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Endocrine 1 Flashcards

2
Q

The endocrine system consists of endocrine ______ that secrete _______ into the blood. They are then transported to _____ ____.

A
  1. GLANDS
  2. HORMONES
  3. TARGET CELLS
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3
Q

What changes do hormones generally have on target cells?

A

METABOLIC ACTIVITY CHANGES

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4
Q

Comparatively speaking, what are the differences between the action of HORMONES and the action of NERVE IMPULSES?

A
  1. HORMONES = SLOW W/ PROLONGED EFFECTS

2. NERVE IMPULSES = FAST W/ SHORT DURATION

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5
Q

What is endocrinology the study of?

A

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

HORMONES THE GLANDS SECRETE

EFFECTS THAT THEY HAVE ON THEIR TARGET CELLS/TARGET TISSUES

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6
Q

There are 9 different endocrine glands in the body. What are they?

(* [A/P-P], T, PT, P, AC, AM, Ov, Te)

A
  1. ANTERIOR PITUITARY
  2. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
  3. THYROID
  4. PARATHYROID
  5. PANCREAS
  6. ADRENAL CORTEX
  7. ADRENAL MEDULLA
  8. OVARIES
  9. TESTES
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7
Q

The ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ produces/secretes ‘8 hormones’. What are the hormones?

(*FLAT PEGM)

A
  1. FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
  2. LH (LUTEINIZING HORMONE)
  3. ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE)
  4. TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE)
  5. PRL (PROLACTIN or Luteotropin)
  6. *Endorphins (DON’T NEED TO KNOW FOR CLASS)
  7. GH (GROWTH HORMONE or HGH)
  8. MSH (MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE)
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8
Q

The ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ produces/secretes 8 hormones. What is the GENERAL NAME given to these 8 hormones?

A

TROPIC HORMONES

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9
Q

What are the primary effects of the hormones secreted from the ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ gland?

(*There are 2)

A
  1. STIMULATE GROWTH / DEVELOPMENT OF ‘TARGET ORGANS’.

2. STIMULATE SECRETION OF OTHER ‘HORMONES’

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10
Q

The ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ secretes ‘2 hormones’. What are the hormones?

A
  1. OXYTOCIN

2. ADH (ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE)

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11
Q

The hormones secreted from the ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ gland are:

  1. Oxytocin
  2. ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body?

A
  1. ADH = WATER RETENTION

2. OXYTOCIN = STIMULATES UTERINE CONTRACTIONS / MAMMARY SECRETION

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12
Q

The ‘THYROID’ gland produces/secretes 2 hormones. What are the hormones?

A
  1. (T4) - THYROXINE

2. CALCITONIN

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13
Q

The hormones secreted from the ‘THYROID’ gland are:

  1. T4 - Thyorxine
  2. Calcitonin

What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body?

A
  1. T4 - Thyroxine = INCREASES METABOLISM

2. CALCITONIN = LOWERS PLASMA CALCIUM

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14
Q

The ‘PARATHYROID’ gland produces/secretes 1 hormone. What is the hormone?

A
  1. PARATHYROID HORMONE
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15
Q

What is the primary effect of the hormone secreted from the ‘PARATHYROID’ gland?

(*There is only 1)

A
  1. INCREASES PLASMA CALCIUM
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16
Q

The ‘PANCREAS’ gland produces/secretes 2 hormones. What are the hormones?

A
  1. INSULIN

2. GLUCAGON

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17
Q

he hormones secreted from the ‘PANCREAS’ gland are:

  1. INSULIN
  2. GLUCAGON

What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body? (*2 of them)

A
  1. INSULIN = LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE

2. GLUCAGON = RASIES BLOOD GLUCOSE

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18
Q

The ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’ secretes ‘2 hormones’. What are the hormones?

A
  1. GLUCOCORTICOIDS

2. MINDERALCORTICOIDS

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19
Q

The hormones secreted from the ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’ gland are:

  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineralcorticoids

What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body? (*2 of them)

A
  1. GLUCOCORTICOIDS = METABOLISM REGULATION

2. MINERALCORTICOIDS = PROMOTE SODIUM RETENTION

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20
Q

The ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ secretes ‘1 hormone’. What is the hormone?

A
  1. EPINEPHRINE
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21
Q

The hormone secreted from the ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ gland is:

  1. Epinephrine

What is the primary effect of this hormone on the body? (*Only 1)

A
  1. ADRENERGIC STIMLUATION
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22
Q

The ‘OVARIES’ secrete ‘2 hormones’. What are the hormones?

A
  1. ESTROGENS

2. PROGESTERONE

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23
Q

The hormones secreted from the ‘OVARIES’ gland are:

  1. Estrogens
  2. Progesterone

What are the primary effects of these hormone on the body? (*2 of them)

A
  1. ESTROGEN = MAINTAIN FEMALE GENITAL TRACT AND PROMOTE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
  2. PROGESTERONE = PREPARE ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION
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24
Q

The ‘TESTES’ secrete ‘1 hormone’. What is the hormone?

A
  1. TESTOSTERONE
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25
Q

The hormone secreted from the ‘TESTES’ gland is:

  1. Testosterone

What are the primary effects of this hormone on the body? (*2 of them)

A
  1. PROMOTE MALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS

2. PRODUCTION OF SPERMATOZOA

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26
Q

The transport of hormones (most steroids) in blood are carried by WHAT?

A

CARRIER PROTEINS

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27
Q

Why are hormones (most steroids) that are carried through the blood UNABLE to pass through capillary walls?

A

THEY ARE ATTACHED TO CARRIER PROTEINS

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28
Q

True or False:

Hormones are usually present in very HIGH concentrations?

A

FALSE:

HORMONES ARE PRESENT IN ‘LOW’ CONCENTRATIONS.

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29
Q

How do HORMONES influence their target cells?

A

CHEMICALLY BINDING TO:

1) INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
2) GLYCOPROTEIN MOLECULES (RECEPTORS)

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30
Q

Hormones can only bind to specific cells. Why?

A

ONLY TARGET CELLS FOR A CERTAIN HORMONE HAVE ‘RECEPTORS’ THAT BIND AND RECOGNIZE THAT HORMONE.

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31
Q

On average, how many RECEPTORS for a certain hormone does a TARGET CELL have?

A

2,000 - 10,000 RECEPTORS

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32
Q

What happens when a HORMONE is present in excess?

A

NUMBER OF ‘TARGET CELL’ RECEPTORS MAY DECREASE

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33
Q

What is ‘DOWN-REGULATION’?

A

HORMONE IN EXCESS = TARGET CELL ‘RECEPTOR’ DECREASE

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34
Q

What is ‘UP-REGULATION’?

A

HORMONE IN DEFICIT = TARGET CELL ‘RECEPTOR’ INCREASE

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35
Q

What happens when a HORMONE is deficient?

A

NUMBER OF ‘TARGET CELLS’ RECEPTORS MAY INCREASE

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36
Q

What are the effects of ‘UP-REGULATION’?

A

TARGET TISSUE = ‘MORE’ SENSITIVE TO A HORMONE

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37
Q

All ‘STEROID HORMONES’ are also what type of molecule?

A

LIPIDS

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38
Q

What are all ‘STEROID HORMONES’ are derived from?

A

CHOLESTEROL

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39
Q

What are the benefits/reasons for why ‘STEROID HORMONES’ are also LIPIDS?

A

LIPID SOLUBLE CAN CROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE QUICKLY.

ALLOW RAPID ENTRANCE TO CELLS

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40
Q

What are some examples of ‘STEROID HORMONES’? (*There are 5 of them)

A
  1. ESTROGENS
  2. PROGESTERONE
  3. TESTOSTERONE
  4. ALDOSTERONE
  5. CORTISOL
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41
Q

What are ‘BIOGENIC AMINES’?

A

A FORM OF ‘STEROIDS’

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42
Q

How are ‘BIOGENIC AMINES’ made?

A

SYNTHESIZING AMINO ACIDS

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43
Q

What are some examples of ‘BIOGENIC AMINE’ hormones? (*There are 4 of them)

A
  1. T3/T4
  2. EPINEPHRINE
  3. HISTAMINE
  4. SEROTONIN
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44
Q

How many ‘iodines’ are there in T4? T3?

A
  1. T4 = 4 Iodines

2. T3 = 3 Iodines

45
Q

Where are ‘PEPTIDE/PROTEIN’ hormones synthesized?

A

ROUGH E.R.

46
Q

‘PEPTIDE/PROTEIN’ hormones consist of approximately how many chains of ‘AMINO ACIDS’?

A

3-200 AMINO ACIDS

47
Q

What are some examples of ‘PEPTIDE/PROTEIN’ hormones? (*There are 6 of them)

A
  1. OXYTOCIN
  2. ADH
  3. PARATHYROID HORMONE
  4. CALCITONIN
  5. CCK
  6. GASTRIN
48
Q

What are the three sub-units of G-proteins?

A
  1. Alpha
  2. Beta
  3. Gamma
49
Q

What are the functions of G-proteins? (*There are 3 of them)

A
  1. MOLECULAR ‘SWITCHES’ between Inactive GDP/Active GTP
  2. STIMULATE cAMP
  3. SHUTTLE BETWEEN RECEPTORS/DIFFICULT MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
50
Q

In ‘NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY’ the brain sends out commands in two different ways. What are the 2 ways?

A
  1. ELECTRICAL - Nervous System

2. CHEMICAL - Endocrine System

51
Q

There are 5 general characteristics of ‘HORMONES’. What are they?

A
  1. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATORS
  2. EFFECTIVE IN SMALL QTY.
  3. SYNTHESIZED BY LIVING CELLS
  4. *SECRETED/CARRIED BY BLOOD
  5. INITIATE SPECIFIC ACTIONS

*Some exceptions to this (i.e., NOREPHINEPHRINE)

52
Q

True or False:

‘HORMONES’ secreted/carried by blood CAN affect target organs that are distant from site of synthesis.

A

TRUE

THEY ‘CAN’ AFFECT DISTANT TARGET ORGANS FROM SITE OF SYNTHESIS.

53
Q

One of the general characteristics of ‘HORMONES’ is ‘INITIATE SPECIFIC ACTIONS’. There are 4 ways it can do this. What are they?

A
  1. AFFECT MEMBRANE TRANSPORT (i.e., INSULIN)
  2. AFFECT RNA SYNTHESIS
  3. AFFECT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
  4. ACT AS COENZYMES
54
Q

What is an example of an ‘EXCEPTION’ of a hormone that is NOT secreted/carried by blood?

A

NOREPINEPHRINE

Both Hormone/Neuro-transmitter

55
Q

What regulates the secretion of endocrine glands?

56
Q

What regulates the CNS to modify brain functions with regards to ‘ENDOCRINE’ functions?

57
Q

What is ‘NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY’ defined as?

A

STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM/ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

58
Q

What is considered to be the ‘MASTER GLAND’ of the body?

A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

59
Q

The ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ has the microscopic structure of what?

A

ENDOCRINE GLAND

ANT - END

60
Q

The ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ has the structure of what?

A

NERVE TISSUE

POST - NERVE

61
Q

Where are the 2 hormones that are released from the ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ made?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

62
Q

The 2 hormones released from the ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ are made from what ‘cells’?

A

NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN HYPOTHALAMUS

63
Q

How are the 2 hormones made in the ‘HYPOTHALAMUS’ transported to the ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’?

A

AXONS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS

64
Q

The ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ is regulated by substances that are made by what part of the brain?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

65
Q

The ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ is regulated by the releasing of 2 types of hormones from the ‘HYPOTHALAMUS’ that affect the release of other ANTERIOR PITUITARY hormones. What are the 2 TYPES of hormones and what do they do?

A
  1. RELEASING HORMONES (STIMULATE)

2. INHIBITORY HORMONES (INHIBIT)

66
Q

There are 3 hormones that are made in the ‘HYPOTHALAMUS’ to regulate the ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ by STIMULATING it. What are the 3 hormones?

A
  1. CRH
  2. TRH
  3. GnRH or LHRH
67
Q

There is 1 hormone that is made in the ‘HYPOTHALAMUS’ to regulate the ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ by INHIBITING it. What is the hormone?

A
  1. GIH or Somatostatin
68
Q

What does CRH do?

A

STIMULATE ‘ACTH’ SECRETION

69
Q

What does TRH do?

A

STIMULATE ‘TSH’ SECRETION AND some ‘PROLACTIN’

‘Thyrotropin’

70
Q

What does GnRH or (LHRH) do?

A

STIMULATES ‘FSH’/’LH’ SECRETION.

‘Gonads’

71
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

It is possible to separate LH/FSH releasing activities?

A

FALSE:

LH/FSH releasing activities are not possible to separate YET.

72
Q

What does GIH or (Somatostatin) do?

A

INHIBIT ‘GROWTH HORMONE (HGH)’ SECRETION

73
Q

Cortisol (released from adrenal cortex) may inhibit the release of ____ in the higher brain centers?

74
Q

GROWTH HORMONE is also known as what?

A

SOMATOTROPIN

75
Q

How does ‘GROWTH HORMONE’ work? (*There are 2 reasons)

A
  1. STIMULATES UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS INTO CELLS

2. STIMULATES GROWTH OF LONG BONES AND SOFT TISSUES

76
Q

What causes long bones to stop growing?

A

EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE VIA PUBERTY (SEX HORMONE PRESENCE)

77
Q

True or False:

Growth Hormone is synthesized from a LARGER precursor peptide.

A

TRUE

Synthesized from a LARGER precursor peptide

78
Q

There are 2 disorders that can occur when excess HGH is present. What are the 2 disorders and what defines them?

A
  1. GIGANTISM - Excess HGH before puberty

2. ACROMEGALY - Excess HGH post-puberty in adults.

79
Q

Acromegaly/Gigantism are almost always due to what two factors?

A

PITUITARY ADENOMA (Main)

ECTOPIC GRH SECRETION

80
Q

What are the symptoms of ACROMEGALY? (*There are 8 of them)

A
  1. OVERGROWTH OF BONE (SKULL/MANDIBLE)
  2. THICK/PUFFY NOSE
  3. LARGE EARS
  4. LARGE TONGUE
  5. LARGE HANDS
  6. INCREASED SWEATING
  7. FATIGUE
  8. WEIGHT GAIN
81
Q

What are the possible treatments of ‘ACROMEGALY’? (*There are 3 of them)

A
  1. Transsphenoidal microsurgery
  2. Radiotherapy
  3. Medicinal Management
82
Q

What is ‘PITUITARY DWARFISM’?

A

LACK OF GH or GRH before puberty.

May be caused by a ‘HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY TUMOR’

83
Q

What are the symptoms of ‘PITUITARY DWARFISM’? (*There are 2 of them)

A
  1. SMALL BODY W/ NORMAL PROPORTIONS

2. MILD OBESITY W/ LACK OF APPETITE

84
Q

How is ‘PITUITARY DWARFISM’ diagnosed?

A
  1. LOW RISE IN GH POST-STIMULUS.
    - ARGININE
    - ORAL LEVODOPA
    - CLONIDINE
85
Q

What is the treatment of ‘PITUITARY DWARFISM’?

A

hGH INJECTIONS

Children over 10 may need larger doses

86
Q

What are the effects of ‘PROLACTIN’? (*There are 2)

A
  1. STIMULATE PRODUCTION OF MILK

2. PROMOTE BREAST DEVELOPMENT IN PREGNANCY

87
Q

What are the effects of ‘TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE)’? (*There are 2)

A
  1. STIMULATE T4/T3 SECRETION FROM THYROID

2. PROMOTE/MAINTAIN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THYROID GLAND

88
Q

What are the effects of ‘FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)’? (*There are 4)

A
  1. STIMULATE GROWTH/DEVELPOMENT OF FOLLICLE (EGG) TO MATURITY
  2. STIMULATE FOLLICLE TO SECRETE ‘ESTROGENS’
  3. STIMULATE TESTICULAR GROWTH
  4. ENHANCES CONCENTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE NEAR SPERM WHICH = INCREASED SPERMATOGENSIS
89
Q

FSH enhances the production of androgen-binding protein in the ‘SERTOLI CELLS’. This causes what to occur (in males)?

A

INCREASED CONCENTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE NEAR SPERM

INCREASED SPERMATOGENSIS

90
Q

The secretion of ‘FSH’ is regulated by what?

A

GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)

91
Q

The secretion of ‘FSH’ is referred to as being ________, which is the case with many other hormones as well.

92
Q

Without this hormone, a follicle will NOT reach maturation.

A

FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)

93
Q

This hormone acts with ‘FSH’ in the development of the follicle (egg).

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

94
Q

This hormone promotes ovulation. (Known as the “SURGE”)

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

95
Q

This hormone is responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum.

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

96
Q

In ‘males’ this hormone STIMULATES production of TESTOSTERONE by the INTERSTITIAL CELLS.

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

97
Q

Cortisol is also known as what?

A

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

*Synthetic Hydrocortisone

98
Q

What are the effects of ‘ACTH’ (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN)? (*There are two of them)

A
  1. MAINTAIN NORMAL GROWTH/DEVELPOMENT OF ADRENAL CORTEX

2. STIMULATE GLUCOCORTICOID SECRETION (CORTISOL)

99
Q

The first ‘1-13’ amino acids of ACTH are IDENTICAL to what other hormone?

A

(MSH) MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE

100
Q

‘GH’ promotes growth of bone in two ways. What are the two ways?

A
  1. BONE THICKNESS

2. BONE LENGTH

101
Q

‘GH’ promotes growth of bone by stimulating the activity of these cells.

A

OSTEOBLASTS

BUILD

102
Q

‘GH’ stimulates the proliferation of this type of cartilage. What does this do for the bones?

A
  1. EPIPHYSEAL CARTILAGE

2. MAKES SPACE FOR BONE FORMATION

103
Q

Long bones will continue to grow as long as this happens.

A

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE remains cartilaginous or ‘open’.

104
Q

‘GH’ causes growth-promoting effect INDIRECTLY by stimulating what?

A

SOMATOMEDINS

105
Q

There are 3 things that ‘GH’ does NOT act directly on target cells to have occur. What are the 3 things?

A
  1. CELL DIVISION
  2. ENHANCED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
  3. BONE GROWTH
106
Q

What is ‘Somatomedin IGF’ and what causes the release of it?

A
  1. IGF = INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR

2. STIMULATED BY ‘GH’

107
Q

This hormone is stimulated by ‘GH’ and mediates MOST of ‘GH’ growth-promoting activity.

A

IGF-I = INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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