The Architect's Studio Companion

Question 1

___ are solid walls engineered to resist the effects of lateral forces.

Can be made of almost any structura material

Are stiff, and a good coirce for stablizing elements.

Answer 1

Shear Walls

Question 2

Shear Walls:

To minimize interference with floor plan arrangements, shear walls are frequently incorporated into ____, ___ or ___ within the building.

Answer 2

Building cores,

Stair Towers

Vertical structures

Question 3

Shear walls can also be part of the exterior wall, although in this location they limit access to ___

Answer 3

daylight and exterior views,

Question 4

Composed of open triangulated frameworks

constructed of steel or wood

good in terms of strength per weight

most efficient lateral force stabilzing system

may be incorporated into the building core or other vertical structures

may be part of the exterior wall and may be come aesthetic element.

Answer 4

Braced Frames

Question 5

Rigid Frames:

depend on stiffer and more difficult to construct column to beam connections, called _____

Answer 5

Moment connections

Question 6

depend on stiffer and more difficult to construct column to beam connections, called moment connections

easily constructed with steel or sitecast concrete

Answer 6

Rigid Frames

Question 7

The ___ is also the most structurally inefficient lateral force-resisting system. It is most suitable for low or broad structures requiring relatively modest resistance. In taller buildings, it is most frequently used in combination wit heither shear walls or braced frames.

Answer 7

Rigid Frame

Question 8

Rigid frame introduces additional stresses into the strucural framework. This frequently results in coluns and beams that are ___ or in columns more closely spaced than would otherwise be requried.

Answer 8

heavier

Question 9

___ connections, with intermediate stiffness, may also be used in combination wit hshear walls or braced frames, and at less cost than fully rigid moment conditions.

Answer 9

Semi-rgid connections,

Question 10

Configuring Lateral Stabilizing Elements:

they must be arranged so as to resist lateral forces acting from all directions. This is usually accomplished by _________.

Answer 10

Alighting one set of stabilizing elements alogn each of the two major axes of the building.

also must be arranged in a balanced fashion

Question 11

Configuring Lateral Stabilizing Elements:

Arrangements that displace the center of resistance away from the center of mass of teh building may lead to difficult-to-control movements or ______ under lateral load conditions.

Answer 11

excessive stresses

Question 12

Configuring Stabilizing Elements:

lateral force-resisting elements are ____ and most extensive at the base of a building, and diminish in size and extent toward the top of the building. In addition, considerations of lateral stability become increasingly important as the ____ of the building increases. The Configuration of stabilizing elements is discussed further on the following pages.

Answer 12

Heaviest

Height and Slenderness

Question 13

Stabilizing Elements should be arranged in a ____ fashion and to resist lateral forces from ____.

Answer 13

Balanced

Any direction

Question 14

_____ are boards that function as framing elements in your home, supporting the walls. They’re spaced either 16 or 24 inches on-center (measured from center to center) along the wall and run between the floor and ceiling. Drywall or lath (for plaster walls) is attached to the edge of the studs.

Answer 14

Wood Stud Walls

Question 15

Systems Well Suited to Wall and Slab Framing:

Answer 15

Wood Stud Walls

Cross-Laminaed Timber

Brick Masonry Walls

Concrete Masonry walls

Lightweight Steel Stud Walls

Sitecast Concrete Walls

Precast Concrete Wall Panels

Question 16

_____ is a wood panel product made from gluing layers of solid-sawn lumber together. Each layer of boards is oriented perpendicular to adjacent layers and glued on the wide faces of each board, usually in a symmetric way so that the outer layers have the same orientation.

Answer 16

Cross-laminated timber

Question 17

_____ are the most durable part of any building or structure. … Masonry is the word used for construction with mortar as a binding material with individual units of bricks, stones, marbles, granites, concrete blocks, tiles etc. Mortar is a mixture of binding material with sand.

Answer 17

Brick Masonry walls

Question 18

_______ (or as it is more commonly called, concrete blockwork) is based on thousands of years experience in building structures of stone, mud and clay bricks.

Answer 18

Concrete masonry construction

Question 19

As opposed to precast, _____ , is poured, molded and cured on site. Like precast concrete, on site concrete is formed in a mold and then lifted in place. However, one of its advantages over precast slabs is that it does not need to be moved far to be lifted into place.

Answer 19

site cast, sometimes known as in-situ concrete

Question 20

_____ is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or “form” which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place (“tilt up”). … Precast is used within exterior and interior walls.

Answer 20

Precast concrete

Question 21

Shear walls may be arrange in a ____ to resist lateral forces from all directions.

Answer 21

box form

Question 22

In wall and slab systems, the distance between walls is _______ . Openings in walls may be made when beams are added to carry loads from above.

Answer 22

Equal to the span of the slab above.

Question 23

Bearing walls may act as _____ to span openings below, as shown in this schematic cross section.

Answer 23

deep beams

Question 24

Bearing wall and column systems may be combined for _____ in plan layouts.

Answer 24

more flexibility

Question 25

\_\_\_\_\_ systems are composed of vertical columns, horizontally spanning girders and beams, and slabs spannign the area between the beams. Compared to wall and slab systems, this system palce fewer constraints on the organization of space.

Answer 25

Column and Beam Systems

Question 26

Column and beam systems of steel frame or sitecast concrete construction are well suited to act as ____ for some or all of the structure's lateral force resistance.

Answer 26

rigid frame

Question 27

In \_\_\_\_\_, beam to column moment connections are usually easily produced as a normal feature of the system.

Answer 27

Sitecast Concrete

Question 28

Moment connections are most difficult to construct and less frequently used in ____ structures.

Answer 28

Precast concrete

Question 29

Rigid frames are normally not well suited for structures with \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

UNusually long spans or tall, slender columns.

Question 30

Deeper beams, termed \_\_\_\_, span the columns. In turn, support shasllower secondary beams, spannign perpendicular to them.

Answer 30

Girders

Question 31

In column and beam systems, columns are located on \_\_\_.

Answer 31

Beam Lines

Question 32

Beams span ____ in beam and girder systems

Answer 32

both directions

Question 33

\_\_\_\_\_ systems are composed of vertical columns directly supporting horizontally spanning slabs without intermediary beams.

Answer 33

Column and Slab Systems

Question 34

The absence of beams in column and slab systems may permit even _____ in column placements that with column and beam systems, because columns are not restricted to beam lines.

Answer 34

Greater flexibility

Question 35

Most column and slab systems are constructed of \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 35

Sitecast concrete

Question 36

Rigid frame action is sometimes possible in column and slab systems, although its effectiveness depends on the ____ of the slab, particularly in the areas close to the columns.

Answer 36

Depth

Question 37

Systems well suited to column and Slab Framing:

Answer 37

Site Cast Concrete Two Way Flat Plate Sitecast Concrete Two way Flat Slab Sitecast Concrete One-way Joists Sitecast COncrete Waffle Slab

Question 38

The most iconic site cast concretesystem is the \_\_\_\_\_. Preformed pans are used to create a form that casts the concrete into a wafflepattern

Answer 38

waffle slab

Question 39

\_\_\_ are frequenly used with column and slab systems to provide greater resitance to lateral forces. In this elevation and plan, the shear walls are shown incorporated into a pair of vertical cores.

Answer 39

Shear walls

Question 40

Column and Slab system layouts Column spacing either direction is equal to the span of the slab. For maximum economy and structural efficiency, column bays should be roughly ___ in proportion and columns should be arranged along regularly spaced bearing lines. Where driven by design considerrations column and slab systems can tolerate deviations in standard column placements, variations in bay sizes and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 40

Square irregular plans shapes

Question 41

Structural Limitations of Column and Slab Systems: The relatively shallow depth of the joint between the columns and slabs can _____ and limit their resistance to lateral forces.

Answer 41

restrict their vertical load -carrying capacity.

Question 42

Define Flat Slab

Answer 42

two way reinforced structural system Has Drop panels or Column capitals to prevent punching shear

Question 43

Define Flat Plate

Answer 43

Two way reinforced framing system

Question 44

The absence of beams in column and slab systems facilitates _____ layouts or plan shapes.

Answer 44

Irregular column

Question 45

Tall Building Structures: In the tallest buildings, ______ are msot common due to their efficient use of space, sturctural versatility and ease of construction.

Answer 45

Column and beam, or column and slab

Question 46

Tall structures, to the greatest extent possible, building core structures, columns and other loadbearing elements should extend ____ to the foundation and should avoid offsets from floor to floor or other discontinuities.

Answer 46

continuously

Question 47

Tall Building Structures: Where more significant redistributions of load are required, ____ or ____ structures may be used. In other cases, changes in the selection of structural system or its basic configuration and design may be appropriate.

Answer 47

Transfer Beams Heavy Long-Span Truss

Question 48

Tall Building Structures: In the tallest building, structural design is driven foremost by resistant to \_\_\_\_, more so than either gravity loads or lateral earthquake forces.

Answer 48

Wind Loads

Question 49

Tall BUilding Structures: An open space with long horizontal spans at the base of a tall building can produce excessive flexibility or weakness at that level. If such a ___ cannot be avoided, extra effort to provide adequate lateral support at that level may be required.

Answer 49

Soft Story

Question 50

Tall Building Structures: \_\_\_\_ can cause oscillation or twisting of the building structure, lateral accelerations that are uncomfortable for occupants, or localized areas of high pressure acting on the facade.

Answer 50

Wind Forces

Question 51

Tall Building Structures: Discrete building masses should be structurally \_\_\_\_. INherently unstable buildin masses should be avoided.

Answer 51

independent

Question 52

Tall Building Structures: \_\_\_\_\_ in the stiffness of structures at different levels should be avoided, or additional stabilizing elements may be requried.

Answer 52

Discontinuities

Question 53

Tall Building Structures Conventional Structural Configurations: The conventional arrangements of stabilizing elements used in low-rise buildings may be extended for use in buildings up to ____ stories in height. Stabilizing elements should be arranged so as to resist lateral forces along all major axes of the building.

Answer 53

20 - 25

Question 54

Tall Building Structures Conventional Structural Configurations: \_\_\_ and _____ are the stabilizing elements most common used in buildings of this height due to their structural efficiency. They may be used either separately or in combination. The use of rigid frams systems as the sole means of achieving lateral stability may be feasible in buildings up to ____ stories in height in areas of low seismic activity.

Answer 54

Shear walls and braced frames 15 - 20

Question 55

Tall Building Structures: Core Structures: One of the principal advantages of core structures is that with the placement of the resisting elements in the \_\_\_\_\_, interference wit hthe remainder of the floor plan is minimized.

Answer 55

building core

Question 56

Core Structures: In concrete construction, core walls already intended to enclose building systems can easily be designed to also act as \_\_\_\_. In steel construction, core structures are usually designed as \_\_\_\_.

Answer 56

Shear walls Braced Frames

Question 57

Core Structures: A single core servicing an entire building shouldbe located at the ___ of the building. In building with more than one core, the cores should be located ____ in the building plan so as to provide balanced resistance under lateral loads from any direction.

Answer 57

center symmetrically

Question 58

Core Structures: Cores typically comprise approximately ____ of the floor area of a mid or high rise building. They should be formed as closed elements, approximately square or cylindrical, with openings into the core kept to a minimum.

Answer 58

20 - 25%

Question 59

Core Structures: Simeple core structures can be used in buildings as high as ____ stories.

Answer 59

35 - 40 stories

Question 60

Core Structures: Core structures can also be enhanced structurall with ____ (at top of the structure) ir ____ (at points lower down) that engage the perimeter's structural elements in the resistance to lateral loads, thus improving the performance of the building as a whole. These elements may be aesthetically expressed on the building facade or serve as preferred locations for dedicated mechanical floors. Columns at the perimeter of the building may also increase in size with these systems. These core-interactive structures are suitable for buildings up to approximately ___ stories in height.

Answer 60

hat trusses belt trusses 60

Question 61

In structural engineering, the ____ is a system where, to resist lateral loads, a building is designed to act like a hollow cylinder, cantilevered perpendicular to the ground. This system was introduced by Fazlur Rahman Khan while at the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, in their Chicago office.

Answer 61

Tube

Question 62

Tube Structures: Many of the world's tallest buildings are designed as \_\_\_\_. IN this system, stabilizing elements are located at the ____ of the structure, leaving the layout of the interior of the building unrestricted by considerations of lateral stability.

Answer 62

Tube structures perimeter

Question 63

Tube Structures: Simple tube structures and their variations are generally suitable for buildings approximately ___ stories or greater in height.

Answer 63

55

Question 64

Tube Structures: When building in steel, the welded joints requried in this system may be more sostly to construct, although systems taht allow the ___ fabrication of these joints acan minimize this disadvantage.

Answer 64

off site

Question 65

Tube Structures: As with core structures, the performance of rigid frame tubes may be enhanced with ____ or ___ integrated within the perimeter structure.

Answer 65

hat trusses or belt trusses

Question 66

Tube Structures: \_\_\_\_\_ tubes are highly structurally efficient lateral load-resisting configurations. When built in steel, these structures rely on more easily constructed hinged connections. The diagonal braces that are an integral part of this system often have a significant impact on the appearance of the building facade.

Answer 66

Braced frame

Question 67

Tube Structures: \_\_\_\_\_ structures allow perimeter tubes to interact with rigid cores.

Answer 67

Tube-in-tube

Question 68

Tube Structures: \_\_\_ structures allow greater variation in building massing.

Answer 68

Bundled tube

Question 69

Tube Structures: \_\_\_\_\_ structures are similar to braced tubes, with the addition of large-sacale diagonals that pass through the building's interior.

Answer 69

Space Truss

Question 70

Tube Structures: \_\_\_\_ rely on latticed framworks that carry both vertical and lateral loads, with few or no vertical columns.

Answer 70

Diagrid Structures

Question 71

Pratical Limits on the Height and Slendernes of Tall Buildings At the time of this writing, the world's tallest building is Dubai's Burj Khalifa Tower, with ___ occupied floors and a height of \_\_\_\_\_. For most of its height, this building constructed as a \_\_\_\_, wall and slab structure. Lateral stabiity is provided by a central concret ecore buttressed by heavy shear wall radiating toward the tower extremities. This buttressed core design is considered practical for buildings\_\_\_\_\_ tall or greater. Looking to the future, buildings up 3280 ft (1km) in height are reportedly instages of planning or early construction.

Answer 71

163 828m sitecast concrete flat plate

Question 72

Pratical Limits on the Height and Slendernes of Tall Buildings Typical tall commercial and mixed-use buildings have slenderness ratios (ratio of height to least plan dimension at the base) in the range of \_\_\_\_. For example, the burj Khalifa is 9 times as tall as it is wide at its base.

Answer 72

5 - 10

Question 73

Pratical Limits on the Height and Slendernes of Tall Buildings On constrained, high-value urban sites, residential towers with slenderness ratios of ___ or higher have been constructed. The 111 West 57th Street residential tower in New York City is at this time, one of the world's most slender tall buildings, approximately ____ in height and 23 times tall as it is wide.

Answer 73

15 440m

Question 74

Architect of 111 West 57th Street Residential Tower

Answer 74

Shop Architects composed of 4 principals

Question 75

Answer 75

111 West 57th Street Residential Tower in NEw York by SHoP Archtiects

Question 76

Special Considerations in The Design of Tall Structures: Steel Structural Systems \_\_\_\_ also has particular advantages for buildings located in areas of high seismic activity. A lower-mass structure experiences lower forces during an earthquake.

Answer 76

Structural Steel

Question 77

Special Considerations in The Design of Tall Structures: Concrete Structural Systems In comparison to structural steel, ___ is a more massive and less ductile material. For these reason, it has traditionally been considered to be at a disadvantage for the design of tall buildings.

Answer 77

concrete

Question 78

Special Considerations in The Design of Tall Structures: Concre's unique characteristics can also offer advantages. ___ is tough and resistant to impact, nd unlike steel, it usually does not require a separate covering to protect it from the heat of building fires.

Answer 78

Concrete

Question 79

Special Considerations in The Design of Tall Structures: Composite columns made of steel box hapes filled with high strength concrete can achieve very high load-carrying capacity. Such composite columns form a primary structural element in one of the world's tallest buildings, the \_\_\_\_\_. At the base of this building, each of eight "supercolumns" measures almost 8 x 10 (2.4 x 3m) in section. Even in building structures nominally described as steel, concrete-core structures and floor systems common play essential roles as well.

Answer 79

Taipei 101

Question 80

Damping MEchanism for Resisting Lateral Forces A tall building structure;s response to the effects of wind or earthquake can be effects of wind or earthquake can be enhanced with devices designed to dampen the movements imparted to it by these loads. _____ dampers are shock-absorber like devices. They may be incorporated into parts of the building frame, where they can reduce building deflections during high lateral loading as well as increase the structure's energy-absorbing capacity.

Answer 80

Viscous Dampers

Question 81

Viscous dampers may also be combined with a system of ____ at the foundation of the building. This arrangement allows a degree of separation between the building structure and the ground upon which it rests. In the event of an earthquake, a significant portion of teh ground motion that occurs is never transmitted into the building structure at all.

Answer 81

Base Isolators

Question 82

Damping Mechanisms for Resisting Lateral Forces: \_\_\_\_ may be used to control deflection or "side sway" in tall buildings. These are heavy masses, suspended, pendum-like, within the building structure, usually near its top and connected to it by an array of dampers similar to those discussed above. AS wind forces act to deflect the structure sideways, the inertial of the suspended mass resists theses movements and erduces the magnitude of the sdideways deflection.

Answer 82

Tuned mass dampers

Question 83

Damping Mechanism for Resisting Lateral Forces: More recently, ____ dampers consisting of water tanks with specially configured internal chambers and baffles have been designed to work in a similar manner. The water stored in these tanks can also serve as emergency supply for the building's fire suppression systems.

Answer 83

Tune Liquid Dampers

Question 84

\_\_\_ dampers relu on sensors place near the top of the building structure that measure accelerations in real time This information is processed and then used to command hydraulic activators that exert counteracting forces on portions of the structure, thereby limiting structure movements.

Answer 84

Active Dampers

Question 85

\_\_\_\_ damer systems may not be suitable for use in areas of high seismic activity, where lost of power during earthquakes could render the system inoperable. Such dampening systems can be useful in very tall buildings where the discomfort caused by building sway frequently becomes the controlling factor in the structural design.

Answer 85

Active Damper

Question 86

Viscous Damper define

Answer 86

Same mechanism used in car shock absorber Hydraulic device that has viscous fluid to releast heat and accept lateral forces

Question 87

Base Isolators define

Answer 87

A cylindrical like damping device that works in a swinging motion, located primarily atthe foundation of the structure.

Question 88

\_\_\_\_\_ timber, also called\_\_\_ , is a type of structural engineered wood product comprising a number of layers of dimensional lumberbonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives. In North America, the material providing the laminations is termed laminating stock or lamstock

Answer 88

Glued laminated glulam

Question 89

In structural engineering, the _____ is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points

Answer 89

Open-Web Steel Joists