Endocrine 1 Flashcards
The endocrine system consists of endocrine ______ that secrete _______ into the blood. They are then transported to _____ ____.
- GLANDS
- HORMONES
- TARGET CELLS
What changes do hormones generally have on target cells?
METABOLIC ACTIVITY CHANGES
Comparatively speaking, what are the differences between the action of HORMONES and the action of NERVE IMPULSES?
- HORMONES = SLOW W/ PROLONGED EFFECTS
2. NERVE IMPULSES = FAST W/ SHORT DURATION
What is endocrinology the study of?
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
HORMONES THE GLANDS SECRETE
EFFECTS THAT THEY HAVE ON THEIR TARGET CELLS/TARGET TISSUES
There are 9 different endocrine glands in the body. What are they?
(* [A/P-P], T, PT, P, AC, AM, Ov, Te)
- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
- POSTERIOR PITUITARY
- THYROID
- PARATHYROID
- PANCREAS
- ADRENAL CORTEX
- ADRENAL MEDULLA
- OVARIES
- TESTES
The ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ produces/secretes ‘8 hormones’. What are the hormones?
(*FLAT PEGM)
- FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)
- LH (LUTEINIZING HORMONE)
- ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE)
- TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE)
- PRL (PROLACTIN or Luteotropin)
- *Endorphins (DON’T NEED TO KNOW FOR CLASS)
- GH (GROWTH HORMONE or HGH)
- MSH (MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE)
The ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ produces/secretes 8 hormones. What is the GENERAL NAME given to these 8 hormones?
TROPIC HORMONES
What are the primary effects of the hormones secreted from the ‘ANTERIOR PITUITARY’ gland?
(*There are 2)
- STIMULATE GROWTH / DEVELOPMENT OF ‘TARGET ORGANS’.
2. STIMULATE SECRETION OF OTHER ‘HORMONES’
The ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ secretes ‘2 hormones’. What are the hormones?
- OXYTOCIN
2. ADH (ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE)
The hormones secreted from the ‘POSTERIOR PITUITARY’ gland are:
- Oxytocin
- ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body?
- ADH = WATER RETENTION
2. OXYTOCIN = STIMULATES UTERINE CONTRACTIONS / MAMMARY SECRETION
The ‘THYROID’ gland produces/secretes 2 hormones. What are the hormones?
- (T4) - THYROXINE
2. CALCITONIN
The hormones secreted from the ‘THYROID’ gland are:
- T4 - Thyorxine
- Calcitonin
What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body?
- T4 - Thyroxine = INCREASES METABOLISM
2. CALCITONIN = LOWERS PLASMA CALCIUM
The ‘PARATHYROID’ gland produces/secretes 1 hormone. What is the hormone?
- PARATHYROID HORMONE
What is the primary effect of the hormone secreted from the ‘PARATHYROID’ gland?
(*There is only 1)
- INCREASES PLASMA CALCIUM
The ‘PANCREAS’ gland produces/secretes 2 hormones. What are the hormones?
- INSULIN
2. GLUCAGON
he hormones secreted from the ‘PANCREAS’ gland are:
- INSULIN
- GLUCAGON
What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body? (*2 of them)
- INSULIN = LOWERS BLOOD GLUCOSE
2. GLUCAGON = RASIES BLOOD GLUCOSE
The ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’ secretes ‘2 hormones’. What are the hormones?
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS
2. MINDERALCORTICOIDS
The hormones secreted from the ‘ADRENAL CORTEX’ gland are:
- Glucocorticoids
- Mineralcorticoids
What are the primary effects of each of these hormones on the body? (*2 of them)
- GLUCOCORTICOIDS = METABOLISM REGULATION
2. MINERALCORTICOIDS = PROMOTE SODIUM RETENTION
The ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ secretes ‘1 hormone’. What is the hormone?
- EPINEPHRINE
The hormone secreted from the ‘ADRENAL MEDULLA’ gland is:
- Epinephrine
What is the primary effect of this hormone on the body? (*Only 1)
- ADRENERGIC STIMLUATION
The ‘OVARIES’ secrete ‘2 hormones’. What are the hormones?
- ESTROGENS
2. PROGESTERONE
The hormones secreted from the ‘OVARIES’ gland are:
- Estrogens
- Progesterone
What are the primary effects of these hormone on the body? (*2 of them)
- ESTROGEN = MAINTAIN FEMALE GENITAL TRACT AND PROMOTE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
- PROGESTERONE = PREPARE ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION
The ‘TESTES’ secrete ‘1 hormone’. What is the hormone?
- TESTOSTERONE
The hormone secreted from the ‘TESTES’ gland is:
- Testosterone
What are the primary effects of this hormone on the body? (*2 of them)
- PROMOTE MALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS
2. PRODUCTION OF SPERMATOZOA
The transport of hormones (most steroids) in blood are carried by WHAT?
CARRIER PROTEINS
Why are hormones (most steroids) that are carried through the blood UNABLE to pass through capillary walls?
THEY ARE ATTACHED TO CARRIER PROTEINS
True or False:
Hormones are usually present in very HIGH concentrations?
FALSE:
HORMONES ARE PRESENT IN ‘LOW’ CONCENTRATIONS.
How do HORMONES influence their target cells?
CHEMICALLY BINDING TO:
1) INTEGRAL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
2) GLYCOPROTEIN MOLECULES (RECEPTORS)
Hormones can only bind to specific cells. Why?
ONLY TARGET CELLS FOR A CERTAIN HORMONE HAVE ‘RECEPTORS’ THAT BIND AND RECOGNIZE THAT HORMONE.
On average, how many RECEPTORS for a certain hormone does a TARGET CELL have?
2,000 - 10,000 RECEPTORS
What happens when a HORMONE is present in excess?
NUMBER OF ‘TARGET CELL’ RECEPTORS MAY DECREASE
What is ‘DOWN-REGULATION’?
HORMONE IN EXCESS = TARGET CELL ‘RECEPTOR’ DECREASE
What is ‘UP-REGULATION’?
HORMONE IN DEFICIT = TARGET CELL ‘RECEPTOR’ INCREASE
What happens when a HORMONE is deficient?
NUMBER OF ‘TARGET CELLS’ RECEPTORS MAY INCREASE
What are the effects of ‘UP-REGULATION’?
TARGET TISSUE = ‘MORE’ SENSITIVE TO A HORMONE
All ‘STEROID HORMONES’ are also what type of molecule?
LIPIDS
What are all ‘STEROID HORMONES’ are derived from?
CHOLESTEROL
What are the benefits/reasons for why ‘STEROID HORMONES’ are also LIPIDS?
LIPID SOLUBLE CAN CROSS PLASMA MEMBRANE QUICKLY.
ALLOW RAPID ENTRANCE TO CELLS
What are some examples of ‘STEROID HORMONES’? (*There are 5 of them)
- ESTROGENS
- PROGESTERONE
- TESTOSTERONE
- ALDOSTERONE
- CORTISOL
What are ‘BIOGENIC AMINES’?
A FORM OF ‘STEROIDS’
How are ‘BIOGENIC AMINES’ made?
SYNTHESIZING AMINO ACIDS
What are some examples of ‘BIOGENIC AMINE’ hormones? (*There are 4 of them)
- T3/T4
- EPINEPHRINE
- HISTAMINE
- SEROTONIN