Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
THE HUMAN BODY CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO 6 LEVELS (BODY ORGANIZATION)? WHAT ARE THE 6 LEVELS?
- CHEMICAL
- CELLULAR
- TISSUE
- ORGAN
- SYSTEM
- ORGANISM
WHAT ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENTS WITHIN THE BODY AND WHAT ARE THEIR PERCENTAGES?
*There are 4 of them.
OXYGEN (65%)
CARBON (18.5%)
HYDROGEN (9.5%)
NITROGEN (3.2)
IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘CHEMICAL’ LEVEL?
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS COMPOSED OF ATOMS WHICH MAY BE BOUND TOGETHER TO FORM MOLECULES.
IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘CELLULAR’ LEVEL? ABOUT HOW MANY CELLS ARE THERE IN THE BODY?
BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS OF LIFE.
75-100 TRILLION CELLS
HOW MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS ARE THERE IN THE HUMAN BODY?
200-250 TYPES OF CELLS
CELLS ARE COMPOSED OF _________ AND MUST _________ IN ORDER TO SURVIVE.
- PROTOPLASM
2. METABOLIZE
IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘TISSUE’ LEVEL?
AGGREGATIONS OF SIMILAR CELLS THAT PERFORM ‘SPECIFIC’ FUNCTIONS.
WHAT ARE THE ‘FOUR’ BASIC TYPES OF ‘TISSUES’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?
- EPITHELIAL
- CONNECTIVE
- MUSCULAR
- NERVOUS
‘EPITHELIAL’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?
SURFACE-COVERING TISSUE
‘CONNECTIVE’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?
SUPPORTING TISSUE
‘MUSCULAR’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?
CONTRACTING TISSUE
‘NERVOUS’ TISSUE IS ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT?
CONDUCTION TISSUE
IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘ORGAN’ LEVEL?
AGGREGATION OF TWO OR MORE ‘TISSUES’ INTEGRATED TO PERFORM A ‘PARTICULAR FUNCTION’.
ORGAN VARY IN _____ AND _______
- SIZE
2. FUNCTION
TRUE OR FALSE:
The heart, spleen, skin, ovary, and each bone of the body are considered ‘ORGANS’.
TRUE
HEART, SPLEEN, SKIN, OVARIES AND BONES ARE CONSIDERED ORGANS.
IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘SYSTEM’ LEVEL?
VARIOUS ORGANS HAVING SIMILAR OR RELATED FUNCTIONS.
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF THE ‘SYSTEM’ LEVEL IN ‘BODY ORGANIZATION’?
(*There are 10 of them in the packet)
- CIRCULATORY
- RESPIRATORY
- NERVOUS
- DIGESTIVE
- URINARY
- REPRODUCTIVE
- MUSCULAR
- SKELETAL
- IMMUNE
- ENDOCRINE
IN BODY ORGANIZATION, WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF THE ‘ORGANISM’ LEVEL?
LIVING ‘INDIVIDUAL’ COMPOSED OF ALL OF THE PARTS OF THE BODY FUNCTIONING TOGETHER.
WHAT IS THE SURVIVAL OF AN ORGANISM DEPENDENT UPON?
NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF EACH OF ITS PARTS.
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ‘ENDOCRINE’ GLAND? (*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)
- DUCTLESS
2. SECRETE HORMONES INTO THE BLOOD
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ‘EXOCRINE’ GLAND?
WHERE ARE TWO PLACES WHERE THEY CAN BE FOUND IN THE BODY?
DUCTS THAT LEAD TO AN EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
EXAMPLES:
- SWEAT GLANDS
- PANCREAS (HAS BOTH TYPES)
WHAT IS ‘HOMEOSTASIS’ DEFINED AS? HOW DOES IT WORK?
MAINTAINING A DYNAMIC CONSTANCY
ALL OF THE BODY SYSTEMS CONTRIBUTE TO MAINTAINING A CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT.
HOW DOES THE URINARY SYSTEM MAINTAIN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’?
*THERE ARE 4 WAYS
- REMOVES WASTE FROM BLOOD
- REGULATES CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
- REGULATES VOLUME OF BLOOD
- REGULATES ELECTROLYTE BALANCE OF BLOOD
HOW DOES THE ‘DIGESTIVE SYSTEM’ MAINTAIN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’?
BREAKS DOWN AND ABSORBS FOOD MATERIALS INTO THE BLOOD TO PROVIDE NUTRIENTS FOR CELLULAR METABOLISM.
HOW DOES THE ‘RESPIRATORY SYSTEM’ MAINTAIN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’?
*THERE ARE 2 WAYS
- ADDS OXYGEN TO BLOOD
2. REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)
WHAT HAPPENS IF A BODY SYSTEM BECOMES ‘EXCESSIVE’ OR ‘INSUFFICIENT’ DURING A SPECIFIC TIME?
THE SYSTEM WHICH MONITORS THAT FACTOR INITIATES A COUNTER-CHANGE THAT RETURNS THE SYSTEM TO A NORMAL VALUE.
(AKA - NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM)
WHEN THERE IS A DEVIATION IN ‘HOMEOSTASIS’, WHAT HAPPENS TO THE INDIVIDUAL? WHAT IS THIS ALSO DEFINED AS?
PERSON IS LIABLE TO BECOME SICK.
DEFINED AS A ‘DISORDER’ OR ‘ABNORMAL SYSTEM FUNCTION’
WHAT IS THE NORMAL RANGE FOR THE pH OF ‘BLOOD’?
BLOOD = 7.35-7.43 pH
WHAT IS THE NORMAL RANGE FOR ‘GLUCOSE’ IN AN INDIVIDUAL?
75-120mg / 100ml GLUCOSE
IF SOMEONE HAS A ‘GLUCOSE’ VALUE OF 600mg / 100ml, WHAT WOULD HE BE DIAGNOSED WITH?
TYPE I DIABETES
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF ‘FEEDBACK MECHANISMS’ THE BODY UTILIZES?
WHICH ONE IS MOST/LEAST COMMON?
- POSITIVE FEEDBACK (LESS COMMON)
2. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (MOST COMMON)
‘HOMEOSTASIS’ IS MONITORED BY DIFFERENT RECEPTORS IN THE BODY IN A SYSTEMATIC WAY CALLED __________ _______________?
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
FEEDBACK SYSTEMS CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO ‘3’ PARTS? WHAT ARE THEY?
(*HINT: Thermometer, Thermostat, Furnace)
- MONITORING RECEPTOR (Responds to system condition)
- CONTROL CENTER (receives/evaluates information)
- REACTOR
(increases/decreases productivity thus regulating system)
WHAT IS ‘NEGATIVE FEEDBACK’ DEFINED AS?
CHANGES ‘AWAY’ FROM A DESIRED VALUE ARE ‘REVERSED’ SO ACTIVITY IS TOWARD RESTORING ‘HOMEOSTASIS’.
*REVERSES DIRECTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE
WHAT IS ‘POSITIVE FEEDBACK’ DEFINED AS?
CHANGES ‘AWAY’ FROM A SPECIFIC VALUE ARE ‘CONTINUALLY’ ACCELERATED.
‘CONTINUES’ THE DIRECTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE.
(EX. OXYTOCIN RELEASE)
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A ‘POSITIVE FEEDBACK’ MECHANISM?
HOW DOES THIS WORK?
OXYTOCIN
- BABY IRRITATES CERVIX
- PRESSURE RECEPTORS IN CERVIX ARE STIMULATED
- RECEPTORS STIMULATE ‘OXYTOCIN’ IN HYPOTHALAMUS
- ‘OXYTOCIN’ RELEASED AND CARRIED TO UTERINE WALLS WHERE THEY CAUSE CONTRACTIONS.
- RECEPTORS STIMULATED AGAIN
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A ‘NEGATIVE FEEDBACK’ MECHANISM?
HOW DOES THIS WORK?
CORTISOL RELEASE
- STRESS INCREASES
- CRH (Coritotropin-releasing Hormone) INCREASES
- ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) INCREASES
- ‘CORTISOL’ SECRETED FROM ‘ADRENAL GLAND’
- CYCLE REPEATED UNTIL STRESS LEVEL IS BALANCED
THE ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ ‘SECRETES’ 2 HORMONES. WHAT ARE THEY?
- OXYTOCIN
2. ADH (ANTI-DIURETIC) HORMONE
TRUE OR FALSE
CELLS DO NOT CHANGE THEIR STRUCTURE AND/OR METABOLIC ACTIVITY TO COMBAT DISEASE, MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, AND SURVIVE CHANGES TO ENVIRONMENT.
FALSE
CELLS DO ‘CHANGE’ THEIR STRUCTURE AND/OR METABOLIC ACTIVITY.
WHAT IS ‘ATROPHY’ DEFINED AS?
DECREASE IN SIZE OF TISSUE/ORGAN FROM ‘DIMINISHED SIZE’ OF ITS CELLS.
HOW DOES ‘ATROPHY’ OCCUR?
*THERE ARE 5 WAYS
- DISUSE
- DECREASED NUTRITION
- DENERVATION
- LACK OF HORMONAL STIMULATION
- ISCHEMIA (LACK OF BLOOD FLOW)
WHEN ‘ATROPHY’ OCCURS, HOW DOES THE BODY RESPOND?
*THERE ARE 3 WAYS
- DECREASED CELLULAR METABOLISM
- DECREASED NUMBER OF ORGANELLES
- DECREASED OVERALL CELL SIZE
DURING ‘ATROPHY’ _________ __________IS SAID TO DECREASE WHILE _________ CONSERVATION IS SAID TO INCREASE.
- CELLULAR METABOLISM (DECREASE)
2. ENERGY CONSERVATION (INCREASE)
WHAT IS SAID TO OCCUR WHEN A LIMB IS ‘IMMOBILIZED’ IN CAST FOR AN EXTENDED AMOUNT OF TIME?
MUSCULAR ATROPHY OCCURS
WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF ‘ATROPHY’ IS NOT REVERSED?
*2 THINGS
- MUSCLE DENERVATION
2. CELLULAR DEATH
WHAT IS ‘HYPERTROHPY’ DEFINED AS?
GROWTH OF AN ORGAN OR TISSUE DUE TO AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF ITS CELLS
HOW DOES ‘HYPERTROHPY’ OCCUR?
*THERE ARE 2 WAYS
- INCREASED ACTIVITY (I.E., LIFTING WEIGHTS, EXERCISE)
2. INCREASED FUNCTIONAL DEMAND
WHAT TISSUE/CELLS IS ‘HYPERTROPHY’ MOST SEEN IN?
*THERE ARE 2
- SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
2. CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS
AN INCREASE OF MUSCLE CELLS FROM ‘HYPERTROPHY’ ALSO STIMULATES AN INCREASE IN SIZE/NUMBER IN 2 THINGS IN THE BODY.
WHAT ARE THEY?
- INCREASED CELLULAR ORGANELLES
2. INCREASED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
WHAT IS ‘HYPERPLASIA’ DEFINED AS?
‘MITOTIC DIVISIONS’ IN CELLS BY INCREASED FUNCTIONAL DEMANDS.
TISSUE/ORGAN SIZE ‘INCREASES’
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF ‘HYPERPLASIA’?
CALLUS ON PALM OF HAND FROM ‘EXCESSIVE FRICTION’
WHAT IS ‘DYSPLASIA’ DEFINED AS?
‘ABNORMAL’ MATURATION OF CELLS WITHIN A TISSUE’S:
- SIZE
- SHAPE
- APPEARANCE OF CELLS
TRUE OR FALSE
‘DYSPLASIA’ OCCURS NORMALLY IN CELLS THAT ARE EXPOSED TO CHRONIC IRRIATION/INFLAMMATION?
TRUE
‘DYSPLASIA’ DOES OCCUR NORMALLY TO SOME CELLS.
NEOPLASTIC (TUMOROUS) DISEASE WHICH RESULTS IN THE RAPID PROLIFERATION OF CELLS IS A CAUSE OF WHAT TYPE OR CELL ADAPTATION?
(I.E., CANCER)
‘DYSPLASIA’
WHAT IS ‘METAPLASIA’ DEFINED AS?
TRANSFORMATION OF ONE CELL TYPE TO ANOTHER
WHAT ARE THE ‘CONSTRAINTS’ WITH REGARDS TO CELL TRANSFORMATION IN ‘METAPLASIA’?
TYPES OF CELLS ‘CANNOT’ INTERCONVERT.
EPITHELIAL CELLS CHANGE TO ‘OTHER’ TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS TO OTHER CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS, ETC.
WHAT IS A COMMON EXAMPLE OF CELLULAR ‘METAPLASIA’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?
TRANSFORMATION OF ‘FIRBROBLASTS’ INTO COLLAGEN FIBERS.
THIS HELPS IN WOUND HEALING
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’?
*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
- GIVES FORM TO CELL
2. CONTROLS PASSAGE OF MATERIALS
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE ‘CELL MEMBRANE’ SEPARATED INTO?
*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
- PHOSPHOLIPID LAYERS
2. PROTEIN MOLECULES
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’?
*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
- FRAMEWORK
- TRANSPORTS MATERIALS
- ATTACHMENT FOR RIBOSOMES
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM)
- SMOOTH
2. ROUGH
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’?
INTERCONNECTED MEMBRANE-FORMING CANALS/TUBULES
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘RIBOSOMES’?
SYNTHESIZE PROTEINS
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF ‘RIBOSOMES’?
GRANULAR PARTICLES COMPOSED OF PROTEIN AND RNA
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’?
*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
- SYNTHESIZES CARBOHYDRATES
- PACKAGES MOLECULES FOR SECRETION
- SECRETES LIPIDS/GLYCOPROTEINS
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF THE ‘GOLGI APPARATUS’?
CLUSTER OF FLATTENED, MEMBRANOUS SACS
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘MITOCHONDRIA’?
*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
- RELEASE ENERGY FROM FOOD MOLECULES
- TRANSFORM ENERGY TO ATP
(*HINT = THE POWERHOUSE)
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF ‘MITOCHONDRIA’?
MEMBRANOUS SACS WITH FOLDED INNER PARTITIONS
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘LYSOSOMES’?
DIGEST FOREIGN MOLECULES AND WORN/DAMAGED CELLS
*HINT = PACMAN
WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF ‘LYSOSOMES’?
MEMBRANOUS SACS
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘FIBRILS AND MICROTUBULES’?
*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
- SUPPORT CYTOPLASM
2. TRANSPORT MATERIALS WITHIN CYTOPLASM
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ‘NUCLEAR MEMBRANE’?
*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
- SUPPORT NUCLEUS
2. CONTROL PASSAGE OF MATERIALS IN NUCLEUS/CYTOPLASM