Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PD BIO 305 > Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

2
Q

THE HUMAN BODY CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO 6 LEVELS (BODY ORGANIZATION)? WHAT ARE THE 6 LEVELS?

A
  1. CHEMICAL
  2. CELLULAR
  3. TISSUE
  4. ORGAN
  5. SYSTEM
  6. ORGANISM
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

WHAT ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS WITHIN THE BODY AND WHAT ARE THEIR PERCENTAGES?

*There are 4 of them.

A

OXYGEN (65%)
CARBON (18.5%)
HYDROGEN (9.5%)
NITROGEN (3.2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘CHEMICAL’ LEVEL?

A

CHEMICAL ELEMENTS COMPOSED OF ATOMS WHICH MAY BE BOUND TOGETHER TO FORM MOLECULES.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘CELLULAR’ LEVEL? ABOUT HOW MANY CELLS ARE THERE IN THE BODY?

A

BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF LIFE.

75-100 TRILLION CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HOW MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS ARE THERE IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A

200-250 TYPES OF CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CELLS ARE COMPOSED OF _________ AND MUST _________ IN ORDER TO SURVIVE.

A
  1. PROTOPLASM

2. METABOLIZE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘TISSUE’ LEVEL?

A

AGGREGATIONS OF SIMILAR CELLS THAT PERFORM ‘SPECIFIC’ FUNCTIONS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHAT ARE THE ‘FOUR’ BASIC TYPES OF ‘TISSUES’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?

A
  1. EPITHELIAL
  2. CONNECTIVE
  3. MUSCULAR
  4. NERVOUS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

‘EPITHELIAL’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

SURFACE-COVERING TISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

‘CONNECTIVE’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

SUPPORTING TISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

‘MUSCULAR’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

CONTRACTING TISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

‘NERVOUS’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?

A

CONDUCTION TISSUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘ORGAN’ LEVEL?

A

AGGREGATION OF TWO OR MORE ‘TISSUES’ INTEGRATED TO PERFORM A ‘PARTICULAR FUNCTION’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ORGAN VARY IN _____ AND _______

A
  1. SIZE

2. FUNCTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

The heart, spleen, skin, ovary, and each bone of the body are considered ‘ORGANS’.

A

TRUE

HEART, SPLEEN, SKIN, OVARIES AND BONES ARE CONSIDERED ORGANS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘SYSTEM’ LEVEL?

A

VARIOUS ORGANS HAVING SIMILAR OR RELATED FUNCTIONS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF THE ‘SYSTEM’ LEVEL IN ‘BODY ORGANIZATION’?

(*There are 10 of them in the packet)

A
  1. CIRCULATORY
  2. RESPIRATORY
  3. NERVOUS
  4. DIGESTIVE
  5. URINARY
  6. REPRODUCTIVE
  7. MUSCULAR
  8. SKELETAL
  9. IMMUNE
  10. ENDOCRINE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘ORGANISM’ LEVEL?

A

LIVING ‘INDIVIDUAL’ COMPOSED OF ALL OF THE PARTS OF THE BODY FUNCTIONING TOGETHER.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

WHAT IS THE SURVIVAL OF AN ORGANISM DEPENDENT UPON?

A

NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF EACH OF ITS PARTS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ‘ENDOCRINE’ GLAND? (*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)

A
  1. DUCTLESS

2. SECRETE HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ‘EXOCRINE’ GLAND?

WHERE ARE TWO PLACES WHERE THEY CAN BE FOUND IN THE BODY?

A

DUCTS THAT LEAD TO AN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

EXAMPLES:

  1. SWEAT GLANDS
  2. PANCREAS (HAS BOTH TYPES)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WHAT IS ‘HOMEOSTASIS’ DEFINED AS? HOW DOES IT WORK?

A

MAINTAINING A DYNAMIC CONSTANCY

ALL OF THE BODY SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTE TO MAINTAINING A CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

HOW DOES THE URINARY SYSTEM MAINTAIN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’?

*THERE ARE 4 WAYS

A
  1. REMOVES WASTE FROM BLOOD
  2. REGULATES CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
  3. REGULATES VOLUME OF BLOOD
  4. REGULATES ELECTROLYTE BALANCE OF BLOOD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

HOW DOES THE ‘DIGESTIVE SYSTEM’ MAINTAIN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’?

A

BREAKS DOWN AND ABSORBS FOOD MATERIALS INTO THE BLOOD TO PROVIDE NUTRIENTS FOR CELLULAR METABOLISM.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
HOW DOES THE 'RESPIRATORY SYSTEM' MAINTAIN 'HOMEOSTASIS'? | *THERE ARE 2 WAYS
1. ADDS OXYGEN TO BLOOD | 2. REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
27
WHAT HAPPENS IF A BODY SYSTEM BECOMES 'EXCESSIVE' OR 'INSUFFICIENT' DURING A SPECIFIC TIME?
THE SYSTEM WHICH MONITORS THAT FACTOR INITIATES A COUNTER-CHANGE THAT RETURNS THE SYSTEM TO A NORMAL VALUE. (AKA - NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM)
28
WHEN THERE IS A DEVIATION IN 'HOMEOSTASIS', WHAT HAPPENS TO THE INDIVIDUAL? WHAT IS THIS ALSO DEFINED AS?
PERSON IS LIABLE TO BECOME SICK. DEFINED AS A 'DISORDER' OR 'ABNORMAL SYSTEM FUNCTION'
29
WHAT IS THE NORMAL RANGE FOR THE pH OF 'BLOOD'?
BLOOD = 7.35-7.43 pH
30
WHAT IS THE NORMAL RANGE FOR 'GLUCOSE' IN AN INDIVIDUAL?
75-120mg / 100ml GLUCOSE
31
IF SOMEONE HAS A 'GLUCOSE' VALUE OF 600mg / 100ml, WHAT WOULD HE BE DIAGNOSED WITH?
TYPE I DIABETES
32
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF 'FEEDBACK MECHANISMS' THE BODY UTILIZES? WHICH ONE IS MOST/LEAST COMMON?
1. POSITIVE FEEDBACK (LESS COMMON) | 2. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (MOST COMMON)
33
'HOMEOSTASIS' IS MONITORED BY DIFFERENT RECEPTORS IN THE BODY IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY CALLED __________ _______________?
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
34
FEEDBACK SYSTEMS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO '3' PARTS? WHAT ARE THEY? (*HINT: Thermometer, Thermostat, Furnace)
1. MONITORING RECEPTOR (Responds to system condition) 2. CONTROL CENTER (receives/evaluates information) 3. REACTOR (increases/decreases productivity thus regulating system)
35
WHAT IS 'NEGATIVE FEEDBACK' DEFINED AS?
CHANGES 'AWAY' FROM A DESIRED VALUE ARE 'REVERSED' SO ACTIVITY IS TOWARD RESTORING 'HOMEOSTASIS'. *REVERSES DIRECTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE
36
WHAT IS 'POSITIVE FEEDBACK' DEFINED AS?
CHANGES 'AWAY' FROM A SPECIFIC VALUE ARE 'CONTINUALLY' ACCELERATED. 'CONTINUES' THE DIRECTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE. (EX. OXYTOCIN RELEASE)
37
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A 'POSITIVE FEEDBACK' MECHANISM? HOW DOES THIS WORK?
OXYTOCIN 1. BABY IRRITATES CERVIX 2. PRESSURE RECEPTORS IN CERVIX ARE STIMULATED 3. RECEPTORS STIMULATE 'OXYTOCIN' IN HYPOTHALAMUS 4. 'OXYTOCIN' RELEASED AND CARRIED TO UTERINE WALLS WHERE THEY CAUSE CONTRACTIONS. 5. RECEPTORS STIMULATED AGAIN
38
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A 'NEGATIVE FEEDBACK' MECHANISM? HOW DOES THIS WORK?
CORTISOL RELEASE 1. STRESS INCREASES 2. CRH (Coritotropin-releasing Hormone) INCREASES 3. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) INCREASES 4. 'CORTISOL' SECRETED FROM 'ADRENAL GLAND' 5. CYCLE REPEATED UNTIL STRESS LEVEL IS BALANCED
39
THE 'POSTERIOR PITUITARY' 'SECRETES' 2 HORMONES. WHAT ARE THEY?
1. OXYTOCIN | 2. ADH (ANTI-DIURETIC) HORMONE
40
TRUE OR FALSE CELLS DO NOT CHANGE THEIR STRUCTURE AND/OR METABOLIC ACTIVITY TO COMBAT DISEASE, MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, AND SURVIVE CHANGES TO ENVIRONMENT.
FALSE CELLS DO 'CHANGE' THEIR STRUCTURE AND/OR METABOLIC ACTIVITY.
41
WHAT IS 'ATROPHY' DEFINED AS?
DECREASE IN SIZE OF TISSUE/ORGAN FROM 'DIMINISHED SIZE' OF ITS CELLS.
42
HOW DOES 'ATROPHY' OCCUR? | *THERE ARE 5 WAYS
1. DISUSE 2. DECREASED NUTRITION 3. DENERVATION 4. LACK OF HORMONAL STIMULATION 5. ISCHEMIA (LACK OF BLOOD FLOW)
43
WHEN 'ATROPHY' OCCURS, HOW DOES THE BODY RESPOND? | *THERE ARE 3 WAYS
1. DECREASED CELLULAR METABOLISM 2. DECREASED NUMBER OF ORGANELLES 3. DECREASED OVERALL CELL SIZE
44
DURING 'ATROPHY' _________ __________IS SAID TO DECREASE WHILE _________ CONSERVATION IS SAID TO INCREASE.
1. CELLULAR METABOLISM (DECREASE) | 2. ENERGY CONSERVATION (INCREASE)
45
WHAT IS SAID TO OCCUR WHEN A LIMB IS 'IMMOBILIZED' IN CAST FOR AN EXTENDED AMOUNT OF TIME?
MUSCULAR ATROPHY OCCURS
46
WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF 'ATROPHY' IS NOT REVERSED? | *2 THINGS
1. MUSCLE DENERVATION | 2. CELLULAR DEATH
47
WHAT IS 'HYPERTROHPY' DEFINED AS?
GROWTH OF AN ORGAN OR TISSUE DUE TO AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF ITS CELLS
48
HOW DOES 'HYPERTROHPY' OCCUR? | *THERE ARE 2 WAYS
1. INCREASED ACTIVITY (I.E., LIFTING WEIGHTS, EXERCISE) | 2. INCREASED FUNCTIONAL DEMAND
49
WHAT TISSUE/CELLS IS 'HYPERTROPHY' MOST SEEN IN? | *THERE ARE 2
1. SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS | 2. CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
50
AN INCREASE OF MUSCLE CELLS FROM 'HYPERTROPHY' ALSO STIMULATES AN INCREASE IN SIZE/NUMBER IN 2 THINGS IN THE BODY. WHAT ARE THEY?
1. INCREASED CELLULAR ORGANELLES | 2. INCREASED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
51
WHAT IS 'HYPERPLASIA' DEFINED AS?
'MITOTIC DIVISIONS' IN CELLS BY INCREASED FUNCTIONAL DEMANDS. TISSUE/ORGAN SIZE 'INCREASES'
52
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF 'HYPERPLASIA'?
CALLUS ON PALM OF HAND FROM 'EXCESSIVE FRICTION'
53
WHAT IS 'DYSPLASIA' DEFINED AS?
'ABNORMAL' MATURATION OF CELLS WITHIN A TISSUE'S: 1. SIZE 2. SHAPE 3. APPEARANCE OF CELLS
54
TRUE OR FALSE 'DYSPLASIA' OCCURS NORMALLY IN CELLS THAT ARE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC IRRIATION/INFLAMMATION?
TRUE 'DYSPLASIA' DOES OCCUR NORMALLY TO SOME CELLS.
55
NEOPLASTIC (TUMOROUS) DISEASE WHICH RESULTS IN THE RAPID PROLIFERATION OF CELLS IS A CAUSE OF WHAT TYPE OR CELL ADAPTATION? (I.E., CANCER)
'DYSPLASIA'
56
WHAT IS 'METAPLASIA' DEFINED AS?
TRANSFORMATION OF ONE CELL TYPE TO ANOTHER
57
WHAT ARE THE 'CONSTRAINTS' WITH REGARDS TO CELL TRANSFORMATION IN 'METAPLASIA'?
TYPES OF CELLS 'CANNOT' INTERCONVERT. EPITHELIAL CELLS CHANGE TO 'OTHER' TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS. CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS TO OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS, ETC.
58
WHAT IS A COMMON EXAMPLE OF CELLULAR 'METAPLASIA' IN THE HUMAN BODY?
TRANSFORMATION OF 'FIRBROBLASTS' INTO COLLAGEN FIBERS. | THIS HELPS IN WOUND HEALING
59
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE 'CELL MEMBRANE'? | *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. GIVES FORM TO CELL | 2. CONTROLS PASSAGE OF MATERIALS
60
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE 'CELL MEMBRANE' SEPARATED INTO? | *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. PHOSPHOLIPID LAYERS | 2. PROTEIN MOLECULES
61
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM'? | *THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
1. FRAMEWORK 2. TRANSPORTS MATERIALS 3. ATTACHMENT FOR RIBOSOMES
62
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF 'ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)
1. SMOOTH | 2. ROUGH
63
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF 'ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM'?
INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANE-FORMING CANALS/TUBULES
64
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'RIBOSOMES'?
SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
65
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF 'RIBOSOMES'?
GRANULAR PARTICLES COMPOSED OF PROTEIN AND RNA
66
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE 'GOLGI APPARATUS'? | *THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
1. SYNTHESIZES CARBOHYDRATES 2. PACKAGES MOLECULES FOR SECRETION 3. SECRETES LIPIDS/GLYCOPROTEINS
67
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE 'GOLGI APPARATUS'?
CLUSTER OF FLATTENED, MEMBRANOUS SACS
68
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'MITOCHONDRIA'? | *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. RELEASE ENERGY FROM FOOD MOLECULES 2. TRANSFORM ENERGY TO ATP (*HINT = THE POWERHOUSE)
69
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF 'MITOCHONDRIA'?
MEMBRANOUS SACS WITH FOLDED INNER PARTITIONS
70
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'LYSOSOMES'?
DIGEST FOREIGN MOLECULES AND WORN/DAMAGED CELLS | *HINT = PACMAN
71
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF 'LYSOSOMES'?
MEMBRANOUS SACS
72
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'FIBRILS AND MICROTUBULES'? | *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. SUPPORT CYTOPLASM | 2. TRANSPORT MATERIALS WITHIN CYTOPLASM
73
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE 'NUCLEAR MEMBRANE'? | *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. SUPPORT NUCLEUS | 2. CONTROL PASSAGE OF MATERIALS IN NUCLEUS/CYTOPLASM
74
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE 'NUCLEOLUS'?
FORMS RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)
75
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'CHROMATIN'?
CONTROLS CELLULAR ACTIVITY FOR CARRYING ON LIFE PROCESSES
76
THE 'CELL MEMBRANE' IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS THE _____ ________.
GATE KEEPER
77
WHY IS THE 'CELL MEMBRANE' REFERRED TO AS THE 'GATE KEEPER'?
KEEPS CYTOPLASM INSIDE AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF) OUTSIDE. IT ALSO ALLOWS 'SOME' MOLECULES TO PASS THROUGH
78
IN THE 'PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER', THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF PROTEINS. WHAT ARE THE PROTEINS?
1. INTEGRAL PROTEINS | 2. PERIPHERAL PROTEINS
79
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'INTEGRAL PROTEINS' IN THE 'CELL MEMBRANE'?
PASS COMPLETELY THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE PROVIDE MEMBRANE PORES AND ARE INVOLVED IN 'ACTIVE TRANSPORT'
80
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'PERIPHERAL PROTEINS' IN THE 'CELL MEMBRANE'?
LOOSELY BOUND PROTEINS IN THE CELL MEMBRANE SERVE AS ENZYMES
81
THE 'CELL MEMBRANE' IS PRIMARILY COMPOSED OF 3 TYPES OF MOLECULES. WHAT ARE THEY?
1. PHOSPHOLIPIDS 2. PROTEINS 3. CARBOHYDRATES
82
THE 'PHOSPHOLIPID LAYERS' IN THE 'CELL MEMBRANE' CONSIST OF TWO PARTS OR A 'BILAYER'. WHAT ARE THE 2 PARTS?
1. HYDROPHILIC HEADS 2. HYDROPHOBIC TAILS (*HINT - DR. 'PHIL'ic BALD HEAD)
83
THE 'CELL MEMBRANE' HAS WHAT TYPE OF 'PERMEABILITY'?
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
84
THE 'PERMEABILITY' OF A CELLS IS A FUNCTION OF 4 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE 4 THINGS?
1. SIZE OF MOLECULES 2. SOLUBILITY OF LIPIDS 3. IONIC CHARGE OF MOLECULES 4. PRESENCE OF CARRIER MOLECULES
85
THE 'PROTEINS' IN A CELL MEMBRANE SERVE IN 5 FUNCTIONS. WHAT ARE THEY?
1. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT 2. TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANE 3. ENZYMATIC CONTROL 4. RECEPTORS FOR HORMONES, ETC 5. CELLULAR MARKERS (ANTIGENS)
86
THE 'CARBOHYDRATE' MOLECULES IN THE 'CELL MEMBRANE' HAVE 5 FUNCTIONS. WHAT ARE THEY?
1. REPEL NEGATIVE OBJECTS 2. ACT AS RECEPTORS FOR HORMONES 3. FORM SPECIFIC CELL MARKERS 4. IMMUNE REACTIONS 5. INTERCELLULAR FILAMENTS (HOLD CERTAIN CELLS TOGETHER SO THEY RESIST BEING PULLED APART)
87
THERE ARE 5 MAIN WAYS FOR 'MEMBRANE TRANSPORT'? WHAT ARE THEY?
1. DIFFUSION 2. OSMOSIS 3. ACTIVE TRANSPORT 4. PINOCYTOSIS 5. PHAGOCYTOSIS
88
WHAT IS 'DIFFUSION' DEFINED AS?
MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM 'HIGHER' TO 'LOWER' CONCENTRATIONS. (*HINT - NO ENERGY NEEDED)
89
WHAT IS 'OSMOSIS' DEFINED AS?
'PASSIVE' MOVEMENT SEMI-PERMEABLE MEMBRANE ALLOW PASSAGE VIA CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES. USUALLY INVOLVES WATER AS THE SOLVENT.
90
WHAT IS 'ACTIVE TRANSPORT' DEFINED AS?
TRANSPORT BY CELL MEMBRANE VIA OTHER MOLECULES | *HINT - ENERGY IS REQUIRED FOR THIS TYPE OF TRANSPORT
91
WHAT IS 'PINOCYTOSIS'?
MINUTE 'DROPLETS' OF FLUID FROM SURROUNDINGS ARE DIGESTED BY CELL (*HINT - CELL DRINKING)
92
WHAT IS 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'?
SOLID PARTICLES FROM SURROUNDINGS ARE DIGESTED BY CELL | *HINT - CELL EATING
93
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF 'DIFFUSION' IN THE HUMAN BODY?
EXCHANGE OF 'RESPIRATORY GASES' IN THE LUNGS
94
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF 'OSMOSIS'?
WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH CELL WALL (PLANTS) TO MAINTAIN CONSTANT 'TURGIDITY' OF CELL.
95
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF 'ACTIVE TRANSPORT' IN THE HUMAN BODY?
MOVEMENT OF 'GLUCOSE' AND 'AMINO ACIDS' THROUGH MEMBRANE
96
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF 'PINOCYTOSIS'?
MEMBRANE FORMED VACUOLES CONTAINING 'SOLUTE' AND 'SOLVENT'
97
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF 'PHAGOCYTOSIS'?
WHITE BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE ENGULFS BACTERIAL CELLS
98
WHAT IS CONSIDERED THE 2nd LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST 'BACETERIA/DISEASE'?
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT | I.E., PHAGOCYTOSIS/PINOCYTOSIS
99
WHAT IS 'ENDOCYTOSIS' DEFINED AS? WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF THIS TYPE OF 'TRANSPORT'?
ENDO = INSIDE BRINGS EXTRACELLULAR MATERIAL INTO CELLS 1. PHAGOCYTOSIS 2. PINOCYTOSIS
100
WHAT IS 'EXOCYTOSIS' DEFINED AS?
EXO = OUTSIDE TAKING INTRACELLULAR/EXTRACELLULAR WASTE AND EXPULSING. VESICLES FUSE WITH PLASMA MEMBRANE RELEASING CONTENTS OUTSIDE OF CELL
101
IN THE 'EXOCYTOSIS' PROCESS, THERE ARE DOCKING MARKERS INVOLVED. WHAT ARE THESE DOCKING MARKERS KNOWN AS? WHAT DO THEY DO?
v-SNARES LINK 'LOCK-AND-KEY' FASHION WITH ANOTHER PROTEIN MARKER.
102
HOW DOES THE 'DOCKING SYSTEM' WORK WITH REGARDS TO SECRETORY VESICLES?
v-SNARES (docking marker) CONNECT TO t-SNARES (protein marker) UPON CONNECTION, SNARES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE 'FUSED' TOGETHER.
103
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE v-SNARE AND THE t-SNARE ARE 'FUSED'?
VESICLE OPENS UP AND EMPTIES CONTENTS OUTSIDE OF CELL TO APPROPRIATE SITE.
104
HOW IS THE 'NUCLEUS' SHAPED AND WHAT DOES IT CONTAIN? | *THERE ARE 4 THINGS
SHAPE = SPHEROID BODY CONTAINS: 1. CHROMATIN 2. NUCLEOLUS 3. NUCLEOPLASM 4. CHROMOSOMES (GENETIC FACTORS)
105
TRUE OR FALSE THE 'NUCLEUS' IS THE 'LARGEST' ORGANELLE OF THE CELL.
TRUE 'NUCLEUS' = LARGEST ORGANELLE OF CELL
106
THE 'NUCLEUS' IS ENCLOSED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE CALLED THE _________ ________ OR ________ __________.
1. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE | 2. NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
107
WHAT IS THE 'PERINUCLEAR CISTERNA'?
NARROW SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO WALLS OF THE 'NUCLEAR MEMBRANE'.
108
WHAT IS THE 'NUCLEOPLASM'?
GEL-LIKE MEDIUM OF THE NUCLEUS
109
WHAT IS THE 'NUCLE-OLUS'? | WHAT IS IT MADE OF? *TWO THINGS
DENSE/NON-MEMBRANOUS BODY MADE OF: 1. PROTEIN 2. rRNA MOLECULES
110
WHAT DOES THE 'CHROMATIN' CONSIST OF? | *TWO THINGS
1. FIBERS OF PROTEIN | 2. DNA MOLECULES
111
CHROMOSOMES CONSIST OF DNA AND WHAT TYPE OF 'PROTEINS'?
HISTONES
112
THE NUCLEUS IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE _______ _______ FOR 'ALL' CELLULAR ACTIVITIES.
CONTROL CENTER
113
HOW MANY CHROMOSOMES ARE THERE IN THE HUMAN BODY?
46 CHROMOSOMES
114
HOW MANY PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES ARE THERE IN THE HUMAN BODY?
23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES
115
THE 'NUCLE-OLUS' DOES WHAT 2 MAIN THINGS?
1. SYNTHESIZES rRNA | 2. STORES rRNA
116
WHAT ORGANELLE ARE mRNA AND tRNA USED BY IN THE 'CYTOPLASM'? WHY DOES THIS OCCUR?
USED BY RIBOSOMES OCCURS FOR THE ASSEMBLING OF PROTEINS
117
WHAT HAPPENS TO 'ALL' OF THE COMPONENTS OF CHROMATIN 'BEFORE' CELL DIVISION?
BOTH DNA AND CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS ARE 'DOUBLED'.
118
MATURE RED BLOOD CELLS HAVE HOW MANY 'NUCLEI'?
ZERO
119
TRUE OR FALSE ALL CELLS ONLY CONTAIN ONE NUCLEI.
FALSE FEW SPECIALIZED CELLS CONTAIN MULTIPLE NUCLEI
120
THERE ARE A FEW SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT CONTAIN MULTIPLE 'NUCLEI'. WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ONE OF THESE?
SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
121
WHAT IS THE 'ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)' DEFINED AS?
AN ORGANELLE WITH SYSTEM OF INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANE-FORMING TUBULES.
122
WHAT ARE 'CISTERNAE'?
MEMBRANES THAT FORM 'MINUTE TUBULES'
123
HOW IS THE 'ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM' CHARACTERIZED?
NUMEROUS GRANULES (RIBOSOMES) THAT ARE ATTACHED TO MEMBRANOUS WALL RIBOSOMES SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS TO BE SECRETED OUTSIDE CELL
124
HOW IS THE 'SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM' CHARACTERIZED?
LACKS RIBOSOMES
125
BOTH OF THE 'ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM' TYPES CONTAIN WHAT? | WHAT PROCESSES ARE THESE NECESSARY FOR? *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
ENZYMES PROCESSES: 1. CATABOLIC ACTIVITY 2. ANABOLIC ACTIVITY
126
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM' OR 'AGRANULAR (ER)'? (*THERE ARE 3 PROCESSES)
NO PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INVOLVED IN: 1. LIPID SYNTHESIS 2. STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS 3. DETOXIFICATION OF DRUGS
127
WHERE IS THERE A 'HIGH' CONCENTRATION OF 'SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM'?
LIVER
128
WHAT TYPE OF CELLS HAVE AN 'ABUNDANCE' OF 'ROUGH ER'?
SECRETORY CELLS
129
WHAT TYPE OF CELLS HAVE AN 'ABUNDANCE' OF 'SMOOTH ER'?
MUSCLE CELLS
130
HOW DOES 'DRUG TOLERANCE' HAPPEN?
REPEATED DRUGE USE CAUSES 'SMOOTH ER' TO PROLIFERATE IN ORDER TO DETOXIFY DRUGS TO PROTECT CELL. INCREASED AMOUNT OF 'SMOOTH ER' = INCREASED TOLERANCE TO DRUGS
131
WHAT IS THE SITE FOR 'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'?
RIBOSOMES
132
A SINGLE RIBOSOME CONSISTS OF WHAT?
'LARGER' 60s SUBUNIT AND 'SMALLER' 40s SUBUNIT (*s=SEDIMENTATION COEFFICIENT)
133
WHAT IS THE 'RNA' OF A 'RIBOSOME' REFERRED TO AS?
(r-RNA) | RIBOSOMAL RNA
134
IN ADDITION TO 'PROTEIN SYNTEHSIS', 'RIBOSOMES' HAVE ANOTHER FUNCTION THAT DEALS WITH THE ALIGNMENT OF WHAT?
ALIGNMENTS OF m-RNA AND t-RNA DURING 'TRANSLATION'.
135
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF 'RIBOSOMES'. WHAT ARE THEY?
1. MEMBRANE-BOUND RIBOSOMES | 2. FREE RIBOSOMES
136
(ER) ATTACHED RIBOSOMES ARE INVOLVED IN WHAT TYPE OF 'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'?
PROTEINS THAT ARE 'EXCRETED' FROM THE CELLS. | SECRETORY PROTEINS
137
FREE RIBOSOMES ARE INVOLVED IN WHAT TYPE OF 'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'?
INTRACELLULAR 'ENZYMES' AND 'STRUCTURAL ENZYMES' THAT ARE USED 'WITHIN' THE CELLS (CELL INTERNAL PROTEINS)
138
PROTEINS THAT ARE SYNTHESIZED ON THE 'ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM' ARE TRANSPORTED WHERE?
GOLGI APPARATUS TO BE 'PACKAGED' INTO SECRETORY VESICLES.
139
THE 'GOLGI APPARATUS' COMMUNICATES WITH THE 'ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM' VIA 2 WAYS. WHAT ARE THEY AND WHAT DOES IT USE?
1. DIRECT COMMUNICATION W/ ER | 2. INDIRECT COMMUNICATION W/ ER VIA VESICLES
140
WHAT ARE THE MAIN PROCESSES OF THE 'GOLGI APPARATUS'? | *THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
1. STORE 2. SORT 3. PACKAGE SECRETORY PRODUCTS
141
HOW DOES THE 'GOLGI APPARATUS' MODIFY PROTEINS?
ADDS CARBOHYDRATES TO THEM
142
WHERE ARE 'LYSOSOMES' PRODUCED?
IN THE 'GOLGI APPARATUS'
143
WHERE ARE 'LIPIDS' PACKAGED?
IN THE 'GOLGI APPARATUS'
144
WHERE ARE 'STEROIDS' SECRETED FROM?
FROM THE 'GOLGI APPARATUS'
145
THE 'MITOCHONDRIA' ARE CALLED THE WHAT OF THE CELL?
'POWERHOUSE' OF THE CELL
146
'MITOCHONDRIA' CONSIST OF FOLDED MEMBRANOUS SACS WHICH CONTAIN _________. THESE ARE USED FOR WHAT 2 PROCESSES?
ENZYMES PROCESSES: 1. KREBS CYCLE 2. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
147
HOW IS ENERGY FROM FOOD TRANSFORMED INTO USABLE 'ATP' IN THE MITOCHONDRIA? (*2 PROCESSES)
1. KREBS CYCLE | 2. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
148
'MITOCHONDRIA' OCCUR IN ALL BODY CELLS EXCEPT FOR 1. WHAT IS THE 1 CELL TYPE IS DOES NOT OCCUR IN?
MATURE RED BOOD CELLS (RBCs)
149
WHAT IS 'CRISTAE' DEFINED AS?
FOLDS OF THE INNER MEMBRANE FILLED WITH GEL THAT CONTAINS ENZYMES
150
CELLS THAT ARE VERY ACTIVE (i.e., HEART MUSCLE CELLS) WILL HAVE MORE OF WHAT IN THE THE 'MITOCHONDRIA' THAN IN OTHER CELLS?
MORE 'CRISTAE' | FOLDS OF INNER MEMBRANE
151
TRUE OR FALSE 'MITOCHONDRIA' PRODUCE THE BULK OF CELLULAR ENERGY.
TRUE 'MITROCHONDRIA' PRODUCE THE BULK. THEY ARE THE 'POWERHOUSE' OF CELLS
152
CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS AND PROTEINS ARE BROUGHT INTO THE 'CYTOPLASM' AND BROKEN DOWN IN WHAT WAY?
BY ENZYMES
153
IN THE MITOCHONDRIA, 'CARBOHYDRATES', 'LIPIDS', AND 'PROTEINS' ARE 'OXIDIZED' TO WHAT 2 THINGS? WHAT IS ALSO RELEASED DURING THIS?
1. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) 2. WATER (H2O) ENERGY = (ATP) ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
154
WHAT IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE 'UNIVERSAL' ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE HUMAN BODY?
ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)
155
WHAT IS DEFINED AS 'AEROBIC' EXERCISE?
EXERCISE INVOLVING 'LARGE MUSCLE GROUPS'. EXERCISE PERFORMED FOR 'LONG' PERIODS OF TIME.
156
WHAT IS DEFINED AS 'ANAEROBIC' EXERCISE?
EXERCISE OF 'SHORT-DURATION' HIGH INTENSITY LASTING MATTER OF SECONDS
157
WHERE DOES 'ANAEROBIC ENERGY' COME FROM? WHERE DOES THIS OCCUR?
VIA 'GLYCOLYSIS' OCCURS OUTSIDE THE MITOCHONDRIA IN THE CELLS 'CYTOPLASM'
158
WHAT TYPES OF DISEASES HAVE BEEN LINKED WITH 'MITOCHONDRIAL DNA'?
AGING DISEASES
159
'LYSOSOMES' ARE CONSIDERED TO BE WHAT TYPE OF 'MEMBRANOUS SPHERES'?
SINGLE-MEMBRANOUS SPHERES
160
WHAT ARE 'LYSOSOMES' STORAGE VESICLES FOR?
POWERFUL 'HYDROLYTIC' DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
161
THE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES THAT 'LYSOSOMES' STORE ARE CALLED WHAT?
PROTEASES
162
APPROXIMATELY HOW MANY 'PROTEASES' HAVE BEEN DERIVED FROM 'LYSOSOMES'?
40+ PROTEASES
163
WHERE ARE 'LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES' SYNTHESIZED?
ON RIBOSOMES
164
'LYSOSOME MEMBRANE' IS IMPERMEABLE TO WHAT?
IMPERMEABLE TO THE OUTWARD MOVEMENT OF STORED ENZYMES
165
'LYSOSOME MEMBRANE' IS RESISTANT TO WHAT?
ITS OWN DIGESTIVE ACTION
166
WHAT ARE THE 4 FUNCTIONS OF THE 'LYSOSOME'?
1. TRANSPORT OF ENZYMES TO CELL MEMBRANE DURING 'INTRA'CELLULAR DIGESTION' 2. 'INTER'CELLULAR DIGESTION (PHAGOCYTOSIS/PINOCYTOSIS) 3. DESTRUCTION OF DAMAGED/WORN CELLS 4. SELF-DESTRUCTION OF AGED CELL
167
WHAT ORGANELLES ARE FREQUENTLY CALLED 'SUICIDE PACKETS'?
LYSOSOMES
168
WHAT OCCURS WITH 'VITAMIN A' INTOXICATION?
CAUSES 'LYSOSOMAL' MEMBRANES TO RUPTURE DESTROYS INTRACELLULAR MATERIAL
169
WHAT IS 'RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS'?
PAIN THAT ACCOMPANIES RELEASE OF ENZYMES FROM 'LYSOSOMES' INTO JOINT CAPSULE AND THE DIGESTION OF SURROUNDING TISSUE.
170
THE 'ATROPHY' OF THE 'UTERUS' AFTER A BABY IS BORN IS CAUSED BY WHAT?
LYSOSOMES DIGESTIVE ACTIVITY
171
HOW MANY DIFFERENT CELL TYPES EXIST IN THE HUMAN BODY?
200-250
172
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ARE WHAT?
CHANGES OCCURING AWAY FROM A DESIRED VALUE ARE REVERSED SO THAT ACTIVITY IS TOWARD RESTORING 'HOMEOSTASIS'
173
THE GROWTH OF AN ORGAN OR TISSUE DUE TO AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF ITS CELLS IS REFFERED TO AS: 1. ATROPHY 2. HYPERPLASIA 3. HYPERTROPHY 4. DYSPLASIA
3. HYPERTROPHY
174
MOLECULES THAT ARE RELATIVELY LARGE CAN CROSS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IF THEY ARE: 1. PROTEINS 2. CARBOHYDRATES 3. PROTEIN SOLUBLE 4. LIPID SOLUBLE
4. LIPID SOLUBLE
175
THE NUCLEOLUS: 1. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES tRNA 2. IS WHERE REPLICATION TAKES PLACE 3. IS A REGION WITH MANY CHROMOSOMES 4. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES rRNA
4. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES rRNA
176
THE NUCLEOLUS: 1. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES tRNA 2. IS WHERE REPLICATION TAKES PLACE 3. IS A REGION WITH MANY CHROMOSOMES 4. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES rRNA
4. SYNTHESIZES AND STORES rRNA
177
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM IS: 1. INVOLVED IN LIPID AND STEROID PRODUCTION 2. FOUND IN VERY FEW CELLS 3. PRODUCES PROTEINS TO BE SECRETED 4. NONE OF THE ABOVE
1. INVOLVED IN LIPID AND STEROID PRODUCTION
178
THE GOLGI: 1. MODIFIES PROTEINS 2. STORES, SORTS, AND PACKAGES PRODUCTS 3. PRODUCES LYSOSOMES 4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
4. ALL OF THE ABOVE
179
THE FOLDS OF THE INNER MEMBRANES OF MITOCHONDRIA ARE CALLED: 1. CRISTAE 2. POWER PRODUCTION MEMBRANES 3. SACS 4. NONE OF THE ABOVE
1. CRISTAE
180
EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION OF WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING VITAMINS CAUSES LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANES TO RUPTURE? 1. VITAMIN B12 2. VITAMIN C 3. VITAMIN A 4. VITAMIN B6
3. VITAMIN A
181
WHAT ARE THE NORMAL LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE? 1. 75 to 120 mg% 2. 150 to 250 mg% 3. 35 to 55 mg% 4. 375 to 475 mg%
1. 75 to 120 mg%
182
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF 'OSMOSIS' IN THE HUMAN BODY?
KIDNEY DIALYSIS (FILTRATION) TRANSPORT OF WATER IN/OUT OF 'RED BLOOD CELLS'.

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions