLA, PANCREATITIS)
  3. AUTOIMMUNE EVENTS (Antibodies damage beta cells)
  4. ANTI-INSULIN RECEPTER ANTIBODIES
  5. GENETIC SYNDROMES (Downs, Klinefelter, Turner’s)
86
Q

What are the two types of ‘DIABETES MELLITUS’? Which ones is the worst?

A

Type I - INSULIN-DEPENDENT
(Juvenile Onset) = WORST

Type II - NONINSULIN-DEPENDENT
(Maturity Onset)

87
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘TYPE I - JUVENILE ONSET’ diabetes? (*There are 3 of them)

A
  1. INSULIN INJECTIONS
  2. COMPLICATED BY KETOACIDOSIS (pH DROP)
  3. Usually in youth but may occur at any age
88
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘TYPE II - MATURITY ONSET’ diabetes? (*There are 3 of them)

What kind of treatment is there?

A
  1. NO INSULIN INJECTIONS
  2. MILD (KETOACIDOSIS IS RARE)
  3. PATIENT IS USUALLY OBESE

TREATMENT = WEIGHT LOSS

89
Q

What is ‘GLYCOSURIA’?

A

GLUCOSE IN THE URINE

TM FOR GLUCOSE REABSORPTION MAXED OUT

90
Q

What is ‘POLYURIA’?

A

INCREASED URINE VOLUME

HIGH GLUCOSE ACTS AS AN OSMOTIC DIURETIC

91
Q

What is ‘POLYDIPSIA’?

A

INCREASED DRINKING, CAUSED BY ‘POLYURIA’

92
Q

What is ‘HYPERGLYCEMIA’?

A

HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS (250-1000 mg)

93
Q

What is ‘KETOACIDOSIS’? How does this occur from ‘DIABETES’?

A

ACETONE IN URINE
ACETONE BREATH
LOW BLOOD pH

  • Occurs when cells do NOT get the sugar. Body will break down fats and this causes release of ‘ACETIC ACID’ which lowers pH and increases ‘ACIDITY’.
94
Q

What are the 8 symptoms of someone that has ‘DIABETES MELLITUS’?

A
  1. GLYCOSURIA
  2. POLYURIA
  3. POLYDIPSIA
  4. HYPERGLYCEMIA
  5. WEAKNESS
  6. LOSS OF WEIGHT
  7. ACETONE BREATH
  8. VASCULAR ABNORMALITIES
    • Micro-aneuryms. (Especially in eyes due to retinal ISCHEMIA)
95
Q

What are the 3 chronic complications of ‘DIABETES MELLITUS’?

A
  1. HYPERGLYCEMIA
  2. POLYOL PATHWAY
  3. INCREASED RISK FOR INFECTION
96
Q

What is the ‘POLYOL PATHWAY’? Why is it a bad thing for a person with ‘DIABETES MELLITUS’?

A

TISSUES THAT DO NOT REQUIRE INSULIN FOR CELL-TRANSPORT USE THIS PATHWAY.

GLUCOS -> SORBITOL via ALDOSE REDUCTASE.

SORBITOL -> FRUCTOSE. Fructose INCREASES intracellular osmotic pressure and attracts ‘WATER’. This leads to cell swelling and cell injury.

97
Q

Why is there an increased risk for ‘INFECTION’ for someone who has ‘DIABETES MELLITUS’? (*There are 4 reasons)

A
  1. PATHOGENS PROLIFERATE FAST DUE TO INCREASE GLUCOSE
  2. HYPOXIA - GLYCOSYLATED Hb IN RBCs IMPEDE RELEASE OF OXYGEN
  3. DECREASED BLOOD FLOW TO INFECTED AREA VIA VASCULAR DAMAGE
  4. WHITE BLOOD CELLS HAVE IMPAIRED FUNCTION
98
Q

What is the treatment for someone with ‘DIABETES MELLITUS’? (*There are 4 of them)

A
  1. EXERCISE / LOSS OF WEIGHT
  2. DIETARY MANAGEMENT
  3. ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
  4. INSULIN INJECTIONS
99
Q

What is it called when ‘INSULIN’ is found in ‘EXCESS’ amounts in the body?

A

HYPERINSULINISM

100
Q

How does ‘HYPERINSULINISM’ occur?

A

EXCESS AMOUNTS OF INSULIN IN BODY

EXCESS GLUCOSE IS TAKEN INTO CELLS RAPIDLY. BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS DROP AND BRAIN SUDDENLY LACKS GLUCOSE.

101
Q

What are the symptoms of ‘HYPERINSULINISM’? (*There are 7 of them)

A
  1. NERVOUSNESS
  2. SWEATING
  3. INCREASED HEART RATE
  4. HUNGER
  5. WEAKNESS
  6. CONVULSIONS
  7. COMA
102
Q

What is the treatment for someone affected with ‘HYPERINSULINISM’?

A

CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE

ORALLY OR INTRAVENOUSLY

103
Q

What is ‘HYPOGLYCEMIA’?

A

OCCURS WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS FALL BELOW ‘40 - 50 mg%’.

104
Q

What is ‘REACTIVE HYPOGLYCEMIA’?

A

MOST COMMON IN ADULTS (TYPE II DIABETES)

HYPERACTIVE RESPONSE OF BETA CELLS TO RIDE IN BLOOD GLUCOSE

105
Q

What are the symptoms of ‘HYPOGLYCEMIA’? (*There are 6 of them)

A
  1. HUNGER
  2. WEAKNESSS
  3. BLURRED VISION
  4. ALTERED CEREBRAL FUNCTION
  5. HEADACHE
  6. MOOD CHANGE
106
Q

What are the PARASYMPATHETIC/SYMPATHETIC responses respectively for someone with ‘HYPOGLYCEMIA’?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC = HUNGER

SYMPATHETIC = ANXIETY, SWEATING, COOL SKIN

107
Q

What is ‘GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS’ (GDM)?

A

DIABETES THAT OCCURS DURING PREGNANCY ‘but’ DISAPPEARS AFTER DELIVERY.

108
Q

What is the ratio of ‘GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)’?

A

1-14% OF PREGNANCIES

109
Q

When does ‘GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)’ occur?

A

3rd TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY

110
Q

TRUE or FALSE

A woman with ‘GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM)’ is at a higher risk of complications with ‘PREGNANCY’, ‘MORTALITY’, and ‘FETAL ABNORMALITIES’.

A

TRUE

SHE IS AT HIGHER RISK FOR COMPLICATIONS

111
Q

What are some of the ‘FETAL ABNORMALITIES’ associated with a baby whose mother had ‘GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS’ (GDM)? (*There are 5 of them)

A
  1. LARGE BODY SIZE
  2. HYPOGLYCEMIA
  3. HYPOCALCEMIA
  4. POLYCYTHEMIA
  5. HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
112
Q

What is the percentage of ‘PREGNANT WOMEN’ that will develop ‘DIABETES MELLITUS’ within 15 years after having (GDM)?

A

40-60%

113
Q

What percentage of the women who have (GDM) will convert to having ‘TYPE II - DIABETES MELLITUS’ within 10 years?

A

25%

114
Q

Which of the following is NOT released by the ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’?

  1. PROLACTIN
  2. OXYTOCIN
  3. GROWTH HORMONE
  4. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
A

OXYTOCIN

115
Q

What does Growth Hormone (GH) stimulate?

A

THE UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS INTO CELLS

116
Q

Excess ‘GROWTH HORMONE’ in ‘ADULTS’ causes a condition known as?

A

ACROMEGALY

117
Q

Spermatogensis is ‘STIMULATED’ by what hormone?

A

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE

118
Q

ADH is synthesized in the…

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

119
Q

Glucocorticoids are released from which portion of the ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’?

A

ZONA FASCICULATA

*MNEMONIC - FASt CORTICOIDS

120
Q

‘HYPERsecretion’ of corticosteroids casues a condition known as what?

A

CUSHING SYNDROME

121
Q

Thyroxine is produced by:

  1. HYPOTHALAMUS
  2. THYROID GLAND
  3. PRINCIPAL CELLS
  4. 2 AND 3
A
  1. 2 AND 3

PRINCIPAL CELLS / THYROID GLAND

122
Q

‘GLUCAGON’ is secreted by…

  1. ADRENAL MEDULLA
  2. ADRENAL CORTEX
  3. BETA CELLS
  4. ALPHA CELLS
A
  1. ALPHA CELLS

*MNEMONIC - ALPHA GUY OR GENERAL AUTHORITY

123
Q

‘INSULIN’ causes:

  1. DECREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
  2. GLYCOLYSIS
  3. CELLS TO UPTAKE GLUCOSE
  4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
A
  1. ALL OF THE ABOVE

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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