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PD BIO 305 > Digestion 1 > Flashcards

Digestion 1 Flashcards

2
Q

What is the sole purpose of the digestive system?

A

Extract useful nutrients from ingested food and fluids

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3
Q

The digestive system is simply a “long tube” going through the body. What is the name given to this “tube”?

A

Alimentary canal

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4
Q

The ‘alimentary canal’ consists of 6 parts. What are they?

A
  1. Oral cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
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5
Q

The digestive system has organs which are not part of the alimentary canal, but aid in digestion. What is the general name of all of these organs?

A

Accessory organs

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6
Q

There are 6 accessory organs that aid in digestion. What are they?

A
  1. Pancreas
  2. Gallbladder
  3. Liver
  4. Salivary glands
  5. Teeth
  6. Tongue
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7
Q

What is ‘enteritis’, and what is it commonly called and caused by?

A

Inflammation of the intestinal mucosal lining.

Commonly called intestinal flu.

Caused by viruses, bacteria, or certain foods.

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8
Q

What is the common meaning for ‘deglutition’?

A

Swallowing

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9
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the ‘oral cavity’? (There are 6 of them)

A
  1. Ingest food
  2. Receive saliva
  3. Mastication
  4. Digestion of carbohydrates
  5. Formation of ‘bolus’ (food mass)
  6. Deglutition (swallowing)
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10
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the ‘pharynx’? (There are 3 of them)

A
  1. Receive bolus from oral cavity
  2. Autonomically continues deglutition of bolus
  3. Passes to ‘esophagus’
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11
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the ‘esophagus’? (There are 2 of them)

A
  1. Moves bolus to stomach via peristalsis (muscle moving waves)
  2. Esophageal sphincter restricts back-flow of food
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12
Q

Which sphincter restricts the back-flow of food from the esophagus to the pharynx?

A

Esophageal sphincter

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13
Q

What is ‘peristalsis’?

A

The movement of a bolus via the muscles in the esophagus/intestines.

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14
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the ‘stomach’? (There are 7 of them)

A
  1. Receives bolus from esophagus
  2. Churns bolus w/ gastric juice and forms chyme
  3. Digestion of proteins
  4. Limited absorption
  5. Chyme moves to duodenum
  6. Back-flow of chyme prohibited
  7. Can vomit
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15
Q

What is ‘chyme’?

A

Chemical breakdown of a bolus when mixed with gastric juices

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16
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the ‘small intestine’? (There are 5 of them)

A
  1. Receives chyme from stomach
  2. Chemically/Mechanically breaks down chyme
  3. Absorbs nutrients
  4. Transports wastes via peristalsis to large intestine
  5. Prohibits back-flow of intestinal wastes from large intestine
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17
Q

What are some of the characteristics of the ‘large intestine’? (There are 4 of them)

A
  1. Receives undigested waste from small intestine
  2. Absorbs water and electrolytes
  3. Forms and stores feces
  4. Expels waste via defecation reflex
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18
Q

Where does digestion start and how?

A

Starts in the mouth with saliva and is broken down into smaller particles

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19
Q

Mastication (chewing) is important because it does what to the food? Why is this important?

A

Increases the surface area of the food

Rate of digestion depends on the total surface area exposed

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20
Q

There are 3 processed involved with digestion that start in the mouth. What are they?

A
  1. Mastication (chewing)
  2. Food is lubricated w/saliva
  3. Digestion starts w/amylase
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21
Q

What does ‘amylase’ do?

A

ONLY breaks down starch/carbohydrates

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22
Q

What do the salivary glands secrete, and where do they secrete?

A
  1. Saliva

2. Buccal cavity

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23
Q

Saliva contains a substance that acts as an antibiotic. What is it?

A

Lysozyme

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24
Q

Saliva secretion is stimulated by 3 things. What are they?

A
  1. Taste
  2. Smell
  3. Tactile stimuli w/tongue
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25
Q

What is the daily amount of saliva secretion?

A

800-1500 ml

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26
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

7-Jun

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27
Q

What is the percentage of H2O and solutes in saliva?

A 
H2O = 99.5%
Solutes = 0.5%
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28
Q

True of False:

The salivary glands are under sympathetic control.

A

FALSE

Salivary glands are under PARASYMPATHETIC control

(Rest/Digest)

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29
Q

There are 3 paired glands involved in saliva secretion. What are the 3 paired glands?

A
  1. Large parotid
  2. Submandibular gland
  3. Sublingual gland
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30
Q

Which two salivary glands secrete both serous and mucous enzymes?

A
  1. Submandibular gland

2. Sublingual gland

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31
Q

What salivary gland secretes only serous fluid-enzymes?

A

Large Parotid

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘mumps’?

A

Viral disease of the parotid salivary gland

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘parotitis’ disease?

A

Inflammation of parotid gland

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34
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘ptyalocele’ disease?

A

Cystic tumor of a salivary gland

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35
Q

How many taste buds do humans have? How many taste cells are there per bud?

A

4000 Taste buds

30-100 Taste cells/bud

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36
Q

What type of receptors are involved in taste?

A

Chemoreceptors

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37
Q

The esophagus is a ‘thin’ muscular tube that moves food from the ________ to the _______.

A

Pharynx to the Stomach

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38
Q

How long is the ‘esophagus’?

A

10-12 inches long

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39
Q

Where is the ‘esophagus’ located behind?

A

the trachea

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40
Q

The lower end of the esophagus has a sphincter that is called by two names. What are they?

A
  1. Cardiac sphincter

2. Gastroesophageal sphincter

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41
Q

The esophageal sphincters prevent what from entering into the esophagus?

A

Stomach acid

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42
Q

What are some of the characteristics of ‘heartburn’?

A

Regurgitation of gastric contents into esophagus

Epithelial layer is ‘burned’ away

(G.E.R.D) - Gastro Esophagial Reflux Disorder

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43
Q

What is the definition of ‘achalasia’?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) fails to relax.

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44
Q

Someone with ‘achalasia’ will have which of the following symptoms? (There are 4 of them)

A
  1. Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
  2. Substernal pain (mimics angina)
  3. Food may remain in esophagus for hours
  4. Possible regurgitation into pharynx
45
Q

What are the characteristics of ‘angina’?

A

Painful constriction or tightness somewhere in the body

46
Q

What are some of the causes of ‘achalasia’? (There are 3 of them)

A
  1. Abnormal parasympathetic stimulation
  2. Drinking cold liquids
  3. Excess gastrin secretion
47
Q

What are some of the management solutions for possible ‘achalasia’?

A

Ruling out possible heart problems

Surgery or use of special dilating balloon to expand esophagus

48
Q

What is the scientific name for an esophageal tumor and what are the characteristics of them?

A

Carcinoma

Obstruction of the esophagus

Accounts for about 2% of all cancer deaths in the U.S.

49
Q

What does ‘nitroglycerin’ do?

A

Causes smooth muscle to relax

50
Q

‘Nitroglycerin’ can help two specific disorders. What conditions are they?

A
  1. Angina (Problem w/heart)

2. Achalasia (Failure for muscle to relax)

51
Q

Having a Hiatal Hernia has four common characteristics. What are they?

A
  1. Dysphagia (difficult swallowing)
  2. Heartburn
  3. Epigastic pain
  4. Gastroesophageal reflux
52
Q

How long does it take the stomach to empty into the small intestines after eating a meal?

53
Q

Why does very little absorption take places in the stomach?

A

Because tight junctions between epithelial cells line the stomach.

54
Q

Which 3 substances are very common in the absorption in the stomach?

A
  1. Aspirin
  2. Alcohol
  3. Water
55
Q

What functions do the ‘parietal cells’ in the stomach have?

A
  1. Secrete HCl

2. Secrete intrinsic factor

56
Q

HCl that is secreted from parietal cells have what function in the stomach?

A

Kills bacteria in food

Converts pepsinogen to pepsin

57
Q

‘Intrinsic factor’ that is secreted from parietal cells in the stomach have what function?

A

Allows ileum of small intestine to absorb ‘VITAMIN B12’.

‘VITAMIN B12’ is required for ‘erythropoiesis’

58
Q

What functions do the ‘mucus cells’ in the stomach have?

A

Secrete mucus

Protects the stomach lining

59
Q

What functions do the ‘zymogenic cells’ (chief cells) in the stomach have?

A

Secrete pepsinogen

In acidic conditions. Pepsinogen becomes pepsin.

60
Q

What does the ‘pepsin’ enzyme do?

A

Digests proteins

61
Q

Zymogenic cells are also called what kind of cells?

A

Chief cells

62
Q

What are some of the characteristics of ‘pyloric stenosis’?

A

Narrowing of pyloric sphincter
Projectile vomiting = 3-4 feet
Males = 5/1000
Females = 1/1000

Caused by enlargement of circular muscle fibers

63
Q

What is the main treatment for ‘pyloric stenosis’?

A

A ‘pyloromyotomy’.

Muscle cells are split and separated.

64
Q

What are all ulcers usually generally called?

A

Peptic ulcers

65
Q

Peptic ulcers are usually caused when the stomach, esophagus or duodenum is attacked and digested by what TWO enzymes?

A
  1. HCl

2. Pepsin

66
Q

Where does a gastric ulcer occur?

67
Q

Where does a duodenal ulcer occur?

A

First part of the small intestine (Duodenum)

68
Q

Where does a esophageal ulcer?

A

Lower part of the esophagus

69
Q

There are 7 causes for peptic ulcers. What are some of them?

A
  1. Stress
  2. Poor eating habits
  3. Excess vagal stimulation
  4. Hypersecretion of HCl/Pepsin
  5. Hypersecretion of adrenal coriticoids
  6. Lack of mucus
  7. Presence of irritating chemicals (steroids, anti-inflammatory agents, caffeine, alcohol, tobacco, or aspirin)
70
Q

Approximately what percentage of the population has peptic ulcers?

71
Q

How are peptic ulcers usually treated?

A

Diet/drugs

Sometimes surgery

72
Q

What drug helps ulcers by blocking H2 receptors in the stomach thus decreasing secretion of HCl?

A

Tagamet (#1 drug for over 10 yeras)

73
Q

__% of all peptic ulcers are caused by ___________ ______?

A
  1. 80%

2. Helicobacter pylori

74
Q

In order to kill H. Pylori, what treatment is usually necessary?

A

3 different antibiotics taken 3 times a day

75
Q

__% patients who are infected with H. Pylori will develop an ulcer in their lifetime.

76
Q

How does vomiting occur?

A

The relaxation of the cardiac sphincter

Strong contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles

77
Q

Vomiting may be caused by 6 different things, what are some of them?

A
  1. Toxic food
  2. Gagging
  3. Excessive distension of the stomach
  4. Intense pain
  5. Dizziness
  6. Sight or smell of things unpleasant to the person
78
Q

Vomiting is considered to be a _______ mechanism that does what?

A
  1. Defense mechanism

2. Get rid of hazardous waste

79
Q

What is the ‘small’ intestine called small?

A

Because of the ‘diameter’

80
Q

How long is the small intestine?

81
Q

What are the characteristics of intestinal juice? (Color/Amount/pH)

A
  1. Color = CLEAR
  2. Amount = 1000-2000 ml/day
  3. pH = 7.6
82
Q

What percetage of digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine?

83
Q

What are the glands that secrete mucs to protect the small intestine from gastric juice?

A

Brunner’s Glands

84
Q

The small intestine is separated into three different division, what are the three divisions and how long is each one?

A
  1. Duodenum (10-12 inches)
  2. Jejunum (8 feet)
  3. Ileum (12 feet)
85
Q

Which division of the small intestine dumps into the large intestine?

86
Q

The small intestine produces 3 enzymes to help digest the three major food materials.

What are the 3 enzymes and what food material do they digest?

A
  1. Peptidase - PROTEINS
  2. Carbohydrase - CARBOHYDRATES
  3. Lipase - FATS or LIPIDS
87
Q

Small intestine receives external secretions from 2 other accessory organs. What are the 2 accessory organs?

A
  1. Pancreas

2. Gall bladder

88
Q

What is the large intestine also known as?

89
Q

The large intestine is divided structurally into 3 parts. What are the 3 parts?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Anal canal
90
Q

What is the function of the ileocecal valve in the large intestine?

A

Prevent backflow to the ileum (small intestine)

91
Q

The colon (large intestine) is separated into 4 sections. What are the 4 sections?

A
  1. Ascending colon
  2. Transverse colon
  3. Descending colon
  4. Sigmoid colon
92
Q

Where is the appendix located and what is it attached to?

A

Located in the large intestine

Attached to the cecum

93
Q

What are the 3 functions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Absorption of water/electrolytes
  2. Storage
  3. Expulsion of feces from digestive
94
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

Intestinal wall becomes irritated and peristalsis increases

Lack of absorption of water
helps body rid of infectious organisms.

95
Q

What are the 2 major causes of diarrhea?

A
  1. Infection of lower GI tract

2. Nervous stimulation

96
Q

True or False:

Laxatives should be used whenever needed. The body can not become dependent on laxatives.

A

FALSE

Laxatives should ONLY be used when necessary because the body CAN become dependent on laxatives.

97
Q

Constipation usually results from a diet that lacks what 2 things?

A
  1. Water

2. Roughage

98
Q

This helps provide increased regularity and MAY also help protect the body from colon cancer.

99
Q

There are 4 major types of laxatives. What are the 4 major types and what are some examples of the types?

A
  1. Bulk Laxatives - Bran/Fiber
  2. Lubricants - Mineral Oil
  3. Mineral Salts - Magnesium. (Are not absorbed, increase osmotic pressure of fecal material)
  4. Irritants - Speed up peristalsis
100
Q

The appendix does not function in humans is prone to infection. In other animals what is it’s function?

A

Home for bacteria that digest cellulose

101
Q

What are some of the symptoms of appendicitis?

A
  1. Severe pain in the right abdominal region

2. Tenderness/Swelling

102
Q

If appendicitis is left untreated, what might occur?

A

Appendix may burst and cause infection to spread (Gut to Ab cavity)

103
Q

What is ‘peritonitis’?

A

When the appendix bursts and causes infection to spread from gut to lining of ab cavity

104
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome is also often called __________.

A

Spastic colitis

105
Q

What are the characteristics and causes of ‘Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)’?

A
  1. Abdominal discomfort
  2. Irregular bowel function
  3. Loud gurgling sounds

Caused by emotional stress

106
Q

What is a colostomy?

A

Surgical procedure in which an abdominal exit is made for the colon. *(Colon bypass or ‘bag’)

107
Q

What is dysentery?

A

Inflammation of intestinal mucosa with bleeding and mucus discharge with the stools.

108
Q

Lipase breaks down fasts into what?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

PD BIO 305 (19 decks)

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