Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Day 2 Exam > The Architect's Studio Companion > Flashcards

The Architect's Studio Companion Flashcards

1
Q

___ are solid walls engineered to resist the effects of lateral forces.

Can be made of almost any structura material

Are stiff, and a good coirce for stablizing elements.

A

Shear Walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Shear Walls:

To minimize interference with floor plan arrangements, shear walls are frequently incorporated into ____, ___ or ___ within the building.

A

Building cores,

Stair Towers

Vertical structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Shear walls can also be part of the exterior wall, although in this location they limit access to ___

A

daylight and exterior views,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Composed of open triangulated frameworks

constructed of steel or wood

good in terms of strength per weight

most efficient lateral force stabilzing system

may be incorporated into the building core or other vertical structures

may be part of the exterior wall and may be come aesthetic element.

A

Braced Frames

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rigid Frames:

depend on stiffer and more difficult to construct column to beam connections, called _____

A

Moment connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

depend on stiffer and more difficult to construct column to beam connections, called moment connections

easily constructed with steel or sitecast concrete

A

Rigid Frames

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The ___ is also the most structurally inefficient lateral force-resisting system. It is most suitable for low or broad structures requiring relatively modest resistance. In taller buildings, it is most frequently used in combination wit heither shear walls or braced frames.

A

Rigid Frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rigid frame introduces additional stresses into the strucural framework. This frequently results in coluns and beams that are ___ or in columns more closely spaced than would otherwise be requried.

A

heavier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

___ connections, with intermediate stiffness, may also be used in combination wit hshear walls or braced frames, and at less cost than fully rigid moment conditions.

A

Semi-rgid connections,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Configuring Lateral Stabilizing Elements:

they must be arranged so as to resist lateral forces acting from all directions. This is usually accomplished by _________.

A

Alighting one set of stabilizing elements alogn each of the two major axes of the building.

also must be arranged in a balanced fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Configuring Lateral Stabilizing Elements:

Arrangements that displace the center of resistance away from the center of mass of teh building may lead to difficult-to-control movements or ______ under lateral load conditions.

A

excessive stresses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Configuring Stabilizing Elements:

lateral force-resisting elements are ____ and most extensive at the base of a building, and diminish in size and extent toward the top of the building. In addition, considerations of lateral stability become increasingly important as the ____ of the building increases. The Configuration of stabilizing elements is discussed further on the following pages.

A

Heaviest

Height and Slenderness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stabilizing Elements should be arranged in a ____ fashion and to resist lateral forces from ____.

A

Balanced

Any direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_____ are boards that function as framing elements in your home, supporting the walls. They’re spaced either 16 or 24 inches on-center (measured from center to center) along the wall and run between the floor and ceiling. Drywall or lath (for plaster walls) is attached to the edge of the studs.

A

Wood Stud Walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Systems Well Suited to Wall and Slab Framing:

A

Wood Stud Walls

Cross-Laminaed Timber

Brick Masonry Walls

Concrete Masonry walls

Lightweight Steel Stud Walls

Sitecast Concrete Walls

Precast Concrete Wall Panels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____ is a wood panel product made from gluing layers of solid-sawn lumber together. Each layer of boards is oriented perpendicular to adjacent layers and glued on the wide faces of each board, usually in a symmetric way so that the outer layers have the same orientation.

A

Cross-laminated timber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_____ are the most durable part of any building or structure. … Masonry is the word used for construction with mortar as a binding material with individual units of bricks, stones, marbles, granites, concrete blocks, tiles etc. Mortar is a mixture of binding material with sand.

A

Brick Masonry walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ (or as it is more commonly called, concrete blockwork) is based on thousands of years experience in building structures of stone, mud and clay bricks.

A

Concrete masonry construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

As opposed to precast, _____ , is poured, molded and cured on site. Like precast concrete, on site concrete is formed in a mold and then lifted in place. However, one of its advantages over precast slabs is that it does not need to be moved far to be lifted into place.

A

site cast, sometimes known as in-situ concrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or “form” which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and lifted into place (“tilt up”). … Precast is used within exterior and interior walls.

A

Precast concrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Shear walls may be arrange in a ____ to resist lateral forces from all directions.

A

box form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In wall and slab systems, the distance between walls is _______ . Openings in walls may be made when beams are added to carry loads from above.

A

Equal to the span of the slab above.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bearing walls may act as _____ to span openings below, as shown in this schematic cross section.

A

deep beams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bearing wall and column systems may be combined for _____ in plan layouts.

A

more flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

_____ systems are composed of vertical columns, horizontally spanning girders and beams, and slabs spannign the area between the beams.

Compared to wall and slab systems, this system palce fewer constraints on the organization of space.

A

Column and Beam Systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Column and beam systems of steel frame or sitecast concrete construction are well suited to act as ____ for some or all of the structure’s lateral force resistance.

A

rigid frame

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In _____, beam to column moment connections are usually easily produced as a normal feature of the system.

A

Sitecast Concrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Moment connections are most difficult to construct and less frequently used in ____ structures.

A

Precast concrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Rigid frames are normally not well suited for structures with _____

A

UNusually long spans or tall, slender columns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Deeper beams, termed ____, span the columns.

In turn, support shasllower secondary beams, spannign perpendicular to them.

A

Girders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In column and beam systems, columns are located on ___.

A

Beam Lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Beams span ____ in beam and girder systems

A

both directions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

_____ systems are composed of vertical columns directly supporting horizontally spanning slabs without intermediary beams.

A

Column and Slab Systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The absence of beams in column and slab systems may permit even _____ in column placements that with column and beam systems, because columns are not restricted to beam lines.

A

Greater flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Most column and slab systems are constructed of _____.

A

Sitecast concrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Rigid frame action is sometimes possible in column and slab systems, although its effectiveness depends on the ____ of the slab, particularly in the areas close to the columns.

A

Depth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Systems well suited to column and Slab Framing:

A

Site Cast Concrete Two Way Flat Plate

Sitecast Concrete Two way Flat Slab

Sitecast Concrete One-way Joists

Sitecast COncrete Waffle Slab

38
Q

The most iconic site cast concretesystem is the _____. Preformed pans are used to create a form that casts the concrete into a wafflepattern

A

waffle slab

39
Q

___ are frequenly used with column and slab systems to provide greater resitance to lateral forces. In this elevation and plan, the shear walls are shown incorporated into a pair of vertical cores.

A

Shear walls

40
Q

Column and Slab system layouts

Column spacing either direction is equal to the span of the slab. For maximum economy and structural efficiency, column bays should be roughly ___ in proportion and columns should be arranged along regularly spaced bearing lines.

Where driven by design considerrations column and slab systems can tolerate deviations in standard column placements, variations in bay sizes and _______

A

Square

irregular plans shapes

41
Q

Structural Limitations of Column and Slab Systems:

The relatively shallow depth of the joint between the columns and slabs can _____ and limit their resistance to lateral forces.

A

restrict their vertical load -carrying capacity.

42
Q

Define Flat Slab

A

two way reinforced structural system

Has Drop panels or Column capitals to prevent punching shear

43
Q

Define Flat Plate

A

Two way reinforced framing system

44
Q

The absence of beams in column and slab systems facilitates _____ layouts or plan shapes.

A

Irregular column

45
Q

Tall Building Structures:

In the tallest buildings, ______ are msot common due to their efficient use of space, sturctural versatility and ease of construction.

A

Column and beam, or column and slab

46
Q

Tall structures, to the greatest extent possible, building core structures, columns and other loadbearing elements should extend ____ to the foundation and should avoid offsets from floor to floor or other discontinuities.

A

continuously

47
Q

Tall Building Structures:

Where more significant redistributions of load are required, ____ or ____ structures may be used. In other cases, changes in the selection of structural system or its basic configuration and design may be appropriate.

A

Transfer Beams

Heavy Long-Span Truss

48
Q

Tall Building Structures:

In the tallest building, structural design is driven foremost by resistant to ____, more so than either gravity loads or lateral earthquake forces.

A

Wind Loads

49
Q

Tall BUilding Structures:

An open space with long horizontal spans at the base of a tall building can produce excessive flexibility or weakness at that level. If such a ___ cannot be avoided, extra effort to provide adequate lateral support at that level may be required.

A

Soft Story

50
Q

Tall Building Structures:

____ can cause oscillation or twisting of the building structure, lateral accelerations that are uncomfortable for occupants, or localized areas of high pressure acting on the facade.

A

Wind Forces

51
Q

Tall Building Structures:

Discrete building masses should be structurally ____. INherently unstable buildin masses should be avoided.

A

independent

52
Q

Tall Building Structures:

_____ in the stiffness of structures at different levels should be avoided, or additional stabilizing elements may be requried.

A

Discontinuities

53
Q

Tall Building Structures

Conventional Structural Configurations:

The conventional arrangements of stabilizing elements used in low-rise buildings may be extended for use in buildings up to ____ stories in height. Stabilizing elements should be arranged so as to resist lateral forces along all major axes of the building.

A

20 - 25

54
Q

Tall Building Structures

Conventional Structural Configurations:

___ and _____ are the stabilizing elements most common used in buildings of this height due to their structural efficiency. They may be used either separately or in combination.

The use of rigid frams systems as the sole means of achieving lateral stability may be feasible in buildings up to ____ stories in height in areas of low seismic activity.

A

Shear walls and braced frames

15 - 20

55
Q

Tall Building Structures:

Core Structures:

One of the principal advantages of core structures is that with the placement of the resisting elements in the _____, interference wit hthe remainder of the floor plan is minimized.

A

building core

56
Q

Core Structures:

In concrete construction, core walls already intended to enclose building systems can easily be designed to also act as ____. In steel construction, core structures are usually designed as ____.

A

Shear walls

Braced Frames

57
Q

Core Structures:

A single core servicing an entire building shouldbe located at the ___ of the building. In building with more than one core, the cores should be located ____ in the building plan so as to provide balanced resistance under lateral loads from any direction.

A

center

symmetrically

58
Q

Core Structures:

Cores typically comprise approximately ____ of the floor area of a mid or high rise building. They should be formed as closed elements, approximately square or cylindrical, with openings into the core kept to a minimum.

A

20 - 25%

59
Q

Core Structures:

Simeple core structures can be used in buildings as high as ____ stories.

A

35 - 40 stories

60
Q

Core Structures:

Core structures can also be enhanced structurall with ____ (at top of the structure) ir ____ (at points lower down) that engage the perimeter’s structural elements in the resistance to lateral loads, thus improving the performance of the building as a whole.

These elements may be aesthetically expressed on the building facade or serve as preferred locations for dedicated mechanical floors. Columns at the perimeter of the building may also increase in size with these systems. These core-interactive structures are suitable for buildings up to approximately ___ stories in height.

A

hat trusses

belt trusses

60

61
Q

In structural engineering, the ____ is a system where, to resist lateral loads, a building is designed to act like a hollow cylinder, cantilevered perpendicular to the ground. This system was introduced by Fazlur Rahman Khan while at the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, in their Chicago office.

A

Tube

62
Q

Tube Structures:

Many of the world’s tallest buildings are designed as ____. IN this system, stabilizing elements are located at the ____ of the structure, leaving the layout of the interior of the building unrestricted by considerations of lateral stability.

A

Tube structures

perimeter

63
Q

Tube Structures:

Simple tube structures and their variations are generally suitable for buildings approximately ___ stories or greater in height.

A

55

64
Q

Tube Structures:

When building in steel, the welded joints requried in this system may be more sostly to construct, although systems taht allow the ___ fabrication of these joints acan minimize this disadvantage.

A

off site

65
Q

Tube Structures:

As with core structures, the performance of rigid frame tubes may be enhanced with ____ or ___ integrated within the perimeter structure.

A

hat trusses or belt trusses

66
Q

Tube Structures:

_____ tubes are highly structurally efficient lateral load-resisting configurations. When built in steel, these structures rely on more easily constructed hinged connections. The diagonal braces that are an integral part of this system often have a significant impact on the appearance of the building facade.

A

Braced frame

67
Q

Tube Structures:

_____ structures allow perimeter tubes to interact with rigid cores.

A

Tube-in-tube

68
Q

Tube Structures:

___ structures allow greater variation in building massing.

A

Bundled tube

69
Q

Tube Structures:

_____ structures are similar to braced tubes, with the addition of large-sacale diagonals that pass through the building’s interior.

A

Space Truss

70
Q

Tube Structures:

____ rely on latticed framworks that carry both vertical and lateral loads, with few or no vertical columns.

A

Diagrid Structures

71
Q

Pratical Limits on the Height and Slendernes of Tall Buildings

At the time of this writing, the world’s tallest building is Dubai’s Burj Khalifa Tower, with ___ occupied floors and a height of _____. For most of its height, this building constructed as a ____, wall and slab structure. Lateral stabiity is provided by a central concret ecore buttressed by heavy shear wall radiating toward the tower extremities. This buttressed core design is considered practical for buildings_____ tall or greater. Looking to the future, buildings up 3280 ft (1km) in height are reportedly instages of planning or early construction.

A

163

828m

sitecast concrete flat plate

72
Q

Pratical Limits on the Height and Slendernes of Tall Buildings

Typical tall commercial and mixed-use buildings have slenderness ratios (ratio of height to least plan dimension at the base) in the range of ____. For example, the burj Khalifa is 9 times as tall as it is wide at its base.

A

5 - 10

73
Q

Pratical Limits on the Height and Slendernes of Tall Buildings

On constrained, high-value urban sites, residential towers with slenderness ratios of ___ or higher have been constructed. The 111 West 57th Street residential tower in New York City is at this time, one of the world’s most slender tall buildings, approximately ____ in height and 23 times tall as it is wide.

A

15

440m

74
Q

Architect of 111 West 57th Street Residential Tower

A

Shop Architects

composed of 4 principals

75
Q
A

111 West 57th Street Residential Tower in NEw York by SHoP Archtiects

76
Q

Special Considerations in The Design of Tall Structures:

Steel Structural Systems

____ also has particular advantages for buildings located in areas of high seismic activity. A lower-mass structure experiences lower forces during an earthquake.

A

Structural Steel

77
Q

Special Considerations in The Design of Tall Structures:

Concrete Structural Systems

In comparison to structural steel, ___ is a more massive and less ductile material. For these reason, it has traditionally been considered to be at a disadvantage for the design of tall buildings.

A

concrete

78
Q

Special Considerations in The Design of Tall Structures:

Concre’s unique characteristics can also offer advantages. ___ is tough and resistant to impact, nd unlike steel, it usually does not require a separate covering to protect it from the heat of building fires.

A

Concrete

79
Q

Special Considerations in The Design of Tall Structures:

Composite columns made of steel box hapes filled with high strength concrete can achieve very high load-carrying capacity. Such composite columns form a primary structural element in one of the world’s tallest buildings, the _____. At the base of this building, each of eight “supercolumns” measures almost 8 x 10 (2.4 x 3m) in section. Even in building structures nominally described as steel, concrete-core structures and floor systems common play essential roles as well.

A

Taipei 101

80
Q

Damping MEchanism for Resisting Lateral Forces

A tall building structure;s response to the effects of wind or earthquake can be effects of wind or earthquake can be enhanced with devices designed to dampen the movements imparted to it by these loads. _____ dampers are shock-absorber like devices. They may be incorporated into parts of the building frame, where they can reduce building deflections during high lateral loading as well as increase the structure’s energy-absorbing capacity.

A

Viscous Dampers

81
Q

Viscous dampers may also be combined with a system of ____ at the foundation of the building. This arrangement allows a degree of separation between the building structure and the ground upon which it rests. In the event of an earthquake, a significant portion of teh ground motion that occurs is never transmitted into the building structure at all.

A

Base Isolators

82
Q

Damping Mechanisms for Resisting Lateral Forces:

____ may be used to control deflection or “side sway” in tall buildings. These are heavy masses, suspended, pendum-like, within the building structure, usually near its top and connected to it by an array of dampers similar to those discussed above.

AS wind forces act to deflect the structure sideways, the inertial of the suspended mass resists theses movements and erduces the magnitude of the sdideways deflection.

A

Tuned mass dampers

83
Q

Damping Mechanism for Resisting Lateral Forces:

More recently, ____ dampers consisting of water tanks with specially configured internal chambers and baffles have been designed to work in a similar manner. The water stored in these tanks can also serve as emergency supply for the building’s fire suppression systems.

A

Tune Liquid Dampers

84
Q

___ dampers relu on sensors place near the top of the building structure that measure accelerations in real time This information is processed and then used to command hydraulic activators that exert counteracting forces on portions of the structure, thereby limiting structure movements.

A

Active Dampers

85
Q

____ damer systems may not be suitable for use in areas of high seismic activity, where lost of power during earthquakes could render the system inoperable.

Such dampening systems can be useful in very tall buildings where the discomfort caused by building sway frequently becomes the controlling factor in the structural design.

A

Active Damper

86
Q

Viscous Damper define

A

Same mechanism used in car shock absorber

Hydraulic device that has viscous fluid to releast heat and accept lateral forces

87
Q

Base Isolators define

A

A cylindrical like damping device that works in a swinging motion, located primarily atthe foundation of the structure.

88
Q

_____ timber, also called___ , is a type of structural engineered wood product comprising a number of layers of dimensional lumberbonded together with durable, moisture-resistant structural adhesives. In North America, the material providing the laminations is termed laminating stock or lamstock

A

Glued laminated

glulam

89
Q

In structural engineering, the _____ is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points

A

Open-Web Steel Joists

90
Q
A

Day 2 Exam (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions