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PD BIO 305 > Autonomic Nervous system > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous system Flashcards

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2
Q

What does the ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ do as far a ‘innervation’?

A

INNERVATES ‘ORGANS’ WHOSE FUNCTIONS ARE ‘NOT’ USUALLY UNDER:

‘VOLUNTARY CONTROL’

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3
Q

What 3 ‘EFFECTOR TYPES’ respond to ‘autonomic regulation’?

A
  1. CARDIAC MUSCLE
  2. SMOOTH MUSCLE
  3. VISCERAL ORGANS/GLANDS
    (aka - INTERNAL ORGANS/GLANDS)
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4
Q

The ‘AUTONOMIC SYSTEM’ is also sometimes called what?

A

‘VISCERAL MOTOR SYSTEM’

BECAUSE IT PROVIDES MOTOR CONTROL OF THE VISCERA

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5
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’?

A
  1. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

2. PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION

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6
Q

‘IMPULSES’ from the 2 ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ divisions do what to ‘activator organs’?

(*2 THINGS)

What is this another example of?

A
  1. ACTIVATE ‘EFFECTOR ORGANS’
  2. INHIBIT ‘EFFECTOR ORGANS’

‘HOMEOSTASIS’

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7
Q

The ‘SYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ is also known as what kind of ‘response’?

Why?

A

‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’ RESPONSE

PREPARES THE BODY FOR ‘INTENSE’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ‘EMERGENCIES’ THROUGH ‘ADRENERGIC’ EFFECTS.

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8
Q

Through what type of ‘stimulation’ does the ‘SYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ operate on?

A

‘ADRENERGIC’

‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’

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9
Q

During ‘SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE’. There are 6 main things that happen, what are they?

A
  1. HEART RATE INCREASES
  2. BLOOD GLUCOSE RISES
  3. BLOOD DIVERTED TO ‘SKELETAL MUSCLES’ (AWAY FROM VISCERAL)
  4. PUPILS DILATE
  5. BRONCHIOLES DILATE
  6. ADRENAL MEDULLA RELEASES EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE INTO BLOOD
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10
Q

The ‘ACTIVITY’ of the ‘EFFECTOR ORGANS’ is regulated by the degree of input from what?

A

BOTH THE ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ DIVISIONS:

  • SYMPATHETIC
  • PARASYMPATHETIC
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11
Q

The ‘PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ response is also known as what?

A

‘REST AND DIGEST’

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12
Q

How can an ‘EFFECTOR ORGAN’ be stimulated to do opposite responses?

A

POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF THE TWO DIVISIONS RELEASE ‘DIFFERENT’ NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

SYMPATHETIC = NOREPINEPHRINE
PARASYMPATHETIC = ACETYLCHOLINE
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13
Q

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is used for ‘SYMPATHETIC’ responses?

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

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14
Q

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is used for ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ responses?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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15
Q

In the ‘SYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ is the ‘PREGANGLIONIC FIBER’ long/short compared to the other division?

A

‘SYMPATHETIC DIVISION’

‘SHORT’ PREGANGLIONIC FIBER

‘LONG’ POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER

[*HINT = (S)YMPATHETIC = (S)HORT. (PRE) ALWAYS COMES BEFORE (POST).]

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16
Q

In the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ is the ‘PREGANGLIONIC FIBER’ long/short compared to the other division?

A

‘PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION’

‘LONG’ PREGANGLIONIC FIBER

‘SHORT’ PREGANGLIONIC FIBER

[*HINT = (PARA)SYMPATHETIC IS A (LONGER) WORD THAN THE OTHER DIVISION. (PRE) ALWAYS COMES BEFORE (POST).]

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17
Q

The ‘PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION’ relies on what type of ‘responses’?

A

CHOLINERGIC RESPONSES

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18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

IN ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ AND ‘SYMPATHETIC’ RESPONSES BOTH THE ‘PREGANGLIONIC’ AND ‘POSTGANGLIONIC’ FIBERS ARE MYELINATED.

A

FALSE

PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS = ALWAYS MYELINATED

POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS = UNMYELINATED

THIS IS FOR ‘BOTH’ ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ DIVISIONS

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19
Q

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is always used for ‘MOTOR NEURONS’ and ‘SKELETAL MUSCLES’?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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20
Q

The ‘SOMATIC SYSTEM’ is under what type of control?

A

VOLUNTARY CONTROL

*ALWAYS USES ‘ACETYLCHOLINE’ FOR ‘NEUROTRANSMITTERS

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21
Q

What type of division would be responsible for a response of ‘INCREASED HEART RATE’?

A

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (ADRENERGIC)

‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’

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22
Q

What type of division would be responsible for a response of ‘DECREASED DIGESTION’?

A

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION (ADRENERGIC)

‘FIGHT OR FLIGHT’

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23
Q

What type of division would be responsible for a response of ‘DECREASED HEART RATE’?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (CHOLINERGIC)

‘REST AND DIGEST’

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24
Q

What type of division would be responsible for a response of ‘INCREASED DIGESTION’?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION (CHOLINERGIC)

‘REST AND DIGEST’

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25
Q

What are the 3 major ‘DIFFERENCES’ between the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ and ‘SYMPATHETIC’ divisions?

A
  1. ANATOMICAL ORIGIN IS DIFFERENT
  2. ANTAGONISTIC TO EACH OTHER
  3. NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE DIFFERENT
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26
Q

The ‘THORACIC’ and ‘LUMBAR’ regions encompass what ‘autonomic nervous system’ division?

A

SYMPATHETIC

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27
Q

The ‘CRANIAL’ and ‘SACRAL’ regions encompass what ‘autonomic nervous system’ division?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

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28
Q

What ‘NERVE ORIGINS’ are involved in ‘SYMPATHETIC’ responses?

(6 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS)

A

T1 to T12 (THORACIC)

L1 to L3 (LUMBAR)

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29
Q

80% of ‘ALL’ ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ fibers (impulses) are connected to what ‘NERVE’?

A

VAGUS NERVE

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30
Q

What ‘NERVE ORIGINS’ are involved in ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ responses?

(9 NERVES IN 2 LOCATIONS)

A 
FOUR CRANIAL NERVES (3,7,9,10)
SACRAL REGION (5 NERVES TOTAL)
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31
Q

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is ‘ALWAYS’ used in ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ responses?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

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32
Q

What are the 3 ‘EXCEPTIONS’ of ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ use in ‘SYMPATHETIC’ responses where norepinephrine is ‘NOT’ used.

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is used instead?

A
  1. SWEAT GLANDS
  2. SMOOTH MUSCLES IN BLOOD VESSELS THAT ‘GO TO ‘SKELETAL MUSCLES’
  3. THE ADRENAL MEDULLA

*ACETYLCHOLINE IS USED INSTEAD

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32
Q

What are the 4 ‘SIMILARITIES’ between the 2 ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DIVISIONS’?

A
  1. PREGANGLIONIC NEURONS = MYELINATED
  2. POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS = UNMYELINATED
  3. EFFERENT OUTFLOW DIVIDED INTO PRE- POST-GANGLIONIC NEURONS
  4. PRE-GANGLIONIC NEUROTRANSMITTER = ACETYLCHOLINE
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33
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘HEART MUSCLE’?

(*2 THINGS)

What receptor is involved in this?

A
  1. INCREASED HEART RATE
  2. INCREASED FORCE

(BETA-1 RECEPTOR)

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34
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘BRONCHI-LUNG’ (Smooth Muscles)?

(*ONLY 1)

What receptor is involved in this?

A

INHIBITED - BRONCHI-DILATION

(BETA-2 RECEPTOR)

(*HINT - BETA-2 = YOU HAVE ‘2’ LUNGS)

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34
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘BLOOD VESSELS’ (MOST BODY ARTERIOLES)?

What receptor is involved in this?

A

VASOCONSTRICTION

ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR

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35
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘BLOOD VESSELS’ (SKELETAL MUSCLE ARTERIOLES)

(*2 THINGS)

What receptor is involved in this?

A
  1. VASONCONSTRICTION (ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR)

2. VASODILATION (BETA-2 RECEPTOR)

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36
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on the ‘PUPIL’ (EYE)?

What receptor is involved in this?

A

INHIBITED - PUPIL DILATION

ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR

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37
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘DIGESTIVE’ (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?

What receptor is involved in this?

A

INHIBITED

BETA-2 RECEPTOR

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38
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘DIGESTIVE’ (SECRETION)?

What receptor is involved in this?

A

INHIBITED

ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR

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39
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘DIGESTIVE’ (SPHINCTERS)?

What receptor is involved in this?

A

CONTRACTION

ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR

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40
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘SWEAT GLANDS’?

A

COPIOUS SWEATING

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41
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘PILOERECTOR MUSCLES’

What receptor is involved in this?

A

STIMULATED

ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS

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42
Q

What is the ‘SYMPATHETIC’ response on the ‘LIVER’?

A

GLYCOGENOLYSIS

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43
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘HEART MUSCLE’?

*2 THINGS

A
  1. SLOWER RATE

2. DECREASED FORCE

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44
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘BRONCHI-LUNGS’ (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?

A

STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED

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45
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘BLOOD VESSELS’ (ATERIOLES)

(BOTH SKELETAL/OTHER BODY ARTERIOLES)

A

NONE

NO EFFECT

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46
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘PUPIL’ (EYE)?

A

STIMULATED -> CONSTRICTED

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47
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘DIGESTIVE’ (SMOOTH MUSCLES)?

A

STIMULATED -> PERISTALSIS

PERISTALSIS = MOVEMENT OF FOOD DOWN ESOPHAGUS

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48
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘DIGESTIVE’ (SECRETION)?

A

STIMLUATED

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49
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘DIGESTIVE’ (SPHINCTERS)?

A

RELAXED

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50
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘SWEAT GLANDS’?

A

NONE

NO EFFECT

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51
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘PILOERECTOR MUSCLES’?

A

NONE

NO EFFECT

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52
Q

What is the ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ response on ‘LIVER’?

A

NONE

NO EFFECT

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53
Q

What are the two type of ‘CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS’?

A
  1. NICOTINIC

2. MUSCARINIC

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54
Q

What are ‘NICOTINIC RECEPTORS’ defined as?

What group of ‘RECEPTORS’ are they included in?

A

RECEPTORS LOCATED AT THE GANGLIA IN ‘BOTH’ SYMPATHETIC/PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS.

INCLUDED IN THE ‘CHOLINERGIC’ RECEPTOR GROUP.

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55
Q

What are ‘MUSCARNIC RECEPTORS’ defined as?

What group of ‘RECEPTORS’ are they included in?

What ‘AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM’ division are these receptors found in?

A

RECEPTORS LOCATED ON ‘ALL’ EFFECTOR ORGANS THAT ARE INNERVATED BY ‘POSTGANGLIONIC NEURONS’ OF THE PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION.

INCLUDED IN THE ‘CHOLINERGIC’ RECEPTOR GROUP.

*ONLY FOUND IN ‘PARASYMPATHETIC’ DIVISION

56
Q

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ do ‘CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS’ utilize?

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

57
Q

What 2 ‘AUTONOMIC NEURONS’ are ‘ALWAYS’ ‘CHOLINERGIC’?

A
  1. SYMPATHETIC ‘PREGANGLIONIC’ NEURONS

2. PARASYMPATHETIC ‘POSTGANGLIONIC’ NEURONS

58
Q

What 2 ‘NEUROTRANSMITTERS’ stimulate ‘NICOTINIC RECEPTORS’?

A
  1. NICOTINE (from tobacco plants)

2. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)

59
Q

Why are ‘NICOTINIC RECEPTORS’ not utilized for medicinal purposes often?

A

BECAUSE THEY STIMULATE ‘BOTH’ SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONS.

60
Q

What 2 ‘NEUROTRANSMITTERS’ stimulate ‘MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS’?

A
  1. MUSCARINIE (from poisonous mushrooms)

2. ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh)

61
Q

What is one of the ‘MAJOR’ drugs used as a ‘ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT’ or ‘MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST’?

A

ATROPINE

62
Q

What is ‘ATROPINE’?

A

AN ‘ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENT’

63
Q

What are ‘ANTI-MUSCARINIC AGENTS’ or ‘MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS’ used for in medicine?

(*THERE ARE 5 USES)

A
  1. TREAT ‘PARKINSON’S DISEASE’
  2. DILATE PUPILS
  3. CONTROL MOTION SICKNESS
  4. TREAT PEPTIC ULCERS
  5. DECREASE SALIVARY/BRONCHIAL SECRETIONS
64
Q

What are 4 examples of ‘MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANTS’?

In general, what do these do?

A
  1. ACETYLCHOLINE
  2. CARBACHOL
  3. METHACHOLINE
  4. BETHANECHOL

*INCREASED PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE

65
Q

What are ‘MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANTS’ used for in medicine?

(*THERE ARE 5 USES)

A
  1. STIMULATE INTESTINES
  2. STIMULATE URINARY BLADDER
  3. DILATE PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS
  4. TREAT ‘MYASTHENIA GRAVIS’
66
Q

What are the 2 types of ‘ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS’?

A
  1. ALPHA RECEPTORS

2. BETA RECEPTORS

67
Q

‘ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS’ are regulated by what 2 hormones/neurotransmitters?

A

CATACHOLAMINES (aka - EPINEPHRINE/NOREPINEPHRINE)

68
Q

In ‘ALPHA-1’ ‘ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS’, what neurotransmitters stimulates at a ‘HIGHER’ degree?

A

NOREPINEPHRINE = STRONGER

EPINEPHRINE = WEAKER

69
Q

In ‘BETA-1’ ‘ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS’, what neurotransmitters stimulates at a ‘HIGHER’ degree?

A

FUNCTION THE SAME

NOREPINEPHRINE = EPINEPHRINE

70
Q

In ‘BETA-2’ ‘ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS’, what neurotransmitters stimulates at a ‘HIGHER’ degree?

A

EPINEPHRINE = STRONGER

NOREPINEPHRINE = WEAKER

71
Q

Where is the ‘TISSUE LOCATION’ for ‘ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS’?

A

SMOOTH MUSCLES

72
Q

What is the ‘EFFECT’ of ‘ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS’ on ‘SMOOTH MUSCLES’?

(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)

A

STIMULATION

  1. VASOCONSTRICTION
  2. UTERINE CONTRACTION
  3. DILATION OF PUPIL
  4. INTESTINAL SPHINCTER CONTRACTION
  5. PILOMOTOR CONTRACTION
73
Q

What is the ‘EFFECT’ of ‘BETA-1 RECEPTORS’ on ‘CARDIAC MUSCLE’?

(*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM)

A

STIMLUATION:

  1. INCREASE HEART RATE
  2. INCREASED FORCE OF CONTRACTION
74
Q

Where is the ‘TISSUE LOCATION’ for ‘BETA-1 RECEPTORS’?

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

75
Q

What is the ‘EFFECT’ of ‘BETA-2 RECEPTORS’ on ‘SMOOTH MUSCLES’?

(*THERE ARE 4 OF THEM)

A

INHIBITION:

  1. VASODILATION
  2. UTERING RELAXATION
  3. INTESTINAL RELAXATION
  4. BRONCHODILATION

(*SIMILAR TO PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE)

76
Q

What is ‘ISOPROTERENOL’?

What does it do?

A

SYNTHETIC ‘CATECHOLAMINE’

STIMULATES MAINLY ‘BETA-2’ RECEPTORS STRONGER THAN ‘ALPHA-1’ RECEPTORS.

(*WORKS JUST LIKE ‘EPINEPHRINE’)

77
Q

‘ALL’ ‘ADRENERGIC’ receptors act via what ‘PROTEINS’?

A

G-PROTEINS

78
Q

What do ‘G-PROTEINS’ affect?

A

ALL ‘ADRENERGIC’ RECEPTORS

79
Q

What is the function of ‘ALPHA RECEPTOR STIMULATORS’?

What medicinal function are they used in?

A

VASOCONSTRICTION

USED IN ‘DECONGESTANTS’

80
Q

What is the function of ‘ALPHA RECEPTOR ‘BLOCKERS’?

A

USED TO ‘LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE’

81
Q

What are the functions of ‘BETA RECEPTOR ‘STIMULATORS’?

*THERE ARE 2

A
  1. STIMULATE THE HEART

2. CAUSE BRONCHODILATION

82
Q

What is the function of ‘BETA BLOCKERS’?

A

USED TO ‘SLOW’ THE HEART

83
Q

What are the 5 types of ‘SENSORY RECEPTORS’?

A
  1. MECHANORECEPTORS
  2. THERMORECEPTORS
  3. NOCICEPTORS
  4. ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS
  5. CHEMORECEPTORS
84
Q

What is the function of ‘MECHANORECEPTORS’?

What are some examples of these receptors?
*THERE ARE 5

A

DETECT MECHANICAL DEFORMATION OF RECEPTOR/CELLS ADJACENT TO RECEPTOR

EXAMPLES:

  1. TOUCH
  2. DEEP PRESSURE
  3. HEARING
  4. EQUILIBRIUM
  5. ARTERIAL PRESSURE
85
Q

What is the function of ‘THERMORECEPTORS’?

A

DETECT CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE
(SOME DETECT COLD, OTHERS WARMTH)

MAY BE STIMULATED BY CHANGES IN ‘METABOLIC RATE’

86
Q

Which ‘SENSORY RECEPTORS’ may be stimulated by a ‘CHANGE IN METABOLIC RATE’?

A

THERMORECEPTORS

87
Q

What is the function of ‘NOCICEPTORS’?

A

‘PAIN RECEPTORS’ THAT DETECT DAMAGE IN TISSUES.

*BOTH PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

88
Q

What is the function of ‘ELECTROMAGNETIC/PHOTORECEPTORS’?

A

DETECT ‘LIGHT’ ON THE RETINA OF THE EYE

89
Q

What are the functions of ‘CHEMORECEPTORS’?

A
  1. DETECT TASTE IN THE MOUTH (SWEET, SALT, SOUR AND BITTER)
  2. DETECT SMELL IN THE NOSE
  3. DETECT OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS IN THE BLOOD
90
Q

What happen to ‘SENSORY RECEPTORS’ after a period of time of exposure to a stimuli?

A

THEY ADAPT

EITHER ‘FULLY’ OR ‘PARTIALLY’

91
Q

What are the 2 terms applied to types of ‘SENSORY RECEPTORS’ that react to prolonged stimuli exposure?

A
  1. TONIC

2. PHASIC

92
Q

Which ‘SENSORY RECEPTORS’ do ‘NOT’ adapt at all or adapt ‘SLOWLY’?

What is an example of this?

A

TONIC RECEPTORS

EXAMPLE = ‘MUSCLE STRETCH RECEPTORS’

93
Q

Which ‘SENSORY RECEPTORS’ adapt ‘RAPIDLY’ to a stimulus. In other words, they no longer respond to a maintained stimulus?

What is an example of this?

A

PHASIC RECEPTORS

EXAMPLE = (TOUCH RECEPTORS) eg., ‘WATCH, RINGS, CLOTHING’

94
Q

Which ‘SENSORY RECEPTORS’ is involved with a slight ‘DEPOLARIZATION’ when the stimulus is removed?

A

PHASIC RECEPTORS

95
Q

What are ‘TONIC RECEPTORS’ defined as?

A

DO NOT ADAPT AT ALL ‘OR’ ADAPT SLOWLY.

96
Q

What are ‘PHASIC RECEPTORS’ defined as?

A

ADAPT RAPIDLY

DO NOT RESPOND ANY LONGER TO THE MAINTAINED ‘STIMULUS’.

(TOUCH RECEPTORS)

97
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

SOME PEOPLE ARE ‘UNUSUALLY’ SENSITIVE OR INSENSITIVE TO PAIN.

A

FALSE

THERE ‘IS’ A UNIFORMITY OF PAIN THRESHOLD IN ALL PEOPLE.

(*HOWEVER, SOME PEOPLE MAY REACT DIFFERENTLY TO PAIN)

98
Q

What is ‘PAIN’ defined as?

A

PROTECTIVE MEASURE THAT BRINGS TO THE ‘CONSCIOUS’ AN AWARENESS THAT:

  • TISSUE DAMAGE ‘IS’ OCCURRING
  • TISSUE DAMAGE IS ‘ABOUT’ TO OCCUR
99
Q

What are the 3 different types of ‘PAIN’ that are recognized?

A
  1. CUTANEOUS
  2. DEEP PAIN
  3. VISCERAL PAIN
100
Q

What is ‘CUTANEOUS PAIN’ defined as?

*There are 4 things

A

CUTANEOUS PAIN:

  1. LOCALIZED ON THE BODY SURFACE
  2. PRICKING, SHARP, BURNING (THIS USUALLY OCCURS FIRST AND SHORT DURATION)
  3. CAN BE LOCALIZED OR DIFFUSE
  4. REFERRED TO AS ‘FAST PAIN’ (30 m/s)
101
Q

What ‘PAIN’ detection is referred to as ‘FAST PAIN’?

A

CUTANEOUS

102
Q

What is ‘DEEP PAIN’ defined as?

*3 THINGS

A

PAIN FROM ‘MUSCLES’, ‘TENDONS’, AND ‘JOINTS’.

103
Q

What is ‘VISCERAL PAIN’ defined as?

What are the characteristics of this type of pain?

A

PAIN FROM ‘VISCERAL ORGANS’

  1. DEEP PAIN/VISCERAL PAIN = POORLY LOCALIZED
  2. DULL, ACHING, NAUSEOUS, THROBBING (OCCUR 2nd BUT PERSIST LONGER)
  3. CONDUCTED BY UNMYELINATED NEURONS (SLOW) (1-12 m/s)
104
Q

When ‘CELLS’ are ‘DAMAGED’, they release 3 chemicals that ‘STIMULATE’ pain neurons. What are the 3 chemicals?

A
  1. PROSTAGLANDINS
  2. BRADYKININ
  3. SUBSTANCE P
  4. GLUTAMATE
105
Q

What are ‘PROSTAGLANDINS’?

A

‘DAMAGED CELL CHEMICAL THAT STIMULATES ‘PAIN NEURONS’

SPECIAL GROUP OF ‘FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES’ CLEAVED FROM LIPID BILAYERS OF PLASMA MEMBRANES

106
Q

What is the ‘CHEMICAL’ that is activated by enzymes that are released from damaged cells?

A

BRADYKININ

107
Q

What is ‘SUBSTANCE P’?

A

A ‘PAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER’

108
Q

What is ‘GLUTAMATE’?

A

A ‘PAIN NEUROTRANSMITTER’

109
Q

The body has ‘NATURALLY OCCURRING OPIATE-LIKE CHEMICALS’ that is releases. What are the 2?

A
  1. ENDORPHINS

2. ENKEPHALINS

110
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS) contains a ‘NEURONAL SYSTEM’ that can suppress pain.

In what situations would the body naturally use this system? (*2 OF THEM)

What are the chemicals the body utilizes to accomplish this?

A
  1. EXERCISE
  2. STRESS

CHEMICALS:

  1. ENDORPHINS
  2. ENKEPHALINS
111
Q

How do ‘ENDORPHINS’ and ‘ENKEPHALINS’ function?

A

BLOCK THE RELEASE OF ‘SUBSTANCE P’ THUS BLOCKING THE TRANSMISSION OF THE PAIN SIGNAL.

(*MORPHINE/HEROINE ACT THE SAME WAY)

112
Q

There are 2 locations where ‘ENDORPHINS’ and ‘ENKEPHALINS’ can block pain. What are the 2 locations?

A
  1. PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY MATTER (SURROUNDS THE CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT)
  2. RETICULAR FORMATION
113
Q

What is ‘CHRONIC PAIN’ defined as?

A

PAIN THAT OCCURS IN THE ‘ABSENCE’ OF TISSUE INJURY

114
Q

What is the cause of ‘CHRONIC PAIN’?

A

DAMAGE WITHIN ‘PAIN PATHWAYS’ IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVES OR (CNS)

(*HYPERSENSITIVITY)

115
Q

What is ‘ABNORMAL CHRONIC PAIN’ also referred to as?

A

NEUROPAHTIC PAIN

116
Q

What drugs diminish pain by ‘INHIBITING’ the production and release of ‘PROSTAGLANDINS’?

(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)

A
  1. ASPIRIN
  2. ACETAMINOPHEN (TYLENOL)
  3. IBUPROFEN (ADVIL)
117
Q

Which drugs act ‘DIRECTLY’ on pain centers in the ‘BRAIN’?

*THERE ARE 4 EXAMPLES

A

OPIATE DRUGS

  1. CODEINE
  2. MORPHINE
  3. HEROINE
  4. ENDORPHINS/ENKEPHALINS
118
Q

What is ‘REFERRED PAIN’ defined as?

A

PAIN THAT DOES ‘NOT’ REFER TO THE ORGAN THAT IT IS COMING FROM.

119
Q

What is a ‘CHARACTERISTIC’ of ‘REFERRED PAIN’?

A

NOT ALWAYS FELT OVER THE TOP OF THE ORGAN WHERE THE PAIN IS FELT.

120
Q

What are some of the ‘REASONS/CAUSES’ for ‘REFERRED PAIN’?

A
  1. EMBRYONIC ORIGIN OF THE ORGAN

2. CROSS-OVER OF ‘1st ORDER NEURONS’ W/ ‘2nd ORDER NEURONS’ IN THE SPINAL CORD

121
Q

The ‘MOST COMMON’ reason for ‘REFERRED PAIN’ is felt in a different location is due to what?

A

DUE TO A ‘CROSS OVER’ OF 2nd ORDER NEURONS TO 1st ORDER NEURONS.

122
Q

What is ‘EPILEPSY’ defined as?

A

CHRONIC DISORDER FROM SUDDEN, UNCONTROLLED DISCHARGE OF ACTIVITY BY ‘NEURONS’ IN THE BRAIN.

(AKA - SEIZURE)

123
Q

When does ‘EPILEPSY’ occur?

A

STARTS IN CHILDHOOD ‘OR’ ADOLESCENCE.

*MANY PEOPLE OUTGROW IT AND NO LONGER NEED MEDICATION

124
Q

‘EPILEPSY’ can result from 8 different causes. What are they?

A
  1. HYPERGLYCEMIA
  2. FEBRILE DISORDERS
  3. HEAD INJURY
  4. DRUGS
  5. BIRTH TRAUMA
  6. STOKE
  7. BRAIN TUMORS
  8. METABOLIC DISORDERS
125
Q

What are the 3 drugs that are commonly used to treat ‘EPILEPSY’?

A
  1. PHENYTOIN
  2. PHENOBARBITAL
  3. VALPORATE
126
Q

Approximately what percentage of the population over the age of 65 if affected by ‘ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE’?

A

11% OF THE POPULATION

127
Q

What are the ‘SYMPTOMS’ of ‘ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE’?

*THERE ARE 7 OF THEM

A
  1. TROUBLE REMEMBERING RECENT EVENTS
  2. LOSS OF MEMORIES OF THE PAST
  3. CONFUSION
  4. FORGETFULNESS
  5. HALLUCINATION
  6. PARANOIA
  7. VIOLENT MOOD CHANGES
128
Q

What are some of the ‘NEUROLOGICAL’ effects of ‘ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE’?

(*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM)

A
  1. GREAT LOSS OF NEURONS IN SPECIFIC REGIONS OF THE ‘HIPPOCAMPUS’ AND ‘CEREBRAL CORTEX’
  2. PLAQUES OF ‘ABNORMAL PROTEINS’ DEPOSITED OUTSIDE NEURONS
  3. TANGLED PROTEIN FILAMENTS WITH NEURONS
129
Q

A DISEASE THAT PROGRESSIVELY DESTROYS THE MYELIN SHEATH IN THE CNS IS KNOWN AS:

  1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
  2. TAY-SACHS DISEASE
  3. CEREBRAL PALSY
  4. PARAPLEGIA
A
  1. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)
130
Q

A DISEASE IN WHICH THERE IS A LACK OF DOPAMINE IS:

  1. BOTULISM
  2. CEREBRAL PALSY
  3. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
  4. PARKINSON’S DISEASE
A
  1. PARKINSON’S DISEASE
131
Q

THE PORTION OF THE BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR APPETITE IS:

  1. THE THALAMUS
  2. THE HYPOTHALMUS
  3. THE MEDULLA
  4. THE PONS
A
  1. THE HYPOTHALAMUS
132
Q

THE CRANIAL NERVE RESPONSIBLE FOR VISCERAL MUSCLE MOVEMENT IS:

  1. V
  2. III
  3. IX
  4. X
A
  1. X
133
Q

ABNORMAL ACCUMULATION OF CSF IF KNOWN AS:

  1. HYDROCEPHALUS
  2. SUBARACHNOIDITIS
  3. CEREBRAL PALSY
  4. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
A
  1. HYDROCEPHALUS
134
Q

THE DIVISION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM WITH AN UNMYELINATED POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON IS:

  1. PARASYMPATHETIC
  2. SYMPATHETIC
  3. SOMATIC
  4. 1 AND 2
A
  1. 1 AND 2
135
Q

STIMULATION OF BETA-1 RECEPTORS CAUSES WHICH RESULT?

  1. INCREASED HEART RATE
  2. DECREASED HEART RATE
  3. SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION
  4. SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION
A
  1. INCREASED HEART RATE
136
Q

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS ‘NOT’ A MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR STIMULANT?

  1. ACETYLCHOLINE
  2. METHACHOLINE
  3. ATROPINE
  4. BETHANECHOL
A
  1. ATROPINE
137
Q

BRAIN WAVES THAT OCCUR BETWEEN ONE AND FIVE WAVE/SECOND ARE:

  1. ALPHA
  2. BETA
  3. THETA
  4. DELTA
A
  1. DELTA

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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