Roof Flashcards
The external upper covering of a building, including the frame for supporting the roofing.
Roof
A roof having no slope, or one with only a slight pitch so as to drain rainwater.
Flat Roof
A roof having on or more slopes.
Pitched Roof
The slope of a roof, commonly expressed in inches of vertical rise per foot of horionztal run.
Pitch
The measured height of a sloping roof from the eaves to the ridge.
Rise
The horizontal distance from the eaves to the ridge of a sloping roof.
Run
A roof sloping downward in two parts from a central ridge, so as to form a gable at each end.
Gable Roof
The triangular portion of wall enclosing the end of a pitched roof from cornice or eaves to ridge.
Gable
A roof having sloping ends and sides meeting at an inclined projecting angle.
Hip Roof, Hipped Roof
A roof divided on each side of the ridge into two or more slopes, such as a gambrel or mansard.
Curb Roof
A ridged roof having on each side a steeper lower part and a shallower upper part.
Mansard, Mansard Roof
A pyramidal hip roof.
Pavilion Roof
A roof having a hipped end truncating a gable.
Hipped Gable, Jerkinhead, Shreadhead
A idged roof divided on each side into a shallower slope abive a steeper one.
Gambrel Roof
The arris between an upper and a lower slope on a gambrel or mansard roof.
Curb
A gable roof in the form of a broad Gothic arch, with gently sloping convex surfaces.
Rainbow Roof
A roof or ceiling ahving a semicylindrical form.
Barrel Roof
A roof having two slopes, each descending inward from the eaves.
Butterfly Roof
A roof composed of a series of small parallel roofs of triangular cross section, usually asymmetrical with the shorter slope glazed.
Sawtooth Roof
A roof having a single slope.
Shed Roof
A shed roof with the higher end abutting a wall or larger building.
Lean-to
A shed roof projecting from a wall or the side of a building to shelter a door or other opening.
Penthouse, Appentice, Pent, Pentice
A raised construction straddling the ridge of a roof, having windows or louvers for lighting or ventilating a building.
Monitor
A horizontal line of intersection at the top between two sloping planes of a roof.
Ridge
An intersection of two inclined roof surfaces toward which rainwater flows.
Valley
The inclined projecting angle formed by the junction of two adjacent sloping sides of a roof.
Hip
An opening in a roof or ceiling, glazed with a transparent or translucent material, for admitting daylight.
Skylight
The inclined, usually projecting edge of a sloping roof.
Rake
The overhanging lower edge of a roof.
Eaves, eave
A ridge connecting two points or peaks of a roof.
Saddle
A small roof fordiverting rainwater around a projection, such as chimney, on a sloping roof.
Cricket
A projecting structure built out from a sloping roof, usually housing a vertical window or ventilating louver.
Dormer
Either of two similar sides of a projection, as of a dormer or buttress.
Cheek
A dormer having a shed roof.
Shed Dormer
A dormer having a gable roof.
Dormer
A large dormer that houses a chimney or joins one part of a roof to another.
Link Dormer
A low dormer having a roof that is an upwardly curving continuation of the main roof plane.
Eyebrow
A gutter built into the slope of a roof, above the cornice.
Box Gutter
A board laid next to the gutter on a sloping roof to receive the turned-up edge of the metal lining.
Lear Board, Layer Board
A gutter having a V-shaped section, fixed to the eaves of a building.
Arris Gutter
A gutter fastened to the ends of rafters or to a fascia at the eaves of a roof.
Hanging Gutter
A metal strap or bracket for supporting and securing a gutter.
Gutter Hanger
A long-nail-and-formed-metal sleeve for fastening a gutter to the eaves of a roof.
Spike-and-ferrule
A drain designed to reeive water collecting on the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a leader or downspout.
Roof Drain
An opening in the side of a building, as in a parapet, for draining off rainwater.
Scupper
A channel of metal or wood at the eaves or on the roof of a building, for carrying off rainwater.
Gutter, Eaves Trough
The boxlike head of a downspout connected to a scupper or gutter.
leader head
A vertical pipe for conveying rainwater down from a roof or gutter to the ground.
Downspout, drainspout, leader
The base of a downspout, curved outward to direct the flow away from the wall.
Shoe
A precast concrete block having a depressed, splayed surface, placed at the base of a downspout to disperse rainwater that would otherwise erode the soil.
Splash Block
A roof in which longitudinal members, such as a ridge beam and purlins, are used as intermediate supports for common rafters.
Double Roof, Double-frame roof
A vertical member from the apex to the bottom chord of a pitched truss,
King Post
A king post having notches or raised areas for receiving and supporting the feet of inclined struts.
Joggle post, Joggle piece
An enlarged area of a post for supporting the foot of a strut or brace.
Joggle
A pitched truss having a king post.
King Truss
A longitudinal member of a roof frame for supporting common rafters between the ridge and the eaves.
Purlin or Purline, Binding Rafter
A light structural member for carrying roofing materials, supported by and running at right angles to purlines.
Subpurlin
A rafter extending from a wallplate to a ridgeboard or ridgebeam and having no function other than to support sheathing and coverng of a roof.
Common Rafter
A beam perpendicular to the ends of tie beams in a trussed roof and supporting common rafters near their lower ends.
Pole Plate
A diagonal member of a roof principal, usually forming part of a truss and supporting the purlins on which common rafters rest.
Principal Rafter
A member in a frame structure upon which adhacent or similar members depend for support or reinforcement.
Principal
A horizontal tie beam uniting the tops of two queen posts.
Straining Piece or Straining Beam
Either of the two vertical web members set at equal distances from the apex of a pitched truss.
Queen Post
A horizontal timber for connecting two structural members to keep them from spreadng apart, such as the beam connecting the feet of two principal rafters.
Tie Beam
A compression member lying along and dogged to the tie beam of a queen truss and sepaarting the feet of the queen posts.
Staining Sill
A pitched truss having two queen posts connected by a straining piece.
queen truss
A curved brace, usually used in pairs to support a roof frame and give the effect of an arch,
Arch Brace
One of a pair of naturally curved timbers, forming one of several arched frames supporting the roof of an old English cottage or farm building.
Cruck
A vertical timber set on the inner end of a hammer beam and braced to a collar beam above to support a purlin.
Hammer post
One of a pair of short horizontal members attached to the foot of a principal rafter at the level of the wall palte, used in place of a tie beam.
Hammer Beam
A bracket for supporting a hammer beam.
Hammer Brace
A support projecting horizontally from a wall to bear the weight of a cantilever or to strengthen an angle.
Bracket
A vertical timber supported at its lower end by a corbel and carrying at its upper end a hammer beam or tie beam.
Pendant Post
A roof supported by hammer beams.
Hammer-beam Roof
A beam for supporting the upper ends of rafters at the ridge of a roof.
Ridge Beam
A horizontal timber at the ridge of a roof, to which the upper ends of the rafters are fastened.
Ridge Board, Ridgepole, Ridgepiece
The act, process, or manner of constructing the structural frame of a roof.
Roof Framing
A pair of rafters connected by a collar beam or tie beam.
Couple, Couple-close
A horizontal timber uniting two opposing rafters at a point below the ridge, usually in the upper half of the rafter length.
Collar Beam, Collar Tie
Any of a series of small, parallel beams for supporting the sheathing and covering of a pitched roof.
Rafter.
A joist for carrying the finish ceiling of a room.
Ceiling Joist
A short wall supporting rafters at some intermediate position along their length.
Knee Wall
A plumb cut at the upper end f a rafter where it butts against a ridgeboard.
Top CUt
Vertical or perpendicular in direction.
Plumb
A method of determining the length of a rafter with a framing square, by marking an increment of angular length for each foot of horizontal run.
Stepping Off
A right-angled notch cut on the underside of a rafter to fit over a longitudinal member, such as a wall plate.
Bird’s Mouth
A horizontal cut at the lower end of a rafter that allows it to rest on and be connected to a wall plate.
Seat Cut, Foot Cut, Plate Cut
A relatively short bracket or cantilever for supporting the overhang of a roof.
Lookout, Tailpiece
Either of the end rafters in the part of a gable roof that projects beyond the gable wall.
Fly Rafter
Having a length or height less than that of most of the others in a framed structure, such as a jack rafter or jack truss.
Jack
Any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope, as one meeting a hip or a valley.
Jack Rafter
A jack rafte extending from a valley rafter to a ridge.
Valley Jack
A rafter connecting the ridge to the wall plate along a valley.
Valley Rafter
A rafter joining a hip to a valley.
Cripple Jack, Double Jack Rafter
A jack rafter extending from a wall palte to a hip rafter.
Hip Jack
A rafter forming the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof.
Hip Rafter
A beam extending outward from a main structure to support the projection of a floor or roof.
Outrigger
A short beam receiving and holding the foot of a hip rafter to counteract its thrust.
Dragon Beam, Dragon Piece
An angle brace for supporting one end of a dragon beam.
Dragon Tie
A pair of rafters supporting the part of a gable roof that projects beyond the gable wall.
Barge Couple
A board, often carved, attached to the projecting end of a gable roof.
Bargeboard, Vergeboard
A bevel given to the outer and upper edge of a hip rafter in order to allow sheathing to fit the top of the rafter without leaving a triangular space between it and the lower side of the roof covering.
Backing
An oblique angular cut at the end of a jact rafter enabling it to fit tightly against a hip rafter or valley rafter.
Cheek Cut, Side Cut
Any of various water-resistant materials, as shingles, slates, or tiles, laid on a roof to shed or drain rainwater.
Roofing
A thin, usually oblong piece of wood, asphaltic material, slate, metal, or concrete, laid in overlapping rows to cover the roof and walls of buildings.
Shingle
The overlapping of shingles or roofing tiles with break joists to form a weathertight covering.
Imbrication
The arranging of building units, such as masonry, shingles, or siding to ensure that vertical joints are not continuous in adjacent courses.
Break Joints, Staggered Joints
A method of laying shingles by offsetting alternate courses one-half the width of a shingle.
Common Lap
Boards, plywood, or structural panels fastened to the frame of a wall or roof as a base for cladding or roofing.
Sheathing
An H-shaped metal device for joining sheets of plywood roof sheathing at unsupported joints.
Panel CLip
A weather resistant material, such as roofing felt, for covering and protecting a roof deck before shingles are applied.
Underlayment
An additional layer of underlayment cemented to a roof deck to prevent melting ice and snow from backing up under the roofing along the eaves.
Eaves Flashing
A buildup of snow and ice along the eaves of a sloping roof.
Ice dam
The distance by which a shingle, slate or roofing tile overlaps another in the course immediately below it.
Toplap
The portion of the length of a shingle, slate or roofing tile left exposed to the weather when laid in place.
Exposure, Gauge, Margin
The distance by which a shingle, slate or roofing tile, overlaps another in the second course below it.
Headlap
A method of laying shingles or slates by lapping each shingle over one to the side and one below.
Dutch Lap
The distance by which a shingle, slate or roofing tile overlaps an adjacent one along its side edge.
Sidelap, Endlap
The amount of weather protection provided by the overlapping of shingles or slates.
Coverage
A unit for measuring roofing materials, equal to 100sq. ft (9.3 sq.m) of coverage.
Square
A composition shingle having an asphalt-impregnated felt base, surfaced on the weather side with colored mineral granules embedded in a hot asphaltic coating.
Asphalt Shingle
A composition shingle having an inorganic fiberglass base, saturated with asphalt and surfaced on the weather side with colored ceramic granules.
Fiberglass Shingle
A valley formed by overlapping successive courses of shingles in alternate directions.
Closed Valley, Laced Valley, Woven Valley
A course or layer of roofing material covering the ridge of a roof.
Ridgecap
The top course of shingles, slates or roofing tiles next to a ridge, cut to the required length.
Ridge Course
One of the alternate courses of shingles or slate laid with shorter or longer exposure.
Ribbon Course
A course of shingles laid with the butts slightly above or below the one adjacent.
Staggered Course
A double layer of shingles or tiles alid at the foot of a roof slope or a vertical section of shingling.
Doubling Course
The first course of shingles, slates, or tiles along the eaves of a roof before the first regular course is laid.
Starting Course
A metal molding placed along the eaves and rakes of a sloping roof to allow rainwater to drip free.
Drip Edge
A valley at which shingles or slates, are not laid to the intersection, exposing a lining of sheet metal or roll of roofing.
Open Valley
A wide strip of sheet metal or roofing felt for lining the valley of a roof.
Valley Flashing
A premium grade of red cedar shingle of clear, edge-grained heartwood.
Blue Label
An intermediate grade of red cedar shingle having a limited amount of flat grain and sapwood.
Red Label
A utility grade of red cedar shingle.
Black Label
Wood shingles cut to a uniform size.
Dimension Shingles
A thick shingle formed by splitting a short log into a number of tapered radial sections.
Shake
Wood shingles of uniform length, but of random width.
Random Shingles
A handsplit shake tapered by reversing the block with each split.
Tapersplit shake
A tapersplit shake having a split face and a sawn back.
Handsplit-and-resawn shake
A handsplit shake of uniform thickness.
Straightsplit Shake
A handsplit shake of uniform thickness.
Straightsplit shake
The thick, usually lower exposed end of a wood shingle or shake.
Butt
A row of wood shingles laid along the rake of a sloping roof with the butts projecting outward to give an inward slope to the surface shingles.
Undercourse, Undercloak
Roofing boards laid some distance apart to provide ventilation for wood shingles and shakes.
Spaced Sheathing, Open Boarding, Skip Sheathing
The weaving of shingles at the hip or ridge of a roof.
Boston Hip, Boston ridge
A method of laying shingles on adjoining surfaces of a roof or wall so that shingles on each face lap each other alternately.
Weaving
A strip of wood fixed to each rafter at the eaves in order to extend a sloping roof with a flatter pitch.
Sprocket, Cocking Piece
The lower, sometimes exposed, end of a rafter that overhangs a wall.
Rafter Tail
A sometimes ornamental cut at the lower end of a rafter tail.
Tail Cut
An eaves overhang exposing the ends of arafters and the underside of the roof sheathing.
Open Cornice, Open Eaves
Any broad, flat, horizontal surface, such as the outer edge of a cornice or roof.
Fascia
A wide board set vetically to cover the lower ends of rafters or the joint between the top of a wall and the projecting eaves.
Fascia Board
A slightly projecting, hollow cornice of boards and moldings, nailed to rafters and lookouts.
Box Cornice, Closed Cornice
The continuation of a cornice around the gable end of a house.
Cornice return
Roofing slates of uniform width.
Sized Slates
Roofing slates of varying width, often laid in diminishing courses.
Random Slates, Rustic Slates
The upper end of a roofing slate.
Head
The lower, exposed portion of a roofing slate.
Tail
A copper nail having a large, flat head and a medium-diamond-shaped point, used esp for fixing slates.
Slating Nail
A method of laying roofing slates with the diagonal of each tile running horizontally.
Diagonal Slating, Drop-point slating.
Diagonal slating in which the tails are cut from the roofing slates.
Honeycomb Slating
A method of laying roofing slates with spaces between adjacent tiles in a course.
Open slating, Spaced Slating
One of a number of courses of roofing slates that diminish in exposure, and sometimes width, from the eaves to the ridge.
Diminishing Course
Any of various clay or concrete tiles for covering a roof.
Roofing Tile
One of the roofing tiles covering the main expanse of a roof.
Field Tile
A convex roofing tile for covering the hip of a roof.
Hip Tile, Bonnet Tile
A convex, sometimes decorated roofing tile for covering the ridge of a roof.
Ridge Tile, Crown Tile
A twisted wire tie extending from the eaves to the ridge of a roof, to which roofing tiles are secured.
Tile Tie
A tapered, semicylindrical roofing tile laid convex side up to overlap flanking, similar tiles laid concave side up.
Mission Tile, Spanish Tile
A tapered, semicylindrical roofing tile laid convex side up.
Imbrex
A tapered, semicylindrical roofing tile laid concave side up.
Tegula
A roofing tile having an S-shaped cross section, laid so the downturn of one overlaps the upturn of the next in the same course.
Pantile
A system of roofing tiles consisting of tapered, semicylindrical tiles overlapping the flanges of flat undertiles in the same course.
pan-and-roll tiling
A flatm rectanuglar roofing tile having a groove along one edge that fits over flange in the next tile in the same course.
Interlocking Tile
A flat, rectangular roofing tile laid in an overlapping pattern.,
Shingle Tile
A horizontal wood strip on which roofing tiles or slates are hung.
Batten
A wooden strip of triangular section used to raise the edge of a double eaves course and ensure that the tails of the lowest tiles bed tightly on each other.
Tilting Fillet, Arris Fillet
A roofing tile, usually shorter or plainer than the field tiles, placed under the eaves course to give it a proper slope.
Starter Tile
A first course of shingles, slates or tiles on a roof.
Eaves Course
A row of slates or tiles placed on and projecting over the raking edges of a gable.
Barge Course
A roofing tile formed to cover the rake of a sloping roof.
rake Tile
An L-shaped roofing tile for covering the ridge, hip or rake of a roof.
Arris Tile, Angle Tile
The slight waviness of a sheet metal surface.
Oil-canning
A rounded cap for covering the ridge of a roof.
Ridge Roll
A roof covering of corrugated sheets of galvanized iron, coated steel, aluminum, fiberglass, or reinforced plastic.
Corrugated Roofing
A roof covering of copper sheets, joined by standing seams.
Copper Roofing
A roof covering of flexible tinplate or terneplate.
Tin Roofing
Trademark for a brand of an alloy consisting mainly of nickel and copper.
Monel Metal
A metal clip for securing lengths of sheet metal.
Hold-down Clip
The part of a sheet of metal roofing that laps over a sheet beneath it at a drip or seam.
Overcloak
The lower sheet of metal roofing at a drip or seam.
Undercloak
A strip of metal or wood attached to a surface to restrain or support an element or member.
Cleat
A joint between two pieces of sheet metal in the direction of fall of a curved or sloping roof, made by turning up the adjoining edges against each other, then bending them around to form a cylindrical roll.
Roll Seam
An edge of sheet metal stiffened by bending and flattening a narrow strip or rolling the edge into a tube shape.
Bead
Trademark for a brand of chlorinated polyethylene.
Hypalon
A synthetic rubber manufactured in sheets and used as a roofing memberane.
EPDM, Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer
A sheet of elastomeric material, such as neoprene, EPDM, or PVC, having seams fused by heat or a solvent, fixed to a roof deck with adhesive, mechanical fasteners, or by the weight of a gravel ballast.
Single-Ply Roofing
having the elastic qualities of natural rubber.
Elastomeric
A metal strip with a vertical flange for retaining surfacing aggregate and preventing leaks around the edge of a built-up roof.
Gravel Stop
A single-ply roofing membrane protected from sunlght and extremes of temperature by a layer of rigid board insulation and an additional layer of gravel ballast.
Protected Membrane Roof
A continuous covering for roofs of complex geometry, consisting of an elastomeric material, such as neoperene, Hypalon, or butyl rubber, applied in multiple coats with a roller or spray gun and curing to form a continuous membrane.
Fluid-applied Roofing
The edge of a sheet of roll roofing that is free of granules and most of the asphalt coating so as to provide better bond with the lap of the next sheet.
Selvage
A roofing material consisting of felt saturated with asphalt and surfaced on the weather side with a harder asphalt mixed with mineral or glass fibers, and a covering of mineral granules.
Roll Roofing
A cementitious insulating board of lightweight aggregate or wood fibers bonded under pressure with portland cement, having a factory-finished underside for use on roofs with exposed beams.
Structural Insulating Roof Deck
Any of various mixtures of hydrocarbons occuring naturally or distilled from coal or petroleum, such as a asphalt or coal tar, used for surfacing roads, waterproofing and roofing. Before application, the semisolid matter must be dissolved in a solvent, emulsified or heated to a liquid state.
Bitumen
A brownish-black mixture of bitumens obtained from native deposits or as a petroleum byproduct, used for paving, waterproofing, and roofing.
Asphalt
A viscous, black liquid formed during the distillation of coal, used for paints, waterproofing, and roofing,
Coat Tar
A layer of gravel serving to protect a roofing membrane from mechanical abrasion and uplifting wind forces.
Wear Course
A sheet of coated, mineral-surfaced felt, used as the top ply in a built-up roof.
Cap Sheet
A felt impregnated with asphalt or coal tar for use as the first ply in the laying of a built-up roof.
Base Sheet
A matted, fibrous material impregnated with a bituminous material for increased toughness, and resistance to weather.
Roofing Felt, Roofing Paper
A continuous covering for flat or low-pitched roofs, consisting of alternating layers or plies of roofing felt and heated bitumen, surfaced with a cap sheet or a layer of gravel or slag embedded in bitumen.
Built-up Roofing
A roof covering consisting of layers of roofing felt or synthetic fabric bonded and sealed with a cold application of an asphalt mastic or cement.
Cold-Process Roofing
A guarantee by a surety company that a roofing manufacturer will repair a roof membrane or covering under the conditions listed in the bonding contract.
Roofing Bond
