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PD BIO 305 > Autonomic Nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous system Flashcards

2
Q

What does the ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ do as far a ‘innervation’?

A

INNERVATES ‘ORGANS’ WHOSE FUNCTIONS ARE ‘NOT’ USUALLY UNDER:

‘VOLUNTARY CONTROL’

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3
Q

What 3 ‘EFFECTOR TYPES’ respond to ‘autonomic regulation’?

A
  1. CARDIAC MUSCLE
  2. SMOOTH MUSCLE
  3. VISCERAL ORGANS/GLANDS
    (aka - INTERNAL ORGANS/GLANDS)
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4
Q

The ‘AUTONOMIC SYSTEM’ is also sometimes called what?

A

‘VISCERAL MOTOR SYSTEM’

BECAUSE IT PROVIDES MOTOR CONTROL OF THE VISCERA

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5
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’?

A
  1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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6
Q

‘IMPULSES’ from the 2 ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ divisions do what to ‘activator organs’?

(*2 THINGS)

What is this another example of?

A
  1. ACTIVATE ‘EFFECTOR ORGANS’
  2. INHIBIT ‘EFFECTOR ORGANS’

‘HOMEOSTASIS’

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7
Q

The ‘SYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ is also known as what kind of ‘response’?

Why?

A

‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’ RESPONSE

PREPARES THE BODY FOR ‘INTENSE’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ‘EMERGENCIES’ THROUGH ‘ADRENERGIC’ EFFECTS.

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8
Q

Through what type of ‘stimulation’ does the ‘SYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ operate on?

A

‘ADRENERGIC’

‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’

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9
Q

During ‘SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE’. There are 6 main things that happen, what are they?

A
  1. HEART RATE INCREASES
  2. BLOOD GLUCOSE RISES
  3. BLOOD DIVERTED TO ‘SKELETAL MUSCLES’ (AWAY FROM VISCERAL)
  4. PUPILS DILATE
  5. BRONCHIOLES DILATE
  6. ADRENAL MEDULLA RELEASES EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE INTO BLOOD
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10
Q

The ‘ACTIVITY’ of the ‘EFFECTOR ORGANS’ is regulated by the degree of input from what?

A

BOTH THE ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ DIVISIONS:

  • SYMPATHETIC
  • PARASYMPATHETIC
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11
Q

The ‘PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ response is also known as what?

A

‘REST AND DIGEST’

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12
Q

How can an ‘EFFECTOR ORGAN’ be stimulated to do opposite responses?

A

POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF THE TWO DIVISIONS RELEASE ‘DIFFERENT’ NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

SYMPATHETIC = NOREPINEPHRINE
PARASYMPATHETIC = ACETYLCHOLINE
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13
Q

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is used for ‘SYMPATHETIC’ responses?

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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14
Q

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is used for ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ responses?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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15
Q

In the ‘SYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ is the ‘PREGANGLIONIC FIBER’ long/short compared to the other division?

A

‘SYMPATHETIC DIVISION’

‘SHORT’ PREGANGLIONIC FIBER

‘LONG’ POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER

[*HINT = (S)YMPATHETIC = (S)HORT. (PRE) ALWAYS COMES BEFORE (POST).]

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16
Q

In the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ is the ‘PREGANGLIONIC FIBER’ long/short compared to the other division?

A

‘PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION’

‘LONG’ PREGANGLIONIC FIBER

‘SHORT’ PREGANGLIONIC FIBER

[*HINT = (PARA)SYMPATHETIC IS A (LONGER) WORD THAN THE OTHER DIVISION. (PRE) ALWAYS COMES BEFORE (POST).]

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17
Q

The ‘PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ relies on what type of ‘responses’?

A

CHOLINERGIC RESPONSES

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

IN ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ AND ‘SYMPATHETIC’ RESPONSES BOTH THE ‘PREGANGLIONIC’ AND ‘POSTGANGLIONIC’ FIBERS ARE MYELINATED.

A

FALSE

PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS = ALWAYS MYELINATED

POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS = UNMYELINATED

THIS IS FOR ‘BOTH’ ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ DIVISIONS

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19
Q

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is always used for ‘MOTOR NEURONS’ and ‘SKELETAL MUSCLES’?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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20
Q

The ‘SOMATIC SYSTEM’ is under what type of control?

A

VOLUNTARY CONTROL

*ALWAYS USES ‘ACETYLCHOLINE’ FOR ‘NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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21
Q

What type of division would be responsible for a response of ‘INCREASED HEART RATE’?

A

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (ADRENERGIC)

‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’

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22
Q

What type of division would be responsible for a response of ‘DECREASED DIGESTION’?

A

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (ADRENERGIC)

‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’

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23
Q

What type of division would be responsible for a response of ‘DECREASED HEART RATE’?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (CHOLINERGIC)

‘REST AND DIGEST’

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24
Q

What type of division would be responsible for a response of ‘INCREASED DIGESTION’?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (CHOLINERGIC)

‘REST AND DIGEST’

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25
Q

What are the 3 major ‘DIFFERENCES’ between the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ and ‘SYMPATHETIC’ divisions?

A
  1. ANATOMICAL ORIGIN IS DIFFERENT
  2. ANTAGONISTIC TO EACH OTHER
  3. NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE DIFFERENT
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26
The 'THORACIC' and 'LUMBAR' regions encompass what 'autonomic nervous system' division?
SYMPATHETIC
27
The 'CRANIAL' and 'SACRAL' regions encompass what 'autonomic nervous system' division?
PARASYMPATHETIC
28
What 'NERVE ORIGINS' are involved in 'SYMPATHETIC' responses? (6 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS)
T1 to T12 (THORACIC) L1 to L3 (LUMBAR)
29
80% of 'ALL' 'PARASYMPATHETIC' fibers (impulses) are connected to what 'NERVE'?
VAGUS NERVE
30
What 'NERVE ORIGINS' are involved in 'PARASYMPATHETIC' responses? (9 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS)
``` FOUR CRANIAL NERVES (3,7,9,10) SACRAL REGION (5 NERVES TOTAL) ```
31
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is 'ALWAYS' used in 'PARASYMPATHETIC' responses?
ACETYLCHOLINE
32
What are the 3 'EXCEPTIONS' of 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' use in 'SYMPATHETIC' responses where norepinephrine is 'NOT' used. What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' is used instead?
1. SWEAT GLANDS 2. SMOOTH MUSCLES IN BLOOD VESSELS THAT 'GO TO 'SKELETAL MUSCLES' 3. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA *ACETYLCHOLINE IS USED INSTEAD
32
What are the 4 'SIMILARITIES' between the 2 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DIVISIONS'?
1. PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS = MYELINATED 2. POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS = UNMYELINATED 3. EFFERENT OUTFLOW DIVIDED INTO PRE- POST-GANGLIONIC NEURONS 4. PRE-GANGLIONIC NEUROTRANSMITTER = ACETYLCHOLINE
33
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'HEART MUSCLE'? (*2 THINGS) What receptor is involved in this?
1. INCREASED HEART RATE 2. INCREASED FORCE (BETA-1 RECEPTOR)
34
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BRONCHI-LUNG' (Smooth Muscles)? (*ONLY 1) What receptor is involved in this?
INHIBITED - BRONCHI-DILATION (BETA-2 RECEPTOR) (*HINT - BETA-2 = YOU HAVE '2' LUNGS)
34
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (MOST BODY ARTERIOLES)? What receptor is involved in this?
VASOCONSTRICTION | ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR
35
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (SKELETAL MUSCLE ARTERIOLES) (*2 THINGS) What receptor is involved in this?
1. VASONCONSTRICTION (ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR) | 2. VASODILATION (BETA-2 RECEPTOR)
36
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on the 'PUPIL' (EYE)? What receptor is involved in this?
INHIBITED - PUPIL DILATION | ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR
37
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)? What receptor is involved in this?
INHIBITED | BETA-2 RECEPTOR
38
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SECRETION)? What receptor is involved in this?
INHIBITED | ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR
39
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SPHINCTERS)? What receptor is involved in this?
CONTRACTION | ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR
40
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'SWEAT GLANDS'?
COPIOUS SWEATING
41
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on 'PILOERECTOR MUSCLES' What receptor is involved in this?
STIMULATED | ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS
42
What is the 'SYMPATHETIC' response on the 'LIVER'?
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
43
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'HEART MUSCLE'? | *2 THINGS
1. SLOWER RATE | 2. DECREASED FORCE
44
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'BRONCHI-LUNGS' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED
45
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'BLOOD VESSELS' (ATERIOLES) (BOTH SKELETAL/OTHER BODY ARTERIOLES)
NONE NO EFFECT
46
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'PUPIL' (EYE)?
STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED
47
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?
STIMULATED -> PERISTALSIS | PERISTALSIS = MOVEMENT OF FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS
48
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SECRETION)?
STIMLUATED
49
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'DIGESTIVE' (SPHINCTERS)?
RELAXED
50
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'SWEAT GLANDS'?
NONE NO EFFECT
51
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'PILOERECTOR MUSCLES'?
NONE NO EFFECT
52
What is the 'PARASYMPATHETIC' response on 'LIVER'?
NONE NO EFFECT
53
What are the two type of 'CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS'?
1. NICOTINIC | 2. MUSCARINIC
54
What are 'NICOTINIC RECEPTORS' defined as? What group of 'RECEPTORS' are they included in?
RECEPTORS LOCATED AT THE GANGLIA IN 'BOTH' SYMPATHETIC/PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS. INCLUDED IN THE 'CHOLINERGIC' RECEPTOR GROUP.
55
What are 'MUSCARNIC RECEPTORS' defined as? What group of 'RECEPTORS' are they included in? What 'AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM' division are these receptors found in?
RECEPTORS LOCATED ON 'ALL' EFFECTOR ORGANS THAT ARE INNERVATED BY 'POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS' OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION. INCLUDED IN THE 'CHOLINERGIC' RECEPTOR GROUP. *ONLY FOUND IN 'PARASYMPATHETIC' DIVISION
56
What 'NEUROTRANSMITTER' do 'CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS' utilize?
ACETYLCHOLINE
57
What 2 'AUTONOMIC NEURONS' are 'ALWAYS' 'CHOLINERGIC'?
1. SYMPATHETIC 'PREGANGLIONIC' NEURONS | 2. PARASYMPATHETIC 'POSTGANGLIONIC' NEURONS
58
What 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' stimulate 'NICOTINIC RECEPTORS'?
1. NICOTINE (from tobacco plants) | 2. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)
59
Why are 'NICOTINIC RECEPTORS' not utilized for medicinal purposes often?
BECAUSE THEY STIMULATE 'BOTH' SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS.
60
What 2 'NEUROTRANSMITTERS' stimulate 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS'?
1. MUSCARINIE (from poisonous mushrooms) | 2. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)
61
What is one of the 'MAJOR' drugs used as a 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT' or 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST'?
ATROPINE
62
What is 'ATROPINE'?
AN 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT'
63
What are 'ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENTS' or 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS' used for in medicine? (*THERE ARE 5 USES)
1. TREAT 'PARKINSON'S DISEASE' 2. DILATE PUPILS 3. CONTROL MOTION SICKNESS 4. TREAT PEPTIC ULCERS 5. DECREASE SALIVARY/BRONCHIAL SECRETIONS
64
What are 4 examples of 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANTS'? In general, what do these do?
1. ACETYLCHOLINE 2. CARBACHOL 3. METHACHOLINE 4. BETHANECHOL *INCREASED PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE
65
What are 'MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANTS' used for in medicine? (*THERE ARE 5 USES)
1. STIMULATE INTESTINES 2. STIMULATE URINARY BLADDER 3. DILATE PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS 4. TREAT 'MYASTHENIA GRAVIS'
66
What are the 2 types of 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS'?
1. ALPHA RECEPTORS | 2. BETA RECEPTORS
67
'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS' are regulated by what 2 hormones/neurotransmitters?
CATACHOLAMINES (aka - EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE)
68
In 'ALPHA-1' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
NOREPINEPHRINE = STRONGER EPINEPHRINE = WEAKER
69
In 'BETA-1' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
FUNCTION THE SAME NOREPINEPHRINE = EPINEPHRINE
70
In 'BETA-2' 'ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS', what neurotransmitters stimulates at a 'HIGHER' degree?
EPINEPHRINE = STRONGER NOREPINEPHRINE = WEAKER
71
Where is the 'TISSUE LOCATION' for 'ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS'?
SMOOTH MUSCLES
72
What is the 'EFFECT' of 'ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS' on 'SMOOTH MUSCLES'? (*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)
STIMULATION 1. VASOCONSTRICTION 2. UTERINE CONTRACTION 3. DILATION OF PUPIL 4. INTESTINAL SPHINCTER CONTRACTION 5. PILOMOTOR CONTRACTION
73
What is the 'EFFECT' of 'BETA-1 RECEPTORS' on 'CARDIAC MUSCLE'? (*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)
STIMLUATION: 1. INCREASE HEART RATE 2. INCREASED FORCE OF CONTRACTION
74
Where is the 'TISSUE LOCATION' for 'BETA-1 RECEPTORS'?
CARDIAC MUSCLE
75
What is the 'EFFECT' of 'BETA-2 RECEPTORS' on 'SMOOTH MUSCLES'? (*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)
INHIBITION: 1. VASODILATION 2. UTERING RELAXATION 3. INTESTINAL RELAXATION 4. BRONCHODILATION (*SIMILAR TO PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE)
76
What is 'ISOPROTERENOL'? What does it do?
SYNTHETIC 'CATECHOLAMINE' STIMULATES MAINLY 'BETA-2' RECEPTORS STRONGER THAN 'ALPHA-1' RECEPTORS. (*WORKS JUST LIKE 'EPINEPHRINE')
77
'ALL' 'ADRENERGIC' receptors act via what 'PROTEINS'?
G-PROTEINS
78
What do 'G-PROTEINS' affect?
ALL 'ADRENERGIC' RECEPTORS
79
What is the function of 'ALPHA RECEPTOR STIMULATORS'? What medicinal function are they used in?
VASOCONSTRICTION USED IN 'DECONGESTANTS'
80
What is the function of 'ALPHA RECEPTOR 'BLOCKERS'?
USED TO 'LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE'
81
What are the functions of 'BETA RECEPTOR 'STIMULATORS'? | *THERE ARE 2
1. STIMULATE THE HEART | 2. CAUSE BRONCHODILATION
82
What is the function of 'BETA BLOCKERS'?
USED TO 'SLOW' THE HEART
83
What are the 5 types of 'SENSORY RECEPTORS'?
1. MECHANORECEPTORS 2. THERMORECEPTORS 3. NOCICEPTORS 4. ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS 5. CHEMORECEPTORS
84
What is the function of 'MECHANORECEPTORS'? | What are some examples of these receptors? *THERE ARE 5
DETECT MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF RECEPTOR/CELLS ADJACENT TO RECEPTOR EXAMPLES: 1. TOUCH 2. DEEP PRESSURE 3. HEARING 4. EQUILIBRIUM 5. ARTERIAL PRESSURE
85
What is the function of 'THERMORECEPTORS'?
DETECT CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE (SOME DETECT COLD, OTHERS WARMTH) MAY BE STIMULATED BY CHANGES IN 'METABOLIC RATE'
86
Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' may be stimulated by a 'CHANGE IN METABOLIC RATE'?
THERMORECEPTORS
87
What is the function of 'NOCICEPTORS'?
'PAIN RECEPTORS' THAT DETECT DAMAGE IN TISSUES. *BOTH PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
88
What is the function of 'ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS'?
DETECT 'LIGHT' ON THE RETINA OF THE EYE
89
What are the functions of 'CHEMORECEPTORS'?
1. DETECT TASTE IN THE MOUTH (SWEET, SALT, SOUR AND BITTER) 2. DETECT SMELL IN THE NOSE 3. DETECT OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD
90
What happen to 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' after a period of time of exposure to a stimuli?
THEY ADAPT EITHER 'FULLY' OR 'PARTIALLY'
91
What are the 2 terms applied to types of 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' that react to prolonged stimuli exposure?
1. TONIC | 2. PHASIC
92
Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' do 'NOT' adapt at all or adapt 'SLOWLY'? What is an example of this?
TONIC RECEPTORS EXAMPLE = 'MUSCLE STRETCH RECEPTORS'
93
Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' adapt 'RAPIDLY' to a stimulus. In other words, they no longer respond to a maintained stimulus? What is an example of this?
PHASIC RECEPTORS EXAMPLE = (TOUCH RECEPTORS) eg., 'WATCH, RINGS, CLOTHING'
94
Which 'SENSORY RECEPTORS' is involved with a slight 'DEPOLARIZATION' when the stimulus is removed?
PHASIC RECEPTORS
95
What are 'TONIC RECEPTORS' defined as?
DO NOT ADAPT AT ALL 'OR' ADAPT SLOWLY.
96
What are 'PHASIC RECEPTORS' defined as?
ADAPT RAPIDLY DO NOT RESPOND ANY LONGER TO THE MAINTAINED 'STIMULUS'. (TOUCH RECEPTORS)
97
TRUE OR FALSE SOME PEOPLE ARE 'UNUSUALLY' SENSITIVE OR INSENSITIVE TO PAIN.
FALSE THERE 'IS' A UNIFORMITY OF PAIN THRESHOLD IN ALL PEOPLE. (*HOWEVER, SOME PEOPLE MAY REACT DIFFERENTLY TO PAIN)
98
What is 'PAIN' defined as?
PROTECTIVE MEASURE THAT BRINGS TO THE 'CONSCIOUS' AN AWARENESS THAT: - TISSUE DAMAGE 'IS' OCCURRING - TISSUE DAMAGE IS 'ABOUT' TO OCCUR
99
What are the 3 different types of 'PAIN' that are recognized?
1. CUTANEOUS 2. DEEP PAIN 3. VISCERAL PAIN
100
What is 'CUTANEOUS PAIN' defined as? | *There are 4 things
CUTANEOUS PAIN: 1. LOCALIZED ON THE BODY SURFACE 2. PRICKING, SHARP, BURNING (THIS USUALLY OCCURS FIRST AND SHORT DURATION) 3. CAN BE LOCALIZED OR DIFFUSE 4. REFERRED TO AS 'FAST PAIN' (30 m/s)
101
What 'PAIN' detection is referred to as 'FAST PAIN'?
CUTANEOUS
102
What is 'DEEP PAIN' defined as? | *3 THINGS
PAIN FROM 'MUSCLES', 'TENDONS', AND 'JOINTS'.
103
What is 'VISCERAL PAIN' defined as? What are the characteristics of this type of pain?
PAIN FROM 'VISCERAL ORGANS' 1. DEEP PAIN/VISCERAL PAIN = POORLY LOCALIZED 2. DULL, ACHING, NAUSEOUS, THROBBING (OCCUR 2nd BUT PERSIST LONGER) 3. CONDUCTED BY UNMYELINATED NEURONS (SLOW) (1-12 m/s)
104
When 'CELLS' are 'DAMAGED', they release 3 chemicals that 'STIMULATE' pain neurons. What are the 3 chemicals?
1. PROSTAGLANDINS 2. BRADYKININ 3. SUBSTANCE P 4. GLUTAMATE
105
What are 'PROSTAGLANDINS'?
'DAMAGED CELL CHEMICAL THAT STIMULATES 'PAIN NEURONS' SPECIAL GROUP OF 'FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES' CLEAVED FROM LIPID BILAYERS OF PLASMA MEMBRANES
106
What is the 'CHEMICAL' that is activated by enzymes that are released from damaged cells?
BRADYKININ
107
What is 'SUBSTANCE P'?
A 'PAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER'
108
What is 'GLUTAMATE'?
A 'PAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER'
109
The body has 'NATURALLY OCCURRING OPIATE-LIKE CHEMICALS' that is releases. What are the 2?
1. ENDORPHINS | 2. ENKEPHALINS
110
The Central Nervous System (CNS) contains a 'NEURONAL SYSTEM' that can suppress pain. In what situations would the body naturally use this system? (*2 OF THEM) What are the chemicals the body utilizes to accomplish this?
1. EXERCISE 2. STRESS CHEMICALS: 1. ENDORPHINS 2. ENKEPHALINS
111
How do 'ENDORPHINS' and 'ENKEPHALINS' function?
BLOCK THE RELEASE OF 'SUBSTANCE P' THUS BLOCKING THE TRANSMISSION OF THE PAIN SIGNAL. (*MORPHINE/HEROINE ACT THE SAME WAY)
112
There are 2 locations where 'ENDORPHINS' and 'ENKEPHALINS' can block pain. What are the 2 locations?
1. PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER (SURROUNDS THE CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT) 2. RETICULAR FORMATION
113
What is 'CHRONIC PAIN' defined as?
PAIN THAT OCCURS IN THE 'ABSENCE' OF TISSUE INJURY
114
What is the cause of 'CHRONIC PAIN'?
DAMAGE WITHIN 'PAIN PATHWAYS' IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVES OR (CNS) (*HYPERSENSITIVITY)
115
What is 'ABNORMAL CHRONIC PAIN' also referred to as?
NEUROPAHTIC PAIN
116
What drugs diminish pain by 'INHIBITING' the production and release of 'PROSTAGLANDINS'? (*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)
1. ASPIRIN 2. ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL) 3. IBUPROFEN (ADVIL)
117
Which drugs act 'DIRECTLY' on pain centers in the 'BRAIN'? | *THERE ARE 4 EXAMPLES
OPIATE DRUGS 1. CODEINE 2. MORPHINE 3. HEROINE 4. ENDORPHINS/ENKEPHALINS
118
What is 'REFERRED PAIN' defined as?
PAIN THAT DOES 'NOT' REFER TO THE ORGAN THAT IT IS COMING FROM.
119
What is a 'CHARACTERISTIC' of 'REFERRED PAIN'?
NOT ALWAYS FELT OVER THE TOP OF THE ORGAN WHERE THE PAIN IS FELT.
120
What are some of the 'REASONS/CAUSES' for 'REFERRED PAIN'?
1. EMBRYONIC ORIGIN OF THE ORGAN | 2. CROSS-OVER OF '1st ORDER NEURONS' W/ '2nd ORDER NEURONS' IN THE SPINAL CORD
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The 'MOST COMMON' reason for 'REFERRED PAIN' is felt in a different location is due to what?
DUE TO A 'CROSS OVER' OF 2nd ORDER NEURONS TO 1st ORDER NEURONS.
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What is 'EPILEPSY' defined as?
CHRONIC DISORDER FROM SUDDEN, UNCONTROLLED DISCHARGE OF ACTIVITY BY 'NEURONS' IN THE BRAIN. (AKA - SEIZURE)
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When does 'EPILEPSY' occur?
STARTS IN CHILDHOOD 'OR' ADOLESCENCE. *MANY PEOPLE OUTGROW IT AND NO LONGER NEED MEDICATION
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'EPILEPSY' can result from 8 different causes. What are they?
1. HYPERGLYCEMIA 2. FEBRILE DISORDERS 3. HEAD INJURY 4. DRUGS 5. BIRTH TRAUMA 6. STOKE 7. BRAIN TUMORS 8. METABOLIC DISORDERS
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What are the 3 drugs that are commonly used to treat 'EPILEPSY'?
1. PHENYTOIN 2. PHENOBARBITAL 3. VALPORATE
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Approximately what percentage of the population over the age of 65 if affected by 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'?
11% OF THE POPULATION
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What are the 'SYMPTOMS' of 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'? | *THERE ARE 7 OF THEM
1. TROUBLE REMEMBERING RECENT EVENTS 2. LOSS OF MEMORIES OF THE PAST 3. CONFUSION 4. FORGETFULNESS 5. HALLUCINATION 6. PARANOIA 7. VIOLENT MOOD CHANGES
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What are some of the 'NEUROLOGICAL' effects of 'ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE'? (*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)
1. GREAT LOSS OF NEURONS IN SPECIFIC REGIONS OF THE 'HIPPOCAMPUS' AND 'CEREBRAL CORTEX' 2. PLAQUES OF 'ABNORMAL PROTEINS' DEPOSITED OUTSIDE NEURONS 3. TANGLED PROTEIN FILAMENTS WITH NEURONS
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A DISEASE THAT PROGRESSIVELY DESTROYS THE MYELIN SHEATH IN THE CNS IS KNOWN AS: 1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2. TAY-SACHS DISEASE 3. CEREBRAL PALSY 4. PARAPLEGIA
1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)
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A DISEASE IN WHICH THERE IS A LACK OF DOPAMINE IS: 1. BOTULISM 2. CEREBRAL PALSY 3. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 4. PARKINSON'S DISEASE
4. PARKINSON'S DISEASE
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THE PORTION OF THE BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR APPETITE IS: 1. THE THALAMUS 2. THE HYPOTHALMUS 3. THE MEDULLA 4. THE PONS
2. THE HYPOTHALAMUS
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THE CRANIAL NERVE RESPONSIBLE FOR VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT IS: 1. V 2. III 3. IX 4. X
4. X
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ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF CSF IF KNOWN AS: 1. HYDROCEPHALUS 2. SUBARACHNOIDITIS 3. CEREBRAL PALSY 4. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
1. HYDROCEPHALUS
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THE DIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM WITH AN UNMYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON IS: 1. PARASYMPATHETIC 2. SYMPATHETIC 3. SOMATIC 4. 1 AND 2
4. 1 AND 2
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STIMULATION OF BETA-1 RECEPTORS CAUSES WHICH RESULT? 1. INCREASED HEART RATE 2. DECREASED HEART RATE 3. SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION 4. SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1. INCREASED HEART RATE
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS 'NOT' A MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANT? 1. ACETYLCHOLINE 2. METHACHOLINE 3. ATROPINE 4. BETHANECHOL
3. ATROPINE
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BRAIN WAVES THAT OCCUR BETWEEN ONE AND FIVE WAVE/SECOND ARE: 1. ALPHA 2. BETA 3. THETA 4. DELTA
4. DELTA

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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