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PD BIO 305 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of ‘CONTRACTILE TISSUE’ in the body?

A
  1. SMOOTH MUSCLE
  2. CARDIAC MUSCLE
  3. SKELETAL MUSCLE
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3
Q

What are the 2 ‘RESPONSIBILITIES’ for the 3 types of contractile tissue in the body?

A
  1. MOVEMENT OF THE BODY

2. MOVEMENT OF MATERIALS IN BODY

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4
Q

What do ‘MUSCLE CELLS’ give the body in general?

*3 THINGS

A
  1. FORM STABILITY TO BODY
  2. WORK IN OPPOSITION TO GRAVITY
  3. MAINTAIN BODY POSTURE
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5
Q

What do ‘SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS’ release as an end product?

A

HEAT

*END PRODUCT OF ‘METABOLISM’

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6
Q

What muscle cells play a role in ‘TEMPERATURE REGULATION’?

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS

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7
Q

What skin cells are all 3 ‘MUSCLE CELL TYPES’ ‘DERIVED’ from and what are they ‘COMPOSED’ of?

A
  1. DERIVED = MESODERM

2. COMPOSED OF = ‘CONTRACTILE FIBERS’ (ELONGATED CELLS)

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8
Q

What is ‘MYOGENIC’ contraction defined as?

A

SPONTANEOUS CONTRACTION

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9
Q

What is ‘NEUROGENIC’ contraction defined as?

A

INNERVATION CONTRACTION

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10
Q

What are the 4 ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘SMOOTH MUSCLE’?

A
  1. ELONGATED
  2. ‘NO’ CROSS STRIATIONS
  3. INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
  4. ONLY ‘ONE’ NUCLEUS
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11
Q

What are the 4 ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘CARDIAC MUSCLE’?

A
  1. ‘YES’ CROSS STRIATIONS
  2. ONLY ‘ONE’ NUCLEUS
  3. INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
  4. INTERCALATED DISCS
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12
Q

What are the 4 ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘SKELETAL MUSCLE’?

A
  1. ELONGATED
  2. ‘MULTI’ NUCLEATED
  3. VOLUNTARY CONTROL
  4. WELL DEVELOPED ‘CROSS STRIATIONS’
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13
Q

What is the ‘PRIMARY FUNCTION’ of ‘SMOOTH MUSCLE’?

Where are they ‘PRIMARILY LOCATED’?

A
  1. CONTRACTION OF INTERNAL ORGANS

2. PRESENT IN WALLS OF MANY ORGANS

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14
Q

What is a ‘SYNCYTIUM’?

What ‘MUSCLE TISSUE’ is responsible for this?

A

WHEN ‘CARDIAC MUSCLE’ TISSUE BIFURCATES AND JOINS ADJACENT FIBERS.

CREATES ‘INTERCALATED FIBERS’

ONLY ‘CARDIAC MUSCLE’

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15
Q

What is the function of ‘SYNCYTIUM ARRANGEMENT’?

Where are these located?

A

INTEGRATED/UNIFIED CARDIAC CONTRACTION.

*LOCATED WITHIN THE WALLS OF THE HEART

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16
Q

What are the 4 ‘FUNCTIONS’ of ‘SKELETAL MUSCLES’?

A
  1. MOVEMENT OF BONES
  2. BODY POSTURE
  3. FACIAL EXPRESSION
  4. BREATHING MOVEMENTS
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17
Q

Which type of ‘MUSCLE TISSUE’ makes up most of the muscles in the body?

A

‘SKELETAL MUSCLE’

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18
Q

What is the only ‘MUSCLE TISSUE’ that is ‘MULTINUCLEATED’?

A

‘SKELETAL MUSCLE’

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19
Q

What ‘MUSCLE TISSUE’ does ‘NOT’ have ‘CROSS STRIATIONS’?

A

‘SMOOTH MUSCLE’

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20
Q

Under ‘MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY’ what is a ‘MUSCLE CELL’ called?

A

MUSCLE FIBER

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21
Q

Under ‘MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY’ what is the ‘PLASMA MEMBRANE’ called?

A

MUSCLE SARCOLEMMA

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22
Q

Under ‘MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY’ what is the ‘CYTOPLASM’ called?

A

MUSCLE SARCOPLASM

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23
Q

Under ‘MUSCLE TERMINOLOGY’ what is the ‘ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM’ called?

A

SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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24
Q

A ‘MUSCLE FIBER’ is broken down into 4 things. What is it broken down into from biggest to smallest?

A

MUSCLE FIBER -> (MYOFIB)RILS -> (MYOFIL)AMENTS -> ACTIN/MYOSIN

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25
Q

A ‘MUSCLE FIBER’ is defined as what?

A

MANY SMALL/ROUND PARALLEL BUNDLES (100s-1000s) CALLED ‘MYOFIBRILS’

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26
Q

What are ‘MYOFIBRILS’ composed of?

A

MYOFILAMANETS

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27
Q

What are ‘MYOFILAMENTS’ composed of?

A

ACTIN (THIN)

MYOSIN (THICK)

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28
Q

What parts of a ‘MUSCLE FIBER’ contain the ‘CONTRACTILE PROTEINS’?

A

MYOFILAMENTS

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29
Q

What are the ‘CONTRACTILE PROTEINS’ in ‘MUSCLE FIBERS’ called?

(*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM)

A
  1. ACTIN

2. MYOSIN

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30
Q

What are the 2 ‘PROTEINS’ that are associated with ‘ACTIN’ called?

A
  1. TROPONIN

2. TROPOMYOSIN

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31
Q

‘CONTRACTILE PROTEINS’ are arranged into ‘COMPARTMENTS’. What are these called?

A

SARCOMERES

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32
Q

A ‘SARCOMERE’ has both ‘dark’ and ‘light’ striations. What are these caused by?

A

ARRANGEMENT OF ‘ACTIN’ AND ‘MYOSIN’.

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33
Q

The ‘DARK BANDS’ in a ‘SARCOMERE’ are called what?

A

A-BANDS (ANISOTROPIC)

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34
Q

The ‘LIGHT BANDS’ in a ‘SARCOMERE’ are called what?

A

I-BANDS (ISOTROPIC)

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35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

THE ‘I-BAND’ CONTAINS ‘BOTH’ ACTIN/MYOSIN.

A

FALSE

I-BAND = ACTIN ONLY

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36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

THE ‘A-BAND’ CONTAINS ‘BOTH’ ACTIN/MYOSIN.

A

TRUE

A-BAND = ACTIN/MYOSIN

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37
Q

The ‘LIGHTER CENTRAL REGION’ of the ‘SARCOMERE’ is called what?

A

H-ZONE

38
Q

What are the 3 ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of the ‘H-ZONE’?

A
  1. LIGHTER ‘CENTRAL’ REGION THAT IS CONNECTED TO THE ‘A-BAND’
  2. CONTAINS ONLY ‘MYOSIN’
  3. ‘NO MYOSIN HEADS’
39
Q

Which ‘BANDS’ of the ‘SARCOMERE’ are ‘BISECTED’ by ‘Z-LINES’?

A

I-BANDS

40
Q

What are the 3 ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘Z-LINES’?

A
  1. AREA WHERE ‘ACTIN’ FILAMENTS OF ADJACENET SARCOMERES JOIN
  2. 2 SUCCESSIVE ‘Z-LINES’ DEFINE THE LIMITS OF ONE SARCOMERE
  3. DARK IN COLOR
41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

DURING ‘MUSCLE CONTRACTION’, ACTIN AND MYOSIN CHANGE IN LENGTH.

A

FALSE

ACTIN AND MYOSIN DO ‘NOT’ CHANGE IN LENGTH ONLY ‘SARCOMERE CHANGES IN LENGTH’.

42
Q

What happens to ‘ACTIN’ and ‘MYOSIN’ filaments during ‘MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS?

(*3 THINGS)

A
  1. ACTIN PULLED OVER MYOSIN
  2. SARCOMERE LENGTH DECREASES
  3. ACTIN/MYOSIN MAINTAIN LENGTH
43
Q

Which band/zone has the following ‘CHARACTERISTICS’:

ACTIN
MYOSIN
DARK BAND

A

A-BAND (ANISOTROPIC)

44
Q

Which ‘AREAS’ of ‘MUSCLE CELL’ line up?

A

DARK AREA & LIGHT AREA

45
Q

Which band/zone has the following ‘CHARACTERISTICS’:

MYOSIN
LIGHT BAND

A

H-ZONE

46
Q

Which band/zone has the following ‘CHARACTERISTICS’:

ACTIN
LIGHT BAND

A

I-BAND (ISOTROPIC)

47
Q

When ‘MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS’ occur what type of ‘MYOFILAMENT’ is created?

A

THIN MYOFILAMENT

48
Q

What is a ‘MOTOR UNIT’ composed of?

*2 THINGS

A
  1. SINGLE MOTOR NEURON

2. MUSCLE FIBERS IT INNERVATES

49
Q

Can the muscle fibers in a ‘MOTOR UNIT’ vary?

A

YES

50
Q

What types of muscles have very few ‘MUSCLE FIBERS PER MOTOR UNIT’?

(APPROXIMATELY HOW MANY MUSCLES FIBERS ARE THERE)

A

MUSCLES CONCERNED WITH ‘FINE’, ‘GRADED’ AND ‘PRECISE MOVEMENT’.

HANDS AND EYES = ~3-6 FIBERS/UNIT

51
Q

What types of muscles ‘many’ ‘MUSCLE FIBERS PER MOTOR UNIT’?

A

LARGE MUSCLES OF THE BACK = ~120-500 FIBERS/UNIT

52
Q

What is a ‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’?

A

AXON OF A ‘MOTOR NEURON’

53
Q

What are the ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of a ‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’?

*3 THINGS

A
  1. LOSES ‘MYELIN SHEATH FROM ‘MOTOR NEURON’
  2. TERMINAL BUTTONS/END-FEET
  3. COMPARABLE TO SYNAPTIC CLEFT
54
Q

The ‘END-FEET’ or ‘BUTTONS’ of a ‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’ contain what?

What ‘NEUROTRANSMITTER’ is released?

A

MANY SMALL, CLEAR VESICLES

NEUROTRANSMITTER = ACETYLCHOLINE

55
Q

There are 6 events at a ‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’, what are they?

*SIMILAR TO SYNAPSE

A
  1. ACTION POTENTIAL TRIGGERS ENTRY/RELEASE OF ‘CALCIUM’ INTO THE TERMINAL.
  2. ‘CALCIUM’ TRIGGERS ‘ACETYLCHOLINE’ RELEASE
  3. ‘ACETYLCHLINE’ DIFFUSES ACROSS SPACE/BINDS WITH RECEPTORS ON MUSCLE
  4. ‘SODIUM’ CHANNELS OPEN GENERATING ACTION POTENTIAL
  5. ‘IMPULSE’ FLOWS THROUGH MUSCLE CELL VIA ‘TRANVERSE (T) TUBULE SYSTEM’
  6. ‘ACETYLCHLINE’ BROKEN DOWN BY ‘ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
56
Q

What are the ‘DIFFERENCES’ between a ‘SYNAPSE’ and a ‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’?

A
  1. SYNAPSE = JUNCTION BETWEEN 2 NEURONS
  2. MYONEURAL JUNCTION = NEURON AND MUSCLE CELL
  3. 1:1 TRANSMISSION OF ‘ACTION POTENTIALS’ AT A ‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’
  4. AT SYNAPSE POSSIBLE ‘EPSP’ OR ‘IPSP’ WHICH EFFECT 2nd NEURON
  5. ‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’ IS ‘ALWAYS’ EXCITATORY
57
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A ‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’ IS ALWAYS ‘EXCITATORY’ AND NEVER ‘INHIBITORY’

A

TRUE

‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’ = ALWAYS EXCITATORY

(*THERE ARE NO EPSP/IPSP)

58
Q

In a ‘MYONEURAL JUNCTION’, what triggers the ‘exocytosis’ or ‘release’ of ‘ACETYLCHOLINE’ from the vesicles?

A

CALCIUM

59
Q

‘ACTIN FILAMENTS’ are composed of what 3 molecules?

A
  1. ACTIN
  2. TROPOMYOSIN
  3. TROPONIN
60
Q

What does ‘G-ACTIN’ stand for?

A

GLOBULAR ACTIN

61
Q

What are ‘GLOBULAR ACTIN’ (G-ACTIN) molecules arranged into?

A

FIBROUS ACTIN (F-ACTIN)

62
Q

What is ‘FIBROUS ACTIN’ (F-ACTIN)?

A

DOUBLE SPHERICAL CHAINS OF ‘G-ACTIN’

63
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘TROPOMYOSIN’?

*THERE ARE 3

A
  1. LONG, THREAD-LIKE MOLECULES
  2. LIE ALONG ‘F-ACTIN’ STRANDS
  3. PHYSICALLY COVER ACTING BINDING SITES (DURING MUSCLE RESTING STATE)
64
Q

How many ‘G-ACTIN’ subunits does one molecule of ‘TROPOMYOSIN’ cover?

A

7 ‘G-ACTIN’ (GLOBULAR ACTIN) MOLECULES

65
Q

What are the ‘CHARACTERISTICS’ of ‘TROPONIN’ molecules?

A
  1. SMALL OVAL-SHAPED MOLECULE
  2. ATTACHED TO EACH ‘TROPOMYOSIN’
  3. INVOLVED IN CALCIUM ION REGULATION
66
Q

What are the 3 subunits of ‘TROPONIN’?

A
  1. TROPONIN-I
  2. TROPONIN-T
  3. TROPONIN-C
67
Q

What is the function of the ‘TROPONIN’ subunit ‘TROPONIN-I’?

A

BINDS TO ACTIN

68
Q

What is the function of the ‘TROPONIN’ subunit ‘TROPONIN-T’?

A

BINDS TO TROPOMYOSIN

*HINT - (T) = (T)ROPOMYOSIN BINDING

69
Q

What is the function of the ‘TROPONIN’ subunit ‘TROPONIN-C’?

A

BINDS CALCIUM (INITIATES CONTRACTION)

*HINT - (C) = (C)ALCIUM BINDING

70
Q

Is ‘ACTIN’ thick or thin?

A

THIN

71
Q

Is ‘MYOSIN’ thick or thin?

A

THICK

72
Q

The ‘MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGE’ has 2 binding sites. What are they?

A
  1. ACTING BINDING SITE

2. ATPase BINDING SITE

73
Q

‘MYOSIN FILAMENTS’ (thick myofilaments) are composed of what 2 ‘COMPONENTS’?

A
  1. LIGHT ‘MEROMYOSIN’ (LMM)

2. HEAVY ‘MEROMYOSIN’ (HMM)

74
Q

What is the characteristic of ‘LIGHT MEROMYOSIN’ (LMM) filameNts?

A

MAKE UP THE ‘RODLIKE’ BACKBONE OF THE ‘MYOSIN’ FILAMENTS

75
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘HEAVY MEROMYOSIN’ (HMM) filaments?

(*THERE ARE 2)

A

FROM SHORTER GLOBULAR LATERAL ‘CROSS BRIDGES’ (HEADS)

LINK WITH BINDING SITES ON ‘ACTIN MOLECULES’ DURING CONTRACTION

76
Q

The ‘SEQUENCE OF EVENTS’ in ‘MUSCLE CONTRACTION’ can be summed up in what type of mechanism?

A

‘SLIDING-FILAMENT’ MECHANISM

77
Q

The ‘CROSS BRIDGES’ of ‘MYOSIN HEADS’ are made of what?

A

HEAVY MEROMYOSIN (HMM)

78
Q

During ‘CONTRACTION’ what is pulled over what?

A

‘ACTIN’ PULLED OVER ‘MYOSIN’

79
Q

Where are ‘CALCIUM IONS’ released during contraction of a muscle?

A

TERMINAL CISTERNAE

80
Q

What is unique about the release of ‘CALCIUM IONS’ in ‘MUSCLE CONTRACTION’?

A

AROUND 10x MORE THAN IS NEEDED TO INITIATE CONTRACTION IN MUSCLE IS RELEASED

‘CALCIUM IONS’ COMPLETELY SATURATE THE ‘SKELETAL MUSCLE’

81
Q

What molecules do ‘CALCIUM IONS’ released during ‘CONTRACTION’ bind to?

What does this cause to happen?

A

TROPONIN-C

‘CONFORMATION CHANGE’ OF ‘TROPONIN’ AND ‘TROPOMYOSIN’ MOVES TO ONE SIDE, EXPOSING ‘ACTIN’ BINDING SITES

82
Q

What do ‘MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGES’ bind to?

A

ACTIN

83
Q

When the ‘MYOSIN HEAD’ tilts due to a ‘conformational change’. What is this also called?

A

‘POWER STROKE’ DUE TO ‘SARCOMERE SHORTENING’

‘ACTIN’ FILAMENT PULLED OVER ‘MYOSIN’ FILAMENT

84
Q

What happens after the ‘POWER STROKE’ occurs?

*2 THINGS

A

‘ATP’ CAN BIND TO HMM (MYOSIN HEAD)

CROSS-BRIDGES DETACH FROM ‘ACTIN’ BINDING SITES

85
Q

What molecule causes the ‘CROSS-BRIDGES’ (MYOSIN HEADS) to detach from the ‘ACTIN’ binding site?

A

ATP

USED TO ‘RECOCK’ AND ‘ENERGIZE’ THE MYOSIN HEAD

86
Q

After a ‘POWER STROKE’ and after ‘ATP’ has detached ‘MYOSIN HEAD’ from ‘ACTIN’. If ‘CALCIUM IONS’ are present in the muscle tissue, what will happen?

A

ANOTHER ‘POWER STROKE’ WILL BE PRODUCED

87
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

During a single ‘MUSCLE CONTRACTION’, the sliding filament process occurs only once.

A

FALSE

RATCHET MECHANISM AND SLIDING FILAMENT PROCESS OCCUR ‘REPEATEDLY’ BETWEEN NUMEROUS BINDING SITES/MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGES DURING A ‘SINGLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION’

88
Q

Where is the ‘ACTIVE CALCIUM PUMP’ located?

What does it do?

A

‘SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM’

IT CONTINUALLY PUMPS ‘CALCIUM IONS’ OUT OF ‘SARCOPLASM’ BACK INTO THE ‘TERMINAL CISTERNAE’

89
Q

Without ‘CALCIUM IONS’ in the ‘SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM’, what happens?

A

NO ‘MUSCLE CONTRACTION’ CAN OCCUR

MUSCLE IS AT A ‘RELAXED STATE’

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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