Cellular Chemistry Flashcards
2
Q
OF THE ‘109 ELEMENTS’, HOW MANY ARE FOUND IN ‘HUMAN TISSUES’?
A
26 ELEMENTS IN ‘HUMAN TISSUES’
3
Q
99% OF THE MASS OF THE BODY IS COMPOSED OF WHAT SIX ELEMENTS?
WHAT ARE THEIR PERCENTAGES?
A
OXYGEN - 65% CARBON - 18.6% HYDROGEN - 9.6% NITROGEN - 3.2% PHOSPHORUS - 1%
4
Q
CERTAIN STRUCTURES MAY CONTAIN MORE ELEMENTS THAN OTHERS IN THE BODY. WHAT ARE TWO EXAMPLES OF THIS?
A
- TEETH/BONE = CALCIUM
2. THYROID GLAND = IODINE
5
Q
WHAT IS THE ‘SMALLEST’ PORTION OF AN ELEMENT THAT STILL RETAINS CHARACTERISTICS OF THAT ELEMENT?
A
ATOM
6
Q
ATOMS ARE MADE FROM WHAT 3 BASIC CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS?
A
- PROTONS
- NEUTRONS
- ELECTRONS
7
Q
THE ‘NUCLEUS’ OF AN ATOM CONTAINS WHAT TWO THINGS?
A
- PROTONS
2. NEUTRONS
8
Q
WHAT IS SAID TO ‘ORBIT’ THE ‘NUCLEUS’ OF AN ATOM?
A
ELECTRONS
9
Q
WHAT KIND OF ‘CHARGE’ DO ‘ELECTRONS’ HAVE?
A
NEGATIVE
10
Q
WHAT KIND OF ‘CHARGE’ DO ‘PROTONS’ HAVE?
A
POSITIVE
11
Q
WHAT KIND OF ‘CHARGE’ DO ‘NEUTRONS’ HAVE?
A
NONE
*HINT - NEUTR-AL
12
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
ELECTRONS HAVE A VERY ‘LARGE’ MASS.
A
FALSE
ELECTRONS HAVE A VERY ‘SMALL’ MASS
13
Q
THE NUMBER OF ‘PROTONS’ IN AN ATOM IS CALLED WHAT?
A
‘THE ATOMIC NUMBER’
14
Q
HOW DO ELEMENTS DIFFERENTIATE THEMSELVES?
A
DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ‘PROTONS’
15
Q
TRUE OR FALSE
ALL ATOMS THAT HAVE 6 PROTONS ARE ‘CARBON’ ATOMS.
A
TRUE
PROTONS CHARACTERIZE AN ATOM
16
Q
THE ‘CHEMICAL PROPERTIES’ OF AN ATOM ARE DEPENDENT ON WHAT?
A
ELECTRONS IN THE ‘OUTER’ ORBIT
17
Q
AN ELEMENT IS CONSIDERED TO BE ‘STABLE’ IF WHAT HAPPENS?
A
THE ‘OUTER-SHELL’ IS FILLED WITH ELECTRONS
18
Q
ATOMS CONTAIN ‘ORBITALS’. THESE ‘ORBITALS’ CAN BE COMPARED TO AN ‘ONION’. HOW DOES THIS COMPARISON WORK?
A
ONIONS HAVE LAYERS
ATOMS HAVE LAYERS/ORBITALS
THESE ORBITALS CAN ONLY BE FILLED WITH A CERTAIN AMOUNT OF ELECTRONS.
19
Q
HOW MANY ‘ELECTRONS’ CAN BE HELD IN THE ‘S’ ORBITAL?
A
2 ELECTRONS
20
Q
HOW MANY ‘ELECTRONS’ CAN BE HELD IN THE ‘P’ ORBITAL?
A
6 ELECTRONS
21
Q
HOW MANY ELECTRONS CAN BE HELD IN THE ‘D’ ORBITAL?
A
10 ELECTRONS
22
Q
THE ‘SMALLEST’ PART OF AN ELEMENT/COMPOUND THAT CAN EXIST ALONE OR IN A ‘FREE STATE’ IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
A
A MOLECULE
O2 = MOLECULE OF OXYGEN
23
Q
THE ‘SMALLEST PART’ OF AN ELEMENT THAT CAN ENTER INTO A CHEMICAL REACTION IS KNOWN AS WHAT?
A
AN ATOM
O = ATOM OF OXYGEN
24
Q
WHAT IS ‘MOLECULAR WEIGHT’ DEFINED AS?
A
SUM OF ALL THE ‘ATOMIC WEIGHTS’ OF EACH COMPONENT OF THE MOLECULE.
25
Q
WHAT IS ‘COVALENT BONDING’?
A
SHARING OF ELECTRONS CREATES BOND
*CS = COVALENT SHARING
26
WHAT IS 'IONIC BONDING'?
TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS CREATES BOND
| *IT = IONIC TRANSFERS
27
WHAT IS RELEASED FROM THE 'OXIDATION' (LOSS OF ELECTRONS) IN CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS?
(*2 THINGS)
1. HEAT
| 2. ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE)
28
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN 'IONIC' BONDED MOLECULE IS PLACED IN WATER?
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT IN THE HUMAN BODY?
'IONIC' BOND IS BROKEN IN WATER TO FORM IONS.
IMPORTANT IN 'HUMAN BODY' FOR BIOELECTRICAL EVENTS.
29
THE 'MAKING/BREAKING' OF BONDS IS CATALYZED BY WHAT?
WHERE IS THIS REGULATED?
ENZYMATIC ACTION
HIGHLY REGULATED BY THE CELL
30
ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTION BETWEEN A 'SMALL', HIGHLY ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM AND A HYDROGEN ATOM IS CALLED WHAT?
HYDROGEN BONDING
31
COMPOUNDS CONTAINING 'CARBON' ARE KNOWN AS THIS TYPE OF COMPOUND.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
32
WHAT PERCENTAGE OF LIVING MATERIAL IS COMPOSED OF WATER?
60-90%
33
THIS MOLECULE CONTAINS 'CARBON' AND IS IMPORTANT IN THE HUMAN BODY BUT IS 'NOT' CONSIDERED ORGANIC. WHAT IS THE MOLECULE?
CO2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)
CONSIDERED TO BE 'INORGANIC'
34
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF 'CARBON'?
| *THERE ARE 5 OF THEM
1. 4 ELECTRONS IN OUTER SHELL
2. MAKES FOUR COVALENT BONDS
3. PRESENT IN MANY COMPOUNDS
4. ONLY 'H' IS FOUND MORE OFTEN
5. BONDS TO MANY ELEMENTS
(MOST COMMONLY BONDED TO (H,O,N AND MORE C) *HONC
35
IN THE 'HUMAN BODY' THERE ARE 4 MAJOR CLASSES OF 'ORGANIC COMPOUNDS'. WHAT ARE THEY?
1. NUCLEIC ACIDS
2. PROTEINS
3. CARBOHYDRATES
4. LIPIDS
36
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'NUCLEIC ACIDS'?
| *THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
1. STORAGE OF GENETIC CODE
2. TRANSMISSION OF GENETIC CODE
3. EXPRESSION OF GENETIC CODE
37
WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF 'NUCLEIC ACIDS'?
1. DNA
| 2. RNA
38
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'PROTEINS'?
| *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. CELLULAR STRUCTURE
| 2. PROMOTE/REGULATE BODY ACTIVITIES
39
WHAT ARE 5 EXAMPLES OF 'PROTEINS' IN THE HUMAN BODY?
1. NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS
2. MACROMOLECULES
3. FIBERS
4. ENZYMES
5. HORMONES
40
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'CARBOHYDRATES'?
| *THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
1. CELLULAR FUEL
2. STORAGE OF ENERGY
3. COMPONENT OF OTHER SUBSTANCES
(NUCLEIC ACIDS/MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES)
41
WHAT ARE 2 EXAMPLES OF 'CARBOHYDRATES'?
1. STARCHES
| 2. SUGARS
42
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF 'LIPIDS'?
| *THERE ARE 5 OF THEM
1. STORAGE OF ENERGY
2. INSULATION
3. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
4. COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES
5. PROMOTE BODY ACTIVITIES
43
WHAT ARE 3 EXAMPLES OF 'LIPIDS'?
1. NEUTRAL FATS
2. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
3. STEROIDS
44
A MOLECULE COMPOSED OF 'NUCLEOTIDES', A 'NITROGEN-BASE', AND A 'PHOSPHATE GROUP' IS CONSIDERED TO BE WHAT?
NUCLEIC ACID
45
NUCLEIC ACIDS ARE COMPOSED OF WHAT 3 THINGS?
1. NUCLEOTIDES
2. NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE
3. PHOSPHATE
46
THESE LINKAGES ARE WHAT CREATE A CHAIN OF NUCLEOTIDES.
PHOSPHODIESTER LINKAGES
47
WHAT ARE THE 5 ELEMENTS THAT COMPOSE A 'NUCLEOTIDE'?
1. CARBON
2. HYDROGEN
3. OXYGEN
4. NITROGEN
5. PHOSPHORUS
48
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF 'NUCLEOTIDE' RING COMPOUNDS?
1. PURINES
| 2. PYRIMIDINES
49
WHAT STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE 'PURINE'?
1. GUANINE
2. ADENINE
(*HINT - (G)ENERAL (A)UTHORITIES ARE PURE)
50
WHAT STRUCTURES ARE CONSIDERED TO BE 'PYRIMIDINE'?
1. CYTOSINE
2. THYMINE
3. URACIL
(*HINT - CTU FROM 24)
51
WHAT STRUCTURE ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS OF 'DNA' ORGANIZED INTO?
DOUBLE HELIX
52
THE BACKBONE OF 'DNA' IS COMPOSED OF 2 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE 2 THINGS?
1. SUGAR
| 2. PHOSPHATE GROUP
53
IN 'DNA' BASE PAIRING. HOW ARE MOLECULES CONNECTED?
C-G (CYTOSINE to GUANINE)
| A-T (ADENINE to THYMINE)
54
WHAT DOES 'URACIL' TAKE THE PLACE OF IN 'RNA'?
THYMINE (LEFT OUT)
URACIL (TAKES PLACE)
55
THESE SERVE AS THE 'BLUEPRINTS' OF THE CELL.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
56
IN 'RNA' URACIL BINDS WITH WHAT MOLECULE?
URACIL + ADENINE
57
HOW MANY TYPES OF DNA ARE THERE?
TYPES OF RNA?
1. DNA = ONE TYPE
| 2. RNA = mRNA / tRNA / rRNA
58
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'mRNA'?
'MESSENGER RNA' ACTS AS:
'TEMPLATE PROTEIN' FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
59
WHERE IS 'mRNA' (MESSENGER RNA) TRANSCRIBED?
IN THE NUCLEUS
60
WHAT DOES 'CAPPING' OF THE 5-METHYL-GUANOSINE CAP DO FOR mRNA?
(*TWO THINGS)
1. HELPS THE 'RIBOSOME' BIND TO THE mRNA
| 2. FACILITATES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
61
WHAT DOES ADDING A LONG 'POLYADENELATED TAIL' (POLY-A TAIL) DO FOR mRNA?
HELPS PROTECT THE STRAND OF mRNA FROM 'DIGESTIVE ENZYMES' WHILE IT IS IN THE 'CYTOPLASM'.
62
WHAT 2 THINGS DO MESSENGER RNA HAVE 'mRNA' THAT HELP IT DURING TRANSCRIPTION?
1. 5-METHYL-GUANOSINE CAP (BINDING)
| 2. POLYADENELATED TAIL (DIGESTION)
63
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'tRNA'?
| *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. CARRIES AMINO ACIDS (CYTOPLASM TO RIBISOMES)
| 2. ACTS AS TRANSLATION MOLECULE
64
WHICH 'RNA' RECOGNIZES THE SEQUENCE OF 'mRNA'?
HOW DOES THIS WORK?
TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)
WORKS VIA 'ANTICODON' THAT IS 3 NUCLEOTIDES LONG.
65
WHAT IS THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC OF 'tRNA'?
'TRANSLATION'
| NUCLEOTIDE -> AMINO/ACID PROTEIN
LANGUAGE) (LANGUAGE
66
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF 'rRNA'?
FORMS PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE 'RIBOSOMES'
| HELPS BUILD RIBOSOMES
67
WHERE IS 'rRNA' (RIBOSOMAL RNA) MADE?
MADE IN 'NUCLEO-LUS'
68
A 'RIBOSOME' CONSISTS OF 2 THINGS. WHAT ARE THE PERCENTAGES?
1. rRNA = 60%
| 2. PROTEIN = 40%
69
TRUE OR FALSE
ENZYMES REGULATE 'ALL' CHEMICAL REACTIONS
TRUE
ENZYMES REGULATE 'ALL' CHEMICAL REACTIONS
70
WHAT IS THE 'FLOW' DURING 'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'?
DNA NUCLEUS -> mRNA = 'TRANSCRIPTION'
mRNA -> PROTEIN (RIBOSOME) = 'TRANSLATION'
(*HAVE TO 'TRANSCRIBE' SOMETHING BEFORE YOU CAN 'TRANSLATE' IT)
71
WHAT OCCURS FIRST IN 'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'?
'TRANSLATION' OR 'TRANSCRIPTION'?
'TRANSCRIPTION' = 1st
| *HAVE TO 'TRANSCRIBE' SOMETHING BEFORE YOU CAN 'TRANSLATE' IT
72
'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS' DEPENDS ON 4 MAJOR MOLECULES. WHAT ARE THE MOLECULES?
1. DNA
2. mRNA
3. tRNA
4. rRNA
73
'TRANSCRIPTION' IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS DEFINED AS WHAT?
PROCESS IN WHICH GENETIC INFORMATION FROM 'DNA' IS TRANSFERRED INTO 'RNA' IN THE 'NUCLEUS'
74
WHEN 'RNA' IS MODIFIED AND UNNECESSARY INFORMATION IS REMOVED. WHAT IS THE 'NEW' MOLECULE CALLED?
'mRNA' (MESSENGER RNA)
75
Where is mRNA transported to?
CYTOPLASM
76
How is 'mRNA' translated?
VIA 'RIBOSOMES' and 'tRNA' WHICH MAKES A 'FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN'
77
What determines the function of a 'PROTEIN'?
'SHAPE' determines 'FUNCTION'
78
What are the 3 enzymes involved in 'DNA' 'TRANSCRIPTION'?
1. HELICASE (UNZIPS DNA)
2. TOPOISOMERASE (KEEPS DNA UNCOILED)
3. SINGLE STRANDED BINDING PROTEINS (SSBP'S) (KEEPS DNA UNCOILED)
79
The strand of 'DNA' that is used as the template is known was what?
TEMPLATE / ANTISENSE STRAND
80
The strand of 'DNA' that is 'NOT' used for transcription is called what?
SENSE STRAND
81
How does 'RNA POLYMERASE' bind?
3' -> 5'
READS DNA STRAND ONE NUCLEOTIDE AT A TIME
82
How does 'RNA' cause 'RNA' to be different from 'DNA'?
ADDS 'URACIL' NUCLEOTIDE INSTEAD OF A 'THYMINE'.
83
AFTER TRANSCRIPTION, WHERE DOES THE NEW 'mRNA' MOLECULE 'LEAVE' AND WHERE DOES IT 'ENTER'?
LEAVES 'NUCLEUS'
ENTERS CYTOPLASM TO BE 'TRANSLATED'
84
BY CONVENTION, HOW ARE 'NUCLEOTIDES' WRITTEN?
5' -> 3' DIRECTION (RNA)
3' -> 5' DIRECTION (DNA)
85
HOW MANY 'AMINO ACIDS' ARE FOUND ON THE 'HUMAN BODY'?
20 AMINO ACIDS
86
WHAT DOES A 'CODON' CONSIST OF?
3 NUCLEOTIDES
87
EACH CODON (SET OF 3 NUCLEOTIDES) REFERS TO WHAT?
A SPECIFIC AMINO ACID
88
WHAT IS THE 'INITIATOR' OR 'START' CODON?
AUG
'ADENINE-URACIL-GUANINE'
89
WHAT DOES THE 'tRNA' MOLECULE DO?
'TRANSLATION MOLECULE'
NUCLEOTIDE LANGUAGE -> AMINO ACID LANGUAGE
90
WHAT IS 'mRNA' BOUND TO IN THE 'CYTOPLASM'?
RIBOSOMES
91
A LARGE NUMBER OF CONNECTED 'AMINO ACIDS' IS ALSO CALLED WHAT?
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
92
Long chains of 'AMINO ACIDS' are also referred to as what?
PROTEINS
93
The 'WHOLE' character of the 'PROTEIN' is determined by what?
ORDER OF THE 'AMINO ACIDS'
94
HOW ARE 'AMINO ACIDS' BOUND TOGETHER IN LONG CHAINS?
HOW DOES THIS HAPPEN?
'PEPTIDE BONDS'
HAPPENS VIA 'DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS'
95
'PROTEINS' can differ from each other in 3 ways. What are the 3 ways?
1. NUMBER OF AMINO ACIDS
2. SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS
3. TYPE OF AMINO ACIDS
96
WHAT MOLECULES ARE SAID TO HAVE A 'WIDER VARIETY' OF FUNCTIONS THAN ANY OTHER TYPE OF MOLECULE IN THE BODY?
'PROTEINS'
97
MOST 'ENZYMES' ARE ALSO CONSIDERED TO BE WHAT?
'PROTEINS'
98
What are the 8 more common functions of 'PROTEINS'?
1. FORM ENZYMES
2. FORM MOST HORMONES
3. COMPRISE 'ALL' ANTIBODIES
4. SERVE AS RECEPTOR SITES
5. CARRIER MOLECULES IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT
6. REGULATE CONCENTRATION OF OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS
7. PROVIDE TENSILE STRENGTH
8. IMPORTANT BUFFER SYSTEM
99
TRUE OR FALSE
PROTEINS CANNOT BE METABOLIZED TO SUPPLY CELLULAR ENERGY
FALSE
PROTEINS 'CAN' SUPPLY CELLULAR ENERGY
(*HAPPENS VIA 'MUSCLE CATABOLISM' UNDER CERTAIN STRENUOUS CONDITIONS)
100
What are 'CHROMOSOMES' defined as?
| *THERE ARE 2 OF POINTS
1. COMPOSED OF 'DNA'
2. CARRY HEREDITARY INFORMATION
(MANY GENES PUT TOGETHER)
101
What are 'CHROMATIDS' defined as?
| *THERE ARE 2 POINTS
1. COPY OF 'CHROMOSOME'
| 2. JOINED BY A 'CENTROMERE' TO ANOTHER 'CHROMATID'
102
What are the characteristics of a 'GENE'?
| *THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
1. REGION OF 'DNA' THAT CODES FOR SPECIFIC 'PROTEIN' OR 'RNA'
2. RESPONSIBLE FOR EXPRESSION OF TRAITS
3. RESPONSIBLE FOR SYNTHESIS OF 'PROTEIN MOLECULES'
103
What are the characteristics of an 'ALLELE'?
| *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF THE SAME 'GENE'
| 2. DIPLOID CELLS HAVE 2 OF THESE (ALLELES)
104
What are the characteristics of a 'DIPLOID' cells?
CELLS THAT CONTAINS TWO SETS OF HOMOLOGOUS (SAME) CHROMOSOMES
105
What are 'DIPLOID' cells also referred to as?
AUTOSOMES
106
What are the characteristics of 'HAPLOID' cells?
CELLS THAT CONTAIN 'HALF' THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
107
These types of cells are considered to be the 'GAMETES' and 'OVA' in the human body.
'HAPLOID CELLS'
108
What are 'HAPLOID' cells also referred to as?
SEX CHROMOSOMES
109
TRUE OR FALSE
MOST CELLS ARE NORMALLY 'HAPLOID'
FALSE
MOST CELLS ARE NORMALLY 'DIPLOID'
(DIPLOID CELLS HAVE 2 SETS OR A 'PAIR' OF CHROMOSOMES)
i.e., 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES IN THE HUMAN BODY (1 PAIR = SEX CHROMOSOMES)
110
These are responsible for the passing of 'GENETIC MATERIAL' from one cell to another.
When does this happen?
CHROMOSOMES
DURING 'DNA' REPLICATION
111
What in a 'CHROMOSOME' is responsible for 'PROTEIN SYNTHESIS'?
DNA
112
Tightly packed molecules of 'DNA' that are very organized are also called what?
CHROMOSOMES
113
THESE PROTEINS WRAP AROUND VERY LONG STRANDS OF 'DNA'.
HISTONES
114
A CHROMOSOME CONSISTS OF 2 ________ JOINED TOGETHER BY A ________.
1. CHROMATIDS
| 2. CENTROMERE
115
How many strands of 'DNA' are there per 'CHROMATID'?
ONLY ONE
116
These will always correspond to 'GENES' in the same position on 'HOMOLOGOUS' chromosomes.
ALLELES
117
HUMANS HAVE __ PAIR(S) OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES.
WHAT ARE THEY ALSO REFERRED TO AS?
22 PAIRS = HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
ALSO CALLED 'AUTOSOMES'
DIPLOID IN NUMBER (2N)
118
THERE IS/ARE __ PAIR(S) OF SEX CHROMOSOMES.
WHAT ARE THEY CONSIDERED TO BE?
1 PAIR OF SEX CHROMOSOMES
HAPLOID IN NUMBER (1N)
(*GAMETES = SPERM AND OVA)
119
What is 'INHERITANCE' defined as?
PASSAGE OF GENETIC INFORMATION FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER.
EGG (1N) + SPERM (1N) = ZYGOTE (2N)
120
SIMILAR GENETIC INFORMATION (BLOOD TYPE, HEIGHT, ETC) IS CONTAINED IN WHAT?
EACH PAIR OF 'HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES'
*DIPLOID (2N)
121
When someone has homologous chromosomes with the 'SAME' alleles (i.e., both have curly hair genes). The person is said to be what?
HOMOZYGOUS
122
When someone has chromosomes with the 'DIFFERENT' alleles (i.e., curly hair/straight hair genes). The person is said to be what?
HETEROZYGOUS
123
THE SET OF OBSERVABLE (PHYSICAL) TRAITS OF AN 'ORGANISM' ARE CALLED WHAT?
PHENOTYPE
| *HINT - P=PHYSICAL
124
When 'ALLELES' are heterozygous. Which one is 'expressed'?
DOMINANT ALLELE IS EXPRESSED
125
How does 'DOWN'S SYNDROME' occur?
What is it also called?
EXTRA CHROMOSOME '21'
ALSO CALLED:
* TRISOMY-21
* MONGOLISM
126
HOW IS 'DOWN'S SYNDROME' CHARACTERIZED?
| *THERE ARE 5 OF THEM
1. EXTRA CHROMOSOME '21'
2. MENTAL RETARDATION
3. SMALL SKULL
4. SHORT FLAT NOSE
5. SHORT FINGERS
127
What are the 5 principal function of 'CARBOHYDRATES' on the body?
1. MAJOR SOURCE OF FUEL (ATP)
2. CELLULAR STRUCTURE
3. STRUCTURE OF DNA/RNA
4. CONVERTED TO NON-CARBOHYDRATES
5. CONVERTED INTO A STORAGE FORM (i.e., GLYOCOGEN). READILY AVAILABLE FOR CONVERSION TO 'GLUCOSE'
128
'CARBOHYDRATES' ARE DEFINED AS MOLECULES THAT CONTAIN ONLY WHAT 3 ELEMENTS?
1. CARBON
2. HYDROGEN
3. OXYGEN
129
'MONOSACCHARIDES' are also known as what?
Why are they called this?
'SIMPLE SUGARS'
THEY ARE THE 'MOST SIMPLE' OF ALL SUGARS
130
HOW MANY CARBONS ARE IN A 'SIMPLE SUGAR' (MONOSACCHARIDE)?
6 CARBONS
131
'MONOSACCHARIDES' may exist with the same molecule formula (C6H12O6) but differ in structure. What are these called?
ISOMERS
132
What are the 3 different 'MONOSACCHARIDE' isomers that exist for (C6H12O6) aka 'HEXOSE'?
1. GLUCOSE
2. FRUCTOSE
3. GALACTOSE
133
Two 'MONOSACCHARIDES' that are hooked together form what?
'DISACCHARIDE'
134
What kind of sugar is 'MALTOSE'?
What molecules is it made of?
'DISACCHARIDE'
MADE FROM TWO 'GLUCOSE' MOLECULES
135
Two 'MONOSACCHARIDES' that hook together to form a 'DISACCHARIDE' do so through what process?
DEHYDRATION
| REMOVAL OF ONE WATER MOLECULE FROM THE TWO 'MONOSACCHARIDES'
136
What is the 'BOND' that forms after dehydration between 2 'MONOSACCHARIDES' has taken place called?
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
137
What kind of sugar is 'SUCROSE'?
What molecules is it made of?
'DISACCHARIDE'
'GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE'
138
What kind of sugar is 'LACTOSE'?
What molecules is it made of?
'DISACCHARIDE'
'GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE'
139
The 'CHEMICAL' reaction where a molecule is broken down from water is called what?
HYDROLYSIS
140
The process of making 2 'MONOSACCHARIDES' from a 'DISACCHARIDE' is called what?
HYDROLYSIS
141
The process of making a 'DISACCHARIDE' from 2 'MONOSACCHARIDES' is called what?
DEHYDRATION
142
Complex 'CARBOHYDRATES' composed of many simple sugars bonded together in long chains are also called what?
POLYSACCHARIDES
143
WHAT ARE THE TWO MOST COMMON 'POLYSACCHARIDES'?
1. STARCH
| 2. GLYCOGEN
144
WHICH 'POLYSACCHARIDE' IS FORMED FROM 'STRAIGHT' CHAINS?
STARCH
145
WHICH 'POLYSACCHARIDE' IS FORMED FROM 'BRANCHED' CHAINS?
GLYCOGEN
146
What is the common term for 'LIPIDS'?
FATS
147
'LIPIDS' contain mainly what 3 elements?
1. CARBON
2. OXYGEN
3. HYDROGEN
(JUST LIKE CARBOHYDRATES)
148
TRUE OR FALSE
'LIPIDS' CONTAIN MORE OXYGEN THAN 'CARBOHYDRATES'
FALSE
'LIPIDS' CONTAIN MUCH LESS OXYGEN THAN CARBOHYDRATES
149
TRUE OR FALSE
'LIPIDS' ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER
TRUE
LIPIDS 'ARE' INSOLUBLE IN WATER
150
'LIPIDS' are separated into what 2 things?
1. FATTY ACIDS
| 2. GLYCEROL
151
How many 'FATTY ACIDS' are there in a 'LIPID'?
3 FATTY ACIDS
152
What are the 'FATTY ACIDS' in a 'LIPID' attached to?
GLYCEROL
153
What are the characteristics of 'SATURATED' fats?
| *THERE ARE 3 OF THEM
1. MORE HYDROGEN
2. 'NO' DOUBLE BONDS
3. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGENS (SATURATED WITH THEM)
154
What are the characteristics of 'UNSATURATED' fats?
| *THERE ARE 2 OF THEM
1. LESS HYDROGEN
| 2. DOUBLE BONDED CARBONS
155
What is an example of an 'UNSATURATED' fat?
CANOLA OIL
156
What is an example of a 'SATURATED' fat?
SHORTENING
157
WHICH FATS ARE 'LIQUID' AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?
UNSATURATED
158
WHICH FATS ARE 'SOLID' AT ROOM TEMPERATURE?
SATURATED
159
What are 3 examples of 'SATURATED' fatty acids?
1. BUTYRIC
2. PLAMITIC
3. STEARIC
160
What are 3 examples of 'UNSATURATED' fatty acids?
1. OLEIC
2. LINOLEIC
3. LINOLENIC
161
FATTY ACIDS MAY HAVE ANOTHER COMPOUND ATTACHED TO IT.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN 'PHOSPHORIC ACID' IS ATTACHED?
A 'PHOSPHOLIPID' IS MADE
*PRIMARY COMPONENT OF PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
162
What are the 7 principal functions of 'LIPIDS' in the body?
1. FORM CELLULAR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
2. TRANSPORT LIPID-SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES
3. PROVIDE CELLULAR ENERGY
4. STORE ENERGY IN ADIPOSE TISSUE
5. PROTECT, CUSHION AND INSULATE BODY ORGANS
6. FORM TYPE OF HORMONE (STEROIDS THAT REGULATE SEXUAL FUNCTION)
7. ELECTRICAL INSULATION IN NERVE FIBERS
163
The second most 'common' element in the human body is:
1. CARBON
2. NITROGEN
3. OXYGEN
4. HYDROGEN
1. CARBON
164
Ionic bonding results from:
THE COMPLETE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS
165
The molecular formula of 'glucose' is:
1. C6-H6-O6
2. C12-H6-O6
3. C12-H6-O6
4. C6-H12-O6
4. C6-H12-O6
166
Which of the following is an isomer of 'glucose':
1. FRUCTOSE
2. MALTOSE
3. STARCH
4. GLYCOGEN
1. FRUCTOSE
167
TRUE OR FALSE
'SATURATED FATS' are solid at room temperature
TRUE
168
The structure formula for 'butyric acid' is:
1. CH3-(CH2)14-COOH
2. CH3-(CH2)16-COOH
3. CH3-(CH2)2-COOH
4. CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH
3. CH3-(CH2)2-COOH
169
Amino acids are held together by what kind of bonds?
1. PEPTIDE BONDS
2. AMINO BONDS
3. HYDROGEN BONDS
4. IONIC BONDS
1. PEPTIDE BONDS
170
Which type of RNA acts as a template for 'protein synthesis'?
1. rRNA
2. nRNA
3. tRNA
4. mRNA
4. mRNA
171
'Transcription' takes place in the:
1. CYTOPLASM
2. NUCLEUS
3. RIBOSOMES
4. 2 and 3
3. NUCLEUS
172
A 'phenotype' is:
1. The genetic makeup of an individual's alleles
2. An individual's observable characteristics
3. A process of identifying an individual's homologous pairs of chromosomes
4. Two homologous chromosomes that are identical
2. An individual's observable characteristics
