Reproduction 2 Flashcards
2
Q
When ‘ESTROGEN’ is present, what happens to the female germ cell ‘OOCYTE’?
A
BEGINS TO MATURE
3
Q
What hormone must be present in order for a ‘FEMALE’ germ cell ‘OOCYTE’ to ‘MATURE’?
A
ESTROGEN
4
Q
A ‘FOLLICLE’ that is exposed to ‘ESTROGEN’ goes through a series of complex steps to mature. There are 4 basic steps, what are they?
A
- PRIMARY FOLLICLE
- SECONDARY FOLLICLE
- TERTIARY FOLLICLE
- EGG RELEASED INTO OVIDUCT
5
Q
What is the ‘LARGE MATURE FOLLICLE’ that develops during the cycle called?
A
GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE
6
Q
There are 2 main ‘HORMONES’ thare are released from the ‘OVARIES’. What are they?
A
- ESTROGENS
2. PROGESTERONE
7
Q
‘ESTROGENS’ encompass several different hormones. What are the 3 different hormones?
A
- ESTRADIOL
- ESTRIOL
- ESTRONE
8
Q
What is the ‘MAIN’ ‘ESTROGEN’ that is secreted from the ‘OVARIES’?
A
ESTRADIOL
9
Q
‘ESTROGEN’ is produced in ‘FEMALES’ from 3 different places. What are the 3 places?
A
- FOLLICLE
- CORPUS LUTEUM
- PLACENTA
10
Q
What are the effects of ‘ESTROGEN’ in the ‘FEMALE’ system development?
A
STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF ‘SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES’
11
Q
‘ESTROGEN’ also has an effect on one of the ‘UTERINE WALLS’. Which ‘UTERINE WALL’ does it affect and what happens?
A
MYOMETRIUM
STIMULATES MYOMETRIAL CONTRACTIONS
(*MNEMONIC - ME)
12
Q
‘ESTROGEN’ has the ability to ‘INHIBIT’ what other hormone?
A
FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
13
Q
‘PROGESTERONE’ is produced in ‘FEMALES’ from 2 different places. What are the 2 places?
A
- CORPUS LUTEUM
2. PLACENTA
14
Q
‘PROGESTERONE’ also has an effect on one of the ‘UTERINE WALLS’. Which ‘UTERINE WALL’ does it affect and what happens?
A
MYOMETRIUM
‘INHIBITS’ MYOMETRIUM CONTRACTIONS
(*MNEMONIC - PRO-INHIBITION)
15
Q
What does ‘PROGESTERONE’ inhibit?
A
MYOMETRIUM
‘INHIBITS’ MYOMETRIUM CONTRACTIONS
(*MNEMONIC - PRO-INHIBITION)
16
Q
What are the effects of ‘ESTROGEN’ in the ‘FEMALE’ system development?
A
STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF ‘SECONDARY SEX STRUCTURES’
17
Q
The ‘CESSATION’ of ‘menses’ or ‘MENARCHE’ (mensturation) is also called what two things?
A
- MENOPAUSE
2. CLIMACTERIC
18
Q
From ‘PUBERTY’ to ‘MENOPAUSE’ in ‘FEMALES’. There are 8 things than occur, what are they?
A
- BREAST CHANGE
- MENSTRUATION CHANGE
- RHYTHMIC OVARY CHANGES
- MYOMETRIUM CHANGES
- VAGINAL CHANGE
- HORMONE SECRETION CHANGES
- BODY TEMPERATURE CHANGES
- MOOD CHANGES
19
Q
What would the following by sings of:
- BREAST CHANGE
- MENSTRUATION CHANGE
- RHYTHMIC OVARY CHANGES
- MYOMETRIUM CHANGES
- VAGINAL CHANGE
- HORMONE SECRETION CHANGES
- BODY TEMPERATURE CHANGES
- MOOD CHANGES
A
Changes from ‘PUBERTY’ to ‘MENOPAUSE’ in ‘FEMALES’
20
Q
What is the ‘AVERAGE HUMAN MENSTRUAL CYCLE’ length?
A
29.5 DAYS
21
Q
What things can change the ‘REGULARITY’ of a ‘WOMAN’S MENSTRUAL CYCLE’? (*There are 4 of them)
A
- SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
- DAY LENGTH
- ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES
- SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
22
Q
TRUE or FALSE:
Younger women tend to have SHORTER cycles than do older women
A
FALSE
Younger Women = LONGER CYCLES
Older Women = SHORTER CYCLES
23
Q
What would eventually happen to a group of girls on different ‘MENSTRUATION’ cycles if they were put together in the same living environment?
A
EVENTUALLY THEY WOULD MENSTRUATE AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME
24
Q
The ‘OVARIAN CYCLE’ is spread over 29.5 days. During these time, there are 5 main events. What are the 5 days that these events take place?
A
- DAY 1
- DAY 7
- DAY 14
- DAY 23
- DAY 27
(7-14-23-27)
25
Q
If ‘ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE’ levels are ‘HIGH’ what is ‘INHIBITED’?
A
FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
26
What happens on 'DAY 1' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
What hormones are present and in what levels?
MENSTURATION STARTS
```
ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE = LOW
FSH = HIGH
```
27
On 'DAY 1' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE', 'FSH' levels are high. What does this do?
STIMULATES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOLLICLE (EGG INSIDE FOLLICLE)
28
How many 'FOLLICLES' are 'STIMULATED' during 'MENSTURATION'?
6-7 IN EACH OVARY
29
What happens on 'DAY 2' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
What hormones are present and in what levels?
ONE FOLLICLE CONTINUES, OTHERS DEGENERATE
ESTROGEN 'INCREASES' AS FOLLICLE GROWS INTO 'GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE'
30
What happens on 'DAY 14' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
What hormones are present and in what levels?
OVULATION
LH SURGE = 16 HOURS BEFORE OVULATION
LH = HIGH
Expulsion of egg from 'MATURE FOLLICLE'
31
TRUE or FALSE
'OVARIES' usually alternate expulsion of the 'EGG/FOLLICLE'.
TRUE
'OVARIES' DO ALTERNATE
32
What will happen if there is NO 'LH SURGE'?
OVULATION WILL 'NOT' OCCUR
33
There are 3 indications that 'OVULATION' has occured on 'DAY 14' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'. What are they?
1. BASAL BODY TEMP RISE
2. SLIGHT PAIN OVER OVARY
3. VAGINAL SECRETORY PATTERNS
34
What point in the 'OVARIAN CYCLE' is considered to be the most 'highly fertile period'?
DAY 14 - OVULATION
35
'SPERM' can live approximately how many days?
3-6 DAYS
36
An 'EGG' can be fertilized for about how long?
12-24 HOURS
37
The 'FERTILE PERIOD' is about how many days near the middle of the cycle?
5-6 DAYS
38
'LH' stimulates the transformation of 'FOLLICLE CELLS' into what?
'CORPUS LUTEUM'
| YELLOW BODY
39
Cells of the 'CORPUS LUTEUM' secrete 2 hormones. What are they?
1. ESTROGENS
| 2. PROGESTERONE
40
What happens on 'DAY 23' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE' if pregnancy 'DOES' occur?
CORPUS PERSISTS = INCREASED ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE AND FSH INHIBITED
NO MORE PERIODS UNTIL AFTER DELIVERY OF BABY
41
What hormone is only present in a pregnant woman, which indicates a 'SUCCESSFUL' fertilization?
(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
42
What does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN do?
MAINTAINS 'CORPUS LUTEUM' DURING PREGNANCY
MAINTAINS LEVELS OF ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE
43
(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN is detectable in the blood/urine as early as how many days 'AFTER' fertilization?
8-10 DAYS
44
Where does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN come from?
IMPLANTATION SITE OF EGG
45
(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN is similar to what other 2 common hormones?
1. GH (GROWTH HORMONE)
| 2. PROLACTIN
46
(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN has what type of effects on the body with regards to sugar?
Why is this helpful during pregnancy?
ANTI-INSULIN EFFECTS
DECREASES MATERNAL GLUCOSE UTILIZATION. GLUCOSE IS DIVERTED TO FETUS
47
What happens on 'DAY 23' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE' if pregnancy does 'NOT' occur?
CORPUS LUTEUM BEINGS TO DEGENERATE
ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE LEVELS = DROP
48
What maintains the 'CORPUS LUTEUM'?
(HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
49
What happens on 'DAY 27' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
What hormones are present and in what levels?
```
ESTROGEN = LOW
PROGESTERONE = LOW
```
ISCHEMIA (LACK OF BLOOD FLOW) TO 'ENDOMETRIUM'
'ENDOMETRIUM' IS SLUFFED OFF
50
What happens a few days after 'DAY 27' of the 'OVARIAN CYCLE'?
NEXY CYCLE BEGINS AFTER 'ENDOMETRIUM' IS SLUFFED OFF AND ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE LEVELS ARE LOW.
FSH INCREASES
51
What is 'DAY 1-5' considered to be called during the 'MENSTRUAL CYCLE'?
MENSTRUAL PHASE
52
During the 'MENSTRUAL PHASE' most women lose approximately how much blood?
1 - 1.25 oz of BLOOD
| 33 - 83ml
53
What is 'DAY 6-14' considered to be called during the 'MENSTRUAL CYCLE'? (*3 things)
POSTMENSTRUAL, PREOVULATORY, LUTEAL PHASE
- PROLIFERATION OF ENDOMETRIAL CELLS
- STIMULATED BY ESTROGENS FROM FOLLICLE
54
What is 'DAY 27-28' considered to be called during the 'MENSTRUAL CYCLE'?
ISCHEMIC PHASE
55
The 'SECRETORY PHASE' is almost 'always' how many days?
14 DAYS
56
The 'LENGTH OF CYCLES' vary. How many days is it for most women?
26-35 DAY CYCLES
57
Out of all of the 9 different phases during 'MENSTRUATION', what is the most constant?
POSTOVULATORY (14 DAYS)
58
'CYCLE LENGTH' can be affected by 3 different factors. What are the factors?
1. GENETIC
2. NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
3. EXTREME EXERCISE
59
'IMPLANTATION' usually takes place about how long after fertilization?
6-7 DAYS
60
There are typically 'TWO' implantation sites. What are the 2 sites?
1. INTRAUTERINE
| 2. EXTRAUTERINE
61
Out of the '2' 'IMPLANTATION SITES', which ones it considered to be 'RARE' and found in 'ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES'?
EXTRAUTERINE
62
What is a 'INTRAUTERINE' implantation site defined as?
What 3 places can it be implanted at?
1) UPPER POSTERIOR WALL OF UTERUS
2) CERVICAL IMPLANTATION
3) INTERNAL OS
63
What is a 'EXTRA UTERINE' implantation site defined as?
What 3 places can it be implanted at?
RARE / ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
1) TUBAL
2) ABDOMINAL
3) OVARIAN
64
What % of 'FERTILE ZYGOTES' result in 'MISCARRIAGE'?
30%
65
How long does it take for a 'ZYGOTE' to grow to 'HUMAN' for normal birth weight?
38 WEEKS (9.5 MONTHS)
66
What is the average birth weight of a newborn baby?
7-7.5 POUNDS
67
What is the 'DEVELOPING ORGANISM' referred to as 2 weeks after contraception?
PRE-EMBRYO
68
How long is the baby referred to as an 'EMBRYO'?
WEEKS 3-8 OF DEVELOPMENT
69
After week at, the 'EMBRYO' is reffered to as what?
FETUS
70
After how many weeks is a 'developing organism' referred to as a 'FETUS'?
8 WEEKS+
71
During 'PREGNANCY' and 'LACTATION' there are some extra nutritional requirements. What are they? (*There are 5 of them)
1. EXTRA PROTEIN
2. EXTRA IRON
3. EXTRA CALCIUM
4. EXTRA FOLIC ACID
5. EXTRA VITAMIN B
72
On average, how much weight should a mother 'gain'?
25 POUNDS
73
The '25 POUNDS' that a mother gains can be separated into 5 things. What are the 5 things?
1) 12 lbs = FAT
2) 2 lbs = PLACENTA
3) 2 lbs = AMNIOTIC FLUID
4) 1 lb = BLOOD VOLUME
5) 8 lbs = BABY
74
What is the literal meaning of 'PROGESTERONE'?
FOR-GESTATION
75
What are the levels of 'ESTROGEN'/'PROGESTERONE' like during pregnancy?
HIGH
76
When does (HCG) HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN reach it's peak?
IN THE 2nd MONTH
77
What happens to the 'PITUITARY GLAND' during 'PREGNANCY'?
INCREASES IN SIZE / ACTIVITY
78
What happens to 'BLOOD VOLUME' and 'CARDIAC OUTPUT' during 'PREGNANCY'?
INCREASES
79
What happens to usualy 'CALORIC REQUIREMENTS'?
INCREASE
80
What are the 4 main causes for the '30%' of 'ZYGOTES' miscarried before/right after implantation?
1. GENETIC/CHROMOSOMAL DAMAGE
2. IMMUNE RESPONSES
3. DRUG/POLLUNTANT EXPOSURE
4. IMPROPER HORMONAL PRIMING OF UTERUS
81
After a pregnancy is established, what factors account for '42%' of miscarriages? (*There is only 1)
CHROMOSOMAL/GENETIC ERRORS
82
What percentage of 'ESTABLISHED PREGNANCIES' are terminated by 'miscarriage'?
When does this occur?
20%
DURING THE 1st TRIMESTER
83
What is 'PARTURITION' defined as?
ACT OF GIVING BIRTH
84
There are 3 factors that 'INCREASE' the contractibility of the 'UTERUS'. What are they?
1. ESTROGEN LEVEL INCREASE
2. OXYTOCIN SECRETION
3. PROSTAGLANDIN FORMATION
* In Uterus
(*MNEMONIC = POE)
85
'LABOR' can be divded into 3 stages. What are the 3 stages?
1. CERIVCAL DILATION
2. DELIVERY OF BABY
3. DELIVERY OF PLACENTA
86
The delivery of the 'PLACENTA' is also referred to as what?
AFTERBIRTH
87
About how much does the 'CERVICAL DILATE' during labor?
UP TO 10cm
88
'MENOPAUSE' is defined as what type of 'sexual cycles'?
IRREGULAR
89
At around what age does 'MENOPAUSE' occur?
~52 YEARS OF AGE
90
Puberty in 'WOMEN' is starting _______ and menopause is devloping _______.
1. EARLIER = PUBERTY
| 2. LATER = MENOPAUSE
91
Compared to women in America, women who have twins, smoke or are in developing countires enter menopause at a(n) ________ age.
EARLIER
92
During 'MENOPAUSE' what hormones are present and in what levels?
Why does this occur?
FOLLICLE DOES NOT DEVELOP
1. LH/FSH = HIGH
2. ESTROGEN/PROGESTERONE = LOW
93
What are some of the signs of 'MENOPAUSE'? (*There are 12)
1. HOT FLASHES
2. IRRITABILITY
3. FATIGUE
4. INSOMNIA
5. CRYING EPISODES
6. DEPRESSION
7. DECREASE IN LIBIDO
8. DRY MOUTH
9. VAGINAL ITCHING
10. VAGINAL DRYNESS
11. HEART PALPITATION
12. BACKACHES
94
Someone with the following would be going through what:
1. HOT FLASHES
2. IRRITABILITY
3. FATIGUE
4. INSOMNIA
5. CRYING EPISODES
6. DEPRESSION
7. DECREASE IN LIBIDO
8. DRY MOUTH
9. VAGINAL ITCHING
10. VAGINAL DRYNESS
11. HEART PALPITATION
12. BACKACHES
MENOPAUSE
95
What are some of the treatment options for 'MENOPAUSE'?
ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY (ERT)
96
What is 'PREMARIN'?
MIXTURE OF 6 ESTROGENS DERIVED FROM PREGNANT HORSE URINE
(PREGNANT MARE URINE) = PREMARIN
97
If (ERT) ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY is taken during the first years of 'MENOPAUSE' and continues for 7 years after. What will it help to eliminate?
OSTEOPOROSIS (Weak bones)
98
What are some of the 'BENEFITS' of (ERT)? (*There are 5 of them)
1. RELIEVES HOT FLASHES
2. INSOMNIA
3. VAGINAL DRYNESS
4. MOOD SWINGS
5. HEART DISEASE
99
What are some of the 'RISKS' of (ERT)? (*There are 4 of them)
1. BREAST CANCER
2. WEIGHT GAIN
3. GALL BLADDER DISEASE
4. ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
100
What effects does 'ESTROGEN' have on the 'UTERINE WALL DEVELOPMENT'?
STIMULATES IT TO GROW
101
What happens to 'UTERINE LINING' in the presence 'PROGESTERONE'? (*2 things)
1. BECOMES MORE GLANDULAR
| 2. BECOMES MORE VASCULAR
102
What happens to 'BLOOD VESSELS' in the 'UTERINE LINING' as the concentrations of 'ESTROGEN'/'PROGESTERONE' 'DECLINE'?
BLOOD VESSELS CONSTRICT IN UTERINE LINING
103
What is 'BIRTH CONTROL' defined as?
VOLUNTARY REGULATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS
104
There are 7 forms of 'BIRTH CONTROL/CONTRACEPTION'? What are they?
1. COITUS INTERRUPTUS
2. RHYTHM
3. MECHANICAL BARRIERS
4. CHEMICAL BARRIERS
5. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
6. SURGICAL METHODS
7. IUD
105
What is 'COITUS INTERRUPTUS'?
WITHDRAWING THE PENIS FROM THE VAGINA BEFORE EJACULATION
106
What is 'RHYTHM' in regards to 'BIRTH CONTROL'?
ABSTINENCE OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE DURING THE TIME THE EGG IS AVAILABLE FOR FERTILIZATION (FEW DAYS BEFORE/AFTER OVULATION)
107
What are 2 examples of 'MECHANICAL BIRTH CONTROL'?
1. CONDOM - Sheath placed over erect penis prior to intercourse. Prevents sperm entry to vagina.
2. DIAGPHRAGM - Rubber dome placed over cervix. Prevents sperm entry to 'UTERUS'
108
What are 'CHEMICAL BARRIERS' with regards to 'BIRTH CONTROL'?
What are some examples?
USED TO KILL/IMMOBILIZE SPERM
CREAMS, FOAMS, JELLIES PLACED INSIDE VAGINA PRIOR TO INTERCOURSE
109
What are 'ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES'? What are they usually made of?
REFFERED TO AS THE 'PILL'
Contain 'ESTROGEN-LIKE' and 'PROGESTERONE-LIKE' substances that alter 'ENDORCRINE' regulation of ovaries and 'PREVENT' ovulation.
110
What are the 2 'SURGICAL METHODS' of 'BIRTH CONTROL'?
1. VASECTOMY
| 2. TUBAL LIGATION
111
What is a 'TUBAL LIGATION'?
FEMAL SURGICAL BIRTH CONTROL
TIE OFF BOTH UTERINE TUBES, PREVENTS TRANSPORT OF SPERM OR EGG THROUGH TUBES.
112
What is 'IUD' birth control?
IRRITATES UTERINE WALL SO ZYGOTE CANNOT IMPLANT
DOES 'NOT' PREVENT FERTILIZATION
113
TRUE or FALSE
The 'IUD' contraceptive DOES prevent fertilization of the sperm and egg.
FALSE
It does NOT prevent fertilization of the sperm and egg.
It 'IRRITATES' the uterine wall so zygote cannot implant.
114
What is the method of 'BIRTH CONTROL' that has a 100% effective rate?
ABSTINENCE
115
Early development of 'SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS' is known as:
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
116
'TESTOSTERONE' is produce in the:
LEYDIG CELLS
117
The 'approximate' lifespan of 'SPERM' is:
24-48 HOURS
118
During the onset of 'MENSTRUATION':
1. ESTROGEN LEVELS ARE LOW
2. PROGESTERONE LEVELS = LOW
3. LH LEVELS ARE HIGH
4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
119
'OLVUATION' is caused by:
AN LH SURGE
120
'OVULATION' usually occurs on:
DAY 14 OF THE CYCLE
121
Where does 'FERTILIZATION' usually occur?
IN THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
122
How many 'eggs' does a female posses at 'BIRTH'?
1 MILLION`
123
Which of the following are involved in parturition (BIRTH)?
1. ESTROGEN, OXYTOCIN, PROSTAGLANDINS
2. ESTROGEN, OXYTOCIN, FSH
3. ESTROGEN, LH, PROGESTERONE
4. ESTROGEN, LH, BIRTHIN
1. ESTROGEN, OXYTOCIN, PROSTAGLANDINS
124
Where are the 'SPERM' stored for maturation before they are released from the 'TESTES'?
EPIDIDYMIS
