Cellular Chemistry Flashcards
OF THE ‘109 ELEMENTS’, HOW MANY ARE FOUND IN ‘HUMAN TISSUES’?
26 ELEMENTS IN ‘HUMAN TISSUES’
99% OF THE MASS OF THE BODY IS COMPOSED OF WHAT SIX ELEMENTS?
WHAT ARE THEIR PERCENTAGES?
OXYGEN - 65% CARBON - 18.6% HYDROGEN - 9.6% NITROGEN - 3.2% PHOSPHORUS - 1%
CERTAIN STRUCTURES MAY CONTAIN MORE ELEMENTS THAN OTHERS IN THE BODY. WHAT ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF THIS?
- TEETH/BONE = CALCIUM
2. THYROID GLAND = IODINE
WHAT IS THE ‘SMALLEST’ PORTION OF AN ELEMENT THAT STILL RETAINS CHARACTERISTICS OF THAT ELEMENT?
ATOM
ATOMS ARE MADE FROM WHAT 3 BASIC CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS?
- PROTONS
- NEUTRONS
- ELECTRONS
THE ‘NUCLEUS’ OF AN ATOM CONTAINS WHAT TWO THINGS?
- PROTONS
2. NEUTRONS
WHAT IS SAID TO ‘ORBIT’ THE ‘NUCLEUS’ OF AN ATOM?
ELECTRONS
WHAT KIND OF ‘CHARGE’ DO ‘ELECTRONS’ HAVE?
NEGATIVE
WHAT KIND OF ‘CHARGE’ DO ‘PROTONS’ HAVE?
POSITIVE
WHAT KIND OF ‘CHARGE’ DO ‘NEUTRONS’ HAVE?
NONE
*HINT - NEUTR-AL
TRUE OR FALSE
ELECTRONS HAVE A VERY ‘LARGE’ MASS.
FALSE
ELECTRONS HAVE A VERY ‘SMALL’ MASS
THE NUMBER OF ‘PROTONS’ IN AN ATOM IS CALLED WHAT?
‘THE ATOMIC NUMBER’
HOW DO ELEMENTS DIFFERENTIATE THEMSELVES?
DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ‘PROTONS’
TRUE OR FALSE
ALL ATOMS THAT HAVE 6 PROTONS ARE ‘CARBON’ ATOMS.
TRUE
PROTONS CHARACTERIZE AN ATOM
THE ‘CHEMICAL PROPERTIES’ OF AN ATOM ARE DEPENDENT ON WHAT?
ELECTRONS IN THE ‘OUTER’ ORBIT
AN ELEMENT IS CONSIDERED TO BE ‘STABLE’ IF WHAT HAPPENS?
THE ‘OUTER-SHELL’ IS FILLED WITH ELECTRONS
ATOMS CONTAIN ‘ORBITALS’. THESE ‘ORBITALS’ CAN BE COMPARED TO AN ‘ONION’. HOW DOES THIS COMPARISON WORK?
ONIONS HAVE LAYERS
ATOMS HAVE LAYERS/ORBITALS
THESE ORBITALS CAN ONLY BE FILLED WITH A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF ELECTRONS.
HOW MANY ‘ELECTRONS’ CAN BE HELD IN THE ‘S’ ORBITAL?
2 ELECTRONS
HOW MANY ‘ELECTRONS’ CAN BE HELD IN THE ‘P’ ORBITAL?
6 ELECTRONS
HOW MANY ELECTRONS CAN BE HELD IN THE ‘D’ ORBITAL?
10 ELECTRONS
THE ‘SMALLEST’ PART OF AN ELEMENT/COMPOUND THAT CAN EXIST ALONE OR IN A ‘FREE STATE’ IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
A MOLECULE
O2 = MOLECULE OF OXYGEN
THE ‘SMALLEST PART’ OF AN ELEMENT THAT CAN ENTER INTO A CHEMICAL REACTION IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
AN ATOM
O = ATOM OF OXYGEN
WHAT IS ‘MOLECULAR WEIGHT’ DEFINED AS?
SUM OF ALL THE ‘ATOMIC WEIGHTS’ OF EACH COMPONENT OF THE MOLECULE.
WHAT IS ‘COVALENT BONDING’?
SHARING OF ELECTRONS CREATES BOND
*CS = COVALENT SHARING
WHAT IS ‘IONIC BONDING’?
TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS CREATES BOND
*IT = IONIC TRANSFERS
WHAT IS RELEASED FROM THE ‘OXIDATION’ (LOSS OF ELECTRONS) IN CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS?
(*2 THINGS)
- HEAT
2. ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN ‘IONIC’ BONDED MOLECULE IS PLACED IN WATER?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT IN THE HUMAN BODY?
‘IONIC’ BOND IS BROKEN IN WATER TO FORM IONS.
IMPORTANT IN ‘HUMAN BODY’ FOR BIOELECTRICAL EVENTS.
THE ‘MAKING/BREAKING’ OF BONDS IS CATALYZED BY WHAT?
WHERE IS THIS REGULATED?
ENZYMATIC ACTION
HIGHLY REGULATED BY THE CELL
ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION BETWEEN A ‘SMALL’, HIGHLY ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM AND A HYDROGEN ATOM IS CALLED WHAT?
HYDROGEN BONDING
COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ‘CARBON’ ARE KNOWN AS THIS TYPE OF COMPOUND.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF LIVING MATERIAL IS COMPOSED OF WATER?
60-90%
THIS MOLECULE CONTAINS ‘CARBON’ AND IS IMPORTANT IN THE HUMAN BODY BUT IS ‘NOT’ CONSIDERED ORGANIC. WHAT IS THE MOLECULE?
CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)
CONSIDERED TO BE ‘INORGANIC’
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ‘CARBON’?
*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM
- 4 ELECTRONS IN OUTER SHELL
- MAKES FOUR COVALENT BONDS
- PRESENT IN MANY COMPOUNDS
- ONLY ‘H’ IS FOUND MORE OFTEN
- BONDS TO MANY ELEMENTS
(MOST COMMONLY BONDED TO (H,O,N AND MORE C) *HONC
IN THE ‘HUMAN BODY’ THERE ARE 4 MAJOR CLASSES OF ‘ORGANIC COMPOUNDS’. WHAT ARE THEY?
- NUCLEIC ACIDS
- PROTEINS
- CARBOHYDRATES
- LIPIDS
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘NUCLEIC ACIDS’?
*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
- STORAGE OF GENETIC CODE
- TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC CODE
- EXPRESSION OF GENETIC CODE
WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF ‘NUCLEIC ACIDS’?
- DNA
2. RNA
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘PROTEINS’?
*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
- CELLULAR STRUCTURE
2. PROMOTE/REGULATE BODY ACTIVITIES
WHAT ARE 5 EXAMPLES OF ‘PROTEINS’ IN THE HUMAN BODY?
- NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
- MACROMOLECULES
- FIBERS
- ENZYMES
- HORMONES
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘CARBOHYDRATES’?
*THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
- CELLULAR FUEL
- STORAGE OF ENERGY
- COMPONENT OF OTHER SUBSTANCES
(NUCLEIC ACIDS/MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES)
WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF ‘CARBOHYDRATES’?
- STARCHES
2. SUGARS
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ‘LIPIDS’?
*THERE ARE 5 OF THEM
- STORAGE OF ENERGY
- INSULATION
- STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
- COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES
- PROMOTE BODY ACTIVITIES
WHAT ARE 3 EXAMPLES OF ‘LIPIDS’?
- NEUTRAL FATS
- PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- STEROIDS
A MOLECULE COMPOSED OF ‘NUCLEOTIDES’, A ‘NITROGEN-BASE’, AND A ‘PHOSPHATE GROUP’ IS CONSIDERED TO BE WHAT?
NUCLEIC ACID
NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE COMPOSED OF WHAT 3 THINGS?
- NUCLEOTIDES
- NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE
- PHOSPHATE
THESE LINKAGES ARE WHAT CREATE A CHAIN OF NUCLEOTIDES.
PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGES
WHAT ARE THE 5 ELEMENTS THAT COMPOSE A ‘NUCLEOTIDE’?
- CARBON
- HYDROGEN
- OXYGEN
- NITROGEN
- PHOSPHORUS
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF ‘NUCLEOTIDE’ RING COMPOUNDS?
- PURINES
2. PYRIMIDINES
WHAT STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ‘PURINE’?
- GUANINE
- ADENINE
(*HINT - (G)ENERAL (A)UTHORITIES ARE PURE)
WHAT STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ‘PYRIMIDINE’?
- CYTOSINE
- THYMINE
- URACIL
(*HINT - CTU FROM 24)
WHAT STRUCTURE ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS OF ‘DNA’ ORGANIZED INTO?
DOUBLE HELIX
THE BACKBONE OF ‘DNA’ IS COMPOSED OF 2 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE 2 THINGS?
- SUGAR
2. PHOSPHATE GROUP
IN ‘DNA’ BASE PAIRING. HOW ARE MOLECULES CONNECTED?
C-G (CYTOSINE to GUANINE)
A-T (ADENINE to THYMINE)
WHAT DOES ‘URACIL’ TAKE THE PLACE OF IN ‘RNA’?
THYMINE (LEFT OUT)
URACIL (TAKES PLACE)
THESE SERVE AS THE ‘BLUEPRINTS’ OF THE CELL.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
IN ‘RNA’ URACIL BINDS WITH WHAT MOLECULE?
URACIL + ADENINE
HOW MANY TYPES OF DNA ARE THERE?
TYPES OF RNA?
- DNA = ONE TYPE
2. RNA = mRNA / tRNA / rRNA
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘mRNA’?
‘MESSENGER RNA’ ACTS AS:
‘TEMPLATE PROTEIN’ FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
WHERE IS ‘mRNA’ (MESSENGER RNA) TRANSCRIBED?
IN THE NUCLEUS
WHAT DOES ‘CAPPING’ OF THE 5-METHYL-GUANOSINE CAP DO FOR mRNA?
(*TWO THINGS)
- HELPS THE ‘RIBOSOME’ BIND TO THE mRNA
2. FACILITATES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
WHAT DOES ADDING A LONG ‘POLYADENELATED TAIL’ (POLY-A TAIL) DO FOR mRNA?
HELPS PROTECT THE STRAND OF mRNA FROM ‘DIGESTIVE ENZYMES’ WHILE IT IS IN THE ‘CYTOPLASM’.
WHAT 2 THINGS DO MESSENGER RNA HAVE ‘mRNA’ THAT HELP IT DURING TRANSCRIPTION?
- 5-METHYL-GUANOSINE CAP (BINDING)
2. POLYADENELATED TAIL (DIGESTION)
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘tRNA’?
*THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
- CARRIES AMINO ACIDS (CYTOPLASM TO RIBISOMES)
2. ACTS AS TRANSLATION MOLECULE
WHICH ‘RNA’ RECOGNIZES THE SEQUENCE OF ‘mRNA’?
HOW DOES THIS WORK?
TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)
WORKS VIA ‘ANTICODON’ THAT IS 3 NUCLEOTIDES LONG.
WHAT IS THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF ‘tRNA’?
‘TRANSLATION’
NUCLEOTIDE -> AMINO/ACID PROTEIN
LANGUAGE) (LANGUAGE
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ‘rRNA’?
FORMS PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE ‘RIBOSOMES’
HELPS BUILD RIBOSOMES
WHERE IS ‘rRNA’ (RIBOSOMAL RNA) MADE?
MADE IN ‘NUCLEO-LUS’
A ‘RIBOSOME’ CONSISTS OF 2 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE PERCENTAGES?
- rRNA = 60%
2. PROTEIN = 40%
TRUE OR FALSE
ENZYMES REGULATE ‘ALL’ CHEMICAL REACTIONS
TRUE
ENZYMES REGULATE ‘ALL’ CHEMICAL REACTIONS