Building Tech Book 1 Flashcards
The art, science, and business of building,
the process of building from site preparation through erection, asembly and finishing
the manner in which materials are ordered, assembled and united into a whole as frame construction
all on-site work done from site preparation, excavation, foundation, assembly of all the components and installation of utilities and equipment of building or structure.
Construction
Installation in place of components of a building or structure
Erection
Any cosntruction which increases the height or area of an existing building or structure
addition
construction in a building/structure involving changes in the materials used, partitioning, location and size of openings, structural parts, existing utilities and equipment but does not increase the overall area thereof.
Alteration
Any physical change made on a building or structure to increase its value, utility and or to improve its aesthetic quality.
Renovation
A change in the use or occupancy of a building or structure or any portions thereof which has different requirements.
Conversion
Remedial work done on any damaged or deteriorated portion/s of a building to restore its original condition.
Repair
The transfer of any building or structure or portions thereof from tis original location or position to another, either within the same lot or to a different one.
Moving
The systematic dismantling or destruction of a building or structure, in whole or in part.
Demolition
Types of Construction
buildings shall be of wood construction.
Type I
Types of Construction
building shall be of wood construction with protective fire resistant materials and one hour fire resistive throughout, except that permanent non bearing partitions may use fire retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
Type II
Types of Construction
shall be of masonry and wood construction. Exterior walls shall be of incombustible fire resistive construction
Type III
Types of Construction
buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete or masonry construction. Walls,ceilings and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire resistive construction, except that permanent non bearing partitions of one hour fire resistive construction may use fire retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
Type IV
Types of Construction
buildigns shall be fire resistive. The structural elements shall be of steel, iron, concrete or masonry construction Wall, ceilings and permanent partitions shall be of incombustbile fire resistive construction.
4 hour fire-resistive
Type V
Fire retardant chemical are coated not impregnated in the wood.
Fire Retardant Coated Wood
a wood that is impregnated with Fire retardant chemicals.
Fire-Retardant Treated Wood (FRTW)
material used is “Foshcheck”, which is 85% water, 10% fertilizer, 5% iron oxide and Bentonite
Fire-retardant Chemical
The legal documents comprising a construction contract, including the owner-contractor agreement, conditions of the contract, and the construction drawings and specifications for the project, including all addenda, modification and any other items stipulated as being specifically included.
Contract Documents
The construction drawings and specifications setting forth in detail the requirements for the construction of a project.
Construction Documents
The part of the contract documents consisting of a detailed description of the technical nature of the materials, standards and quality of execution of the work to be placed under contract.
Specifications
A format developed by the consturction Specifications INstitute for the coordinating specifications, filing of tehcnical data and product literature, and construction cost, accounting, organized into 16 divisions based on an interrelationship of material, trade or function.
Uniform System / Masterformat
1995 Masterformat
Number of Divisions:
16
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 1
General Requirements
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 2
Site Work
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 3
Concrete
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 4
Masonry
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 5
Metals
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 6
Wood and Plastics
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 7
Thermal and MOisture Protection
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 8
Doors and Windows
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 9
Finishes
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 10
Specialties
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 11
Equipment
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 12
Furnishings
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 13
Special COnsturction
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 14
Conveying Systems
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 15
Mechanical
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 16
Electrical
Three Basic parts of the Section Format
1 - General
2 - Products
3 - Execution
Three BasicParts of the Section Format:
Covers those general areas of concern which precede and follow the work, and which define the scope of the work.
General
Three BasicParts of the Section Format:
Defines in detail the materials, equipment, system, fixtures, etc, which will be incorporated into the work
Products
Types of Specifications:
A specification that stipulates how a particular component or system must perform without giving the means to be employed to achieve the results
Performance specification
side note: more easy and not hassle
Types of Specifications:
A specification that stipulates the exact quantities and qualities of materials to be furnished and how they are to be assembled in a construction.
Descriptive Specification
Types of Specifications:
A specification that refers to a standard specification to indicated the propoerties desired in a material or component and the methods of testing required to substantiate the performace of products.
Reference Specification
Types of Specifications:
The desired producti is specified by the name given by the manufacturer or by the manufactureers name and model number.
Brand nmae specification
___ specifications are usually brand name specifications.
Closed Specification
There are two types of closed specifications, the ______ specification and the ______specification.
single product specification
multi product specification
Manufacturers whose product meet performance or description specified may be included in the bidding. All performance and descriptive specifications are open. Brand specifications are open if the phrase “or equal” is used.
Open Specification
Open Specification
Manufacturers whose product meet performance or description specified may be included in the bidding. All performance and descriptive specifications are open. Brand specifications are open if the phrase ___ is used.
Or Equal
It may be a combination of performance, descriptive and reference specification whichever is beneficial to parties concerned.
Combination Specification
aka: Guarantor
the person in charge in legal respponsibility of the other person’s debt or behavior.
Surety
manage only the construction portion of the product.
in charge in materials and personnel management.
Construction Manager
Supervises the work of the Cm
Greater responsibility
Project Manager
consist of contract documents and bidding requirements.
Construction Documents
The purpose of the construction documents is to _____
communicate the written and graphic design for administration of the construction contract.
Construction documents consists of: (8)
Bidding Documents
Contract forms / Agreement
Conditions of the contract
Special provisions
Specifications
Drawings
Addenda
Contract modifications
additional documents because they may omitted some documents upon production.
Addenda
3 basic construction documents:
drawings(working drawings
conditions of the contract
specification
is a term used to describe the documents furnished to bidders. They include not only contract documents, but also bidding requirements.
Bidding documents
Bidding documents are supplied by the ___ during bidding phase of a project prior to construction.
Owner
Those printed documents that comprise a contract which include owner-architect agreement or contract form, drawings and or plans, specifications, general conditions, special provisions, all addenda, modifications and changes thereto tohether with any other items stipulated as being specifically included.
Contract Documents
may pertain to all docs but excluding bidding docs
Contract documents consist of the following ___ and ____ elements
written
graphic
The contract between the owner and the contractor undertaking the project decribed in the contract documents including all supplemental agreements thereto and all general and special provisions pertaining to the work or materials therefore:
a written agreement between the owner and contractor setting forth the work to performed, the time for completion and the contract sum/
Agreement
Standard Contract Documents (Agreement)
(6)
Owner-architect agreement
owner-general contractor agreement
owner-specialty trade contractor agreement
general contractor - specialty trade contractor agreement
owner - project management agreement
owner - construction management agreement
The approved form of security furnished by the contractor and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the contractor to execute the work in accordance with the terms of the contract.
Performace Bond
The approved form of securiry furnished by the contractor and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the contractor to pay all obligations arising from the contract.
Payment Bond
Include certificates of insurance and certificates of compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Certificate
Types of Certificates:
Certificates of insurance
Certificates of compliance
These consist of the general conditions, supplementary conditions and other conditions.
Conditions of the Contract
_____ are those portions of the contract documents which define, set forth, or relate to contract terminology, the rights and responsibilities of the contracting parties and others involved in the work, requirements for safety and compliance with laws and regulations, general procedure for the orderly execution and management of the work, payments to the contractor, and similar provision of a general, non technical nature.
conditions of the contract
Thus, ______ define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved in the construction process.
Conditions of the contract
2 types of contract conditions:
General Conditions and Supplementary Conditions
Printed documents stipulating the procedural and the administrative aspects of the contract, it also sets forth the many of the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved. Thus they are general clauses that establish how the project is to be administered. They contain provisions which are common practice nationwide. Standard documents published by professional societies are often used.
General Conditions
The ____ conditions represent that part of the contract documents which supplements and may also modify provisions of the general conditions. These supplements or modifications maybe needed to provide requirements unique to a specific project, for example, wage rates.
Supplementary Conditions
____ are instructions which may be issued to the bidding to supplement and/or modify drawings, specifications, and or general conditions of the contract.
Special Provisions
A written document describing in detail the scope of work to be done, materials and equipment to be used, method of installation or application and the quality of workmanship for a certain work to be placed under contract.
Specifications
As a legal consideration, specifications shall govern over ___.
Drawings
A ____ sis usually utilized in conjunction with working (contract) drawings in building construction.
Specification
Clearly written specifications are essential because they _____.
remove speculation about requirements and thus enable contractors to bid the project more inteligently
These are additional information which may be issued as an addition or amendment to the provisions of the specifications.
Supplementary Specifications
A ____ is a standardized document intended to provide guidance to the specifier in preparing a particular portion of the contract documents.
Guide Specifications
These are graphical presentations of the work involved in the project. These include all supplementary details and shop drawings.
included are:
MEchanical and electrical systems and diagrams
structural elements, equipments, finishes and other similar itesms.
Drawings
Drawings should include among others the _____.
Location of materials, equipment and fixtures.
Drawings intended for use by a contractor, sub contractor or fabricator, which form part of the contract documents for a building project, it contains the necessary graphical information to manufacture, erect, fabricate or construct a building or portion thereof.
Working Drawings
Drawing documents prepared by an architect for a construction project, eg. plans, elevations, sections and other details.
Architectural Drawing Documents
______ documents are technical in nature, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineering items or work; and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions and details.
Engineering Drawing Documents
_________ documents include structural, electrical, mechanical, sanitary , plans and details and other engineering related drawings.
Engineering Drawing Documents
____ are written or graphic instruments that supplement the bidding documents for the purpose of clarifying, correcting or adding to the specifications previously issued.
Addenda
___ are written or graphic instrument which modifies or interprets the bidding documents, including drawings and specifications, by additions, deletions, clarifications, or corrections. They become part of the contract documents when the construction contract is executed. Typically they are issued proir to the opening of bids.
Addenda
___ are changes made before contract execution.
Addenda
Instructions, change orders, directives and so on, written after execution of the contract;
those additions to, deletions from, or modifications of the work that are made after the agreement has been signed.
Contract Modifications
The _____ documents contain the legally enforceable requirements which become part of the contract when the agreement is signed. Contract modifications can be issued at any time during the contract period.
Contract documents
A written order to the contractor, signed by the owner and the archtiect or engineer, issued after the execution of the contract, authorizing a change in the work, or an adjustment in the contract sum, or the contract time as orignally defined by the contract documents.
Change orders
A change order may add to, subtract from or vary the scope of work. It may be signed by the ____ along (provided that the owner has given ______ for such procedure and that a copy of such written suthority is furnished the contractor upon request) or by the contractor, if the contractor agrees to the adjustment in the contract sum or the contract time.
architect or engineer
written authorization
A written order affecting a minor change in the work (eg. labor to reproduce the construction required by the contract documents, or materials or equipement incorporated or to be incorporated in such construction), not involving an adjustment in the contract sum or an extension of the contract time, issued by the archtiect or engineer to the contractor during the construction phase.
Field orders or construction change authorizations
_____ instructions are minor instructions or interpretations not inivolving change orders.
Supplemental instructions
_____ instructions allow the architect or engineer to direct changes not involving changes in contract sum or contract time.
Supplemental instructions
A complete set of bid and contract documents that include the bidding requirements, contract forms, contract conditions and project specifications.
Project Manual
its different in item manual (eg. Kettle)
Document or material provided to the architect or engineer for review or acceptance.
Submittal
Since there are many risk and liabilities that concern the architect, engineers, contractors and other allied profession in the construction of a project there should be a basic _____ requirement and coverage that may be necessary to safeguard the interest of all parties to the contract, including the designers.
Insurance
The Role of Specification
A specification is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a ____.
material, product or service
The Role of Specification
____, as one of the contract documents, deserve as much care and attention as working drawings.
Specification
A written or printed description of the work to be done, forming part of the contract and describing qualities of material and mode of construction, and also giving dimension and other information not shown in the drawings.
Specification
Legal Consideration
Courts generally held on the event of conflict between drawings and specifications, the ____ as a written document, shall govern.
specifications
____ requirements governing owner’s liability, contractor’s liability, and fire insurance are usually incorporated in the general conditions or in supplementary conditions and again, made a part of the ____ by incorporation therein.
Insurance,
specifications
The bidding requirements include the ____ (4).
Invitation to Bid
The instructions to Bidders
The Bid Form
Bid Bond
A guarantee that the bidder will take on the job if he is selected.
Bid Bond
The specifications provide a basis for the contract’s estimate and the submission of a bid. ____ are established by the architect and owner for the deletion of work, the addition of work and for the substitution of materias.
Alternates
Alternates are ____ are listed in the Bid Form
written
Sub-contractor’s Limits
Drawings genrally show all of the work to be done and the ____ of various parts.
Interrelationship
Contractors Limit
General requirements, will establish the ___ of each prime contract.
Limits
Inspection and Testing Procedure (Quality Control)
The specifications established _____ procedures to be followed during the construction operations.
inspection and testing
A specification include the following but not limited to:
Descriptive title and scope
Date of Last effective revision
Person, office, or agency responsible for questions on the specifications
Terminology
Test Methods
Material REquirements
Performance Testing Requirements
Drawings
Workmanship
Certifications
Safety considerations
Environmental Considerations
Quality Requiremnts, Sampling, and inspections
Completion and Delivery
Provisions for Reejection, rehearing, corrective measures
Project Manual
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- Addenda (if bound in project manual
- Bidding Requirements
- Invitation to Bid
- Instruction Bidders
- Sample Forms
- Agreement
- Bid Form
- Bid Bond
- Performance and PAyments Bonds
- Other sample forms
- Conditions of Contract
- General Conditions
- Supplementary Conditons
- Schedule of Drawings
- TEchnical Specifications
- Divisions 1 through 48
A test to determine platic’s resistance (eg. resistance to rubbing, scraping and erosion)
Taber Abrasion
a defect in pooint that shows cracking that resembles ligators scale.
Alligatoring
A fine cracks and random that may resemble web.
Common defects from acrylic paint
Crazing
Drawings should generally show the following information.
- Extent, size, shape and location of component part
- Location of materials, equipment and fixtures
- Detail and overall dimensions
- Interrelation of materials, equipment and space
- Schedules of finishes, windows and doors
- Sizes of equipment
- Identification of class of material at its location
- Physical extent of alternates
Specification should generally descrobe the following items.
- Type and quality of materials, equipment and fixtures
- Quality of Workmanship
- Methods of Fabrications, installation and erection
- Test and code requirements
- Gauges of manufacturer’s equipment
- Allowances and unit prices (eg. Bill of Materials)
- Alternate and options
The technical section contains two categories of paragraph, namely, the technical and non-technical:
Technical:
Materials
Fabrication
Workmanship
Installation
Tests
Schedules
Preparations
The technical section contains two categories of paragraph, namely, the technical and non-technical:
Non-Technical
Scope of Work
Delivery of materials
Samples and shop drawings
Permits
Guarantees
Cleaning
Job Conditions
Types of Specification
A specification that stipulates how a particular component or system must perform without giving the means to be employed to achieve the results.
Performance Specification
Example of Performance Specification:
MEchanical exhaust fan shall move not less than nine hundred cubic meters of air per minute and shall move not less than eight hundred cubic meters of air per minute against 500mm static air pressure.
a paint finish that may be in satin, low gloss, or matte finish
Eggshell Finish
eg. of Performance Specification in case of Paint
- Painted Surface shall withstand 10 washings with mild detergents.
- The painted surface shall show no sign of alligatoring or crazing
- The painted surface shall be resistant to abrasion when using the Taber abrasive method
- The painted surface shall have an eggshell finish.
Type of Specification
A specification that stipulates the exactquantities and qualities or properties of materials to be furnished and how they are to be assembled or installed in a construction.
Descriptive Specification
eg. of Descriptive Specification
MEchanical exhaust fan shall be wall-mounted, centrifugal type fan of weather-proof construction made for outdoor use. It shall be of al-aluminum construction including aluminum centrifugal propellers.
Type of Specification
A specification that refers to a standard specification to indicate the properties desired in a material or component and the methods of testing required to substantiate the performance of products
A standardized mandatory language document prescribing amterials, dimensions and workmanship, incorporated by reference in the contract documents, with information in the mandatory requirements checklist.
refers to a standard established for either a material, a test method, or an installation procedure these standard, similarly are predicated on either descriptive or performance criteria.
Reference Specification
eg. of Reference Specification
Masonry surface paint finish - Flat Finish (Latex type Boysen Permacoat Latex #701)
Type of Specification
A specification that stipulates the use of specific products, systems or processes without provision for substitution.
Proprietary spcification
Type of Specification
One in which the specifier states outright the actual make, model, catalog number, and so on, of a product or the installation instruction of a manufactureer. Where certain options are available, the specifier should include those pertinent to the project;
a closed type specification
Proprietary Specification
Type of Specification
A type of specification where the desired product is specified by the name given by the manufacturer or by the manufacturer’s name and model number.
Brand name specification
In ___ specification, there are two types of this type of specification namely:
The single product and the multi product specification
Closed Spcification
___ specifications are generally brand name specifications This is used basically where material is required to match existing material in terms of quality, type and performance
Closed Specification
use this in case there’s renovation project and you need to specify existing materials.
This is the opposite of closed specification, it is called such because all manufacturers whose product meet performance or description specified, may qualify to bid.
All performance and descriptive specification are of these type.
Open specification
Brand name specifications are open if the phrahse _____ is used.
Or equal
___ specification may be a combination of performance, descriptive and reference specifications but never a combination of open and closed specification.
Combination specification
In combination specification, you can never combine what?
Open and Close Specification
In this specification type, a product may be required with specific physical characteristics and also may be required to conform to a particular standard.
Combination specification
_____ is employed when the specified describes in detail the materials, workmanship, installation and erection procedures to be used by the contract in the conduct of their work operationsin order to achieve the result expected. This can be described as Descriptive Specification.
Method system
eg. Descriptive specification for a masonry wall would described the materials to be used:
* The Brick and mortar ingredients, composition of the mortar, test of individua components, weather condition during erection, workmanship involved in laying up the brick, type of brick bond, jointing and finally the cleaning procedure*
Most design firms, goverment agencies and large corporations use __ specification as basis for their project specifications. These include items of work normally encountered by that organization.
Master specifacation
A uniform classification system for construction specifications that is divided into several sections, each of which is sequentially numbered and named. It is the most widely used standard for organizing specifcations and other written information for commercial and institutional building projects in thet US)
Masterformat
Master format is a product of the ____ and ____.
aka. ____
Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
Consturction Specifcations Canada
Uniform system
_____ is a master specification for the construction industry developed by Production Systems for Architects and Engineers (PSAE), not the Professional System Division of the American Institute of Architects. It is one of the most complete and widely used guide specifications available.
Masterspec
PSAE
Production Systems for Architects and Engineers
AIA
American Institute of Architects
Masterspec sections are titled, formatted and numbered essentially in accordance with ____ and CSI’s Manual of Practice.
Masterformat
_____ is copyrighted by the COnstuction Sciences Research Fondation and published by Construction specification Institute. It is published in CSI’s 16 division format. Section titles and five digit numbering system are in accordance with the titles and numbering system in Masterformat.
Spectext
Spectext is revised every ____ years, portions of text are revised quarterly.
5 years
____ ( the successor of SweetSpec), is an interactive expert system for writing specifications.
First, a computer dialogue takes place between a project architect or engineer and the computers CD ROM containing the software and data fukes; the dialogue mimics that which would occur between an archtiect or engineer and an expert specification writer. For each section of the required specification document, the computer asks a series of questions in logical decision making order. The software is updated periodically.
SPECSystem
CD-ROM
compact disk, read only memory
Masterformat 1995 edition
how many divisions?
16
Division
- General Requirements
- Sitework
- Concrete
- Masonry
- Metals
- Wood and Plastics
- Therman and Moisture Protection
- Doors and Windows
- Finishes
- Specialties
- Equipment
- Furnishings
- Special COnstruction
- Conveying systems
- Mechanical
- Electrical
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most requirements that apply to the job as a whole or to several of the technical sections, and especially the requirements sometimes referred to as special conditions. General conditions and supplementary conditions are not included in the division specifications.
Division 1 - General Requirements
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most subjects dealing with site preparation and development. Site utilities in Division 15 and 16 must be coordinated with these sub divisions.
2 - Sitework
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most items traditionally associated with concrete work, exceptions are paving, piles ,waterproofing and terrazzo
3 Concrete
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most materials traditionally installed by mason, exceptions are paving and interior flooring
4 Masonry
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes moststructural metals and metals not falling under the specificc provision of other divisions, exceptions are reinforcing steel, curtain walls, roffing piles, doors ad dwindwos.
5 metals
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most work traditionally performed by carpenters, exceptions are wood fences, concrete formwork, doors, windows and finish hardware.
Wood and Plastics
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most items normally associated with insulation and preventing the passage of water vapor; exceptions are paint, waterstops nd joints installed in concrete or masonry and gasjets and sealants.
Therman and Moisture protection.
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes hardware, doors, windows and frames, metal and glass curtain walls, transparent and translucent galzing, exceptions are glass block and glass mosaics.
8 Doors and windows
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includesi nterior finishes, not traditionally the work of the carpentry trade.
9 Finishes
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes factory -assembles, pre finished items.
10 - Specialties
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most items of specialize equipment
11 Equipment
16 Divisions Masterformat
Division 12
Furnishings
16 Divisions Masterformat 1995
Division 13
Special Construction
16 Divisions Masterformat 1995
Division 14
Conveying Systems
16 Divisions Masterformat 1995
Division 15
MEchanical
16 Divisions Masterformat 1995
Division 16
ELectircal
CSI Masterform 2004 Edition
How many divisions?
49
CSI Masterformat 2004 Editions:
Division 00
Procurement and contracting requirements group
procurement
pagkuha
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Area for performance requirements added to allow from writing performance requirements for elements that overlap work sections. This allows for a mixture of broad performance specifcations and deriptve specifcations in a project manual.
1 - General requirements
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
This division is now limited to existing conditions, construction practices that related to items at the site at the commencement of work-selective demolition, sub surface and other investigation, surveying, site decontamination and site remediation, among others.
All site construction as well as heavy civil and infrastructure subject matter, including utility and pavement work, has been relocated to the Site and Infrastructure Sub Group
2 - Existing Conditions
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 3
COncrete
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 4
Masonry
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 5
Metals
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Essentially the same some as 1995 edition, with expansion in the areas of plastics and composites.
6 - Wood, Plastics and Composites
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 7
Thermal and MOisture Protection
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Renamed but essentially the same scope of 1995 editions with the addition of some other openings as louvers and grills.
8 - Openings
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 9
Finishes
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 10
Specialties
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Eqquipment related to process engineering has been relocated tothe process equipment Sub Group and equipment related to infrastructure has been relocated to the Site and infrastructure Sub Group.
Division 11 Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 12
Furnishings
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Special construction related to process engineering has been relocated to the Process Equipment Sub Group.
Security access, ibuilding automation, detection and alarm, and fire sypresion subhects have been relocated to the Facility Services Sub Group
Division 13 Special COnstruction
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Renamed with process related material handling subjects relocated to the Process Equipment Subgroup
14 Conveying Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 15
Reserved
reserve maybe for MEchanical Extension
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 16
Reserved
Division 16 has been reserved for future expansion and material has been relocated to Division 26 and 26
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 17
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 18
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 19
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
This sub group retains the same basic content as published in Draft 4, but with some new diviisions, arranged in a revised order.
Facility Services Sub-Group
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 20
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Fire suppresion subjects relocated from Division 13 in Masterformat 1995 edition
21 - Fire suppression
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 22
Plumbing
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 23
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditions
Divsion 15 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 24
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 25
Integrated Automation
Division 13 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 26
Electrical
Division 16 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 27
Communications
Division 16 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 28
Electronic Safety and Security
Division 13 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 29
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
This Sub group contains heavy civil and utility subhect matter, as well as site construction material moved from Division 2 in masterformat 1995 edition
Site and Infrastructure Sub Group
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 30
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 31
Earthwork
from division 2 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 32
Exterior Improvements
Division 2 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 33
Utilities
from Division 2 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 42
Transportation
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 35
Waterway and Marine Consturciton
from Division 2 Before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 36
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 37
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 38
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 39
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Process faciities are composed of a variety of sub systems, tied together and integrated by distribution pathways, control and instrumentation. All of these systems must work together as a whole. This division includes elements used to tie these systems together. Piping, heat tracing, insulation and instrumentation and control systems and also provides a pace to specify commissioning requirements for sub systems and facility as a whole.
Division 40 Process Integration
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Equipements for Processing and conditioning of raw materials, material handling equipment for bulk material as well as discrete units, manufacturing equipment and machinery, test equipment and packaging shipping systems.
Division 41 Material Processing and Handling Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Equipment for process heating, cooling and drying of matrials, liquids, gases and manufactured items and materials.
Division 42 Process HEating, Cooling, Drying equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Equipment for handling purification and storage process liquids, and the like.
Division 43
Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Equipment for controlling emission of contaminants and pollutions.
Division 44
Pollution COntrol Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
A division in which users can specify equipent that is used only within a single industry.
All industries currently identified with North American Industry Classification System Are allocated space within the division.
Division 45
Industry Specific Manufacturing
NAICS
North American Industry Classification System
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 46
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 447
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Plants and qequipment for thegeneration and control of electrical power from fossil, nuclear energy and the like.
Division 48 Electrical Power Generation
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 49
Reserved
- Division not name above are explicitly reserved to provide space for future development and expansion.*
- To minimize costs from potential future expansion, it is not advisable to fill these sections with their own material.*
Part 1 - General
Generally applicable to mechanical, electrical, elevators and process equipment and specified in those sections.
Systems Description
Part 1 - General
Enumerate the various types of data to be submitted for architect’s review. Asemble the information under various subparagraph heading, such as samples, shop drawings, product data, certifcates, warranties, bonds and so on.
Submittals
Part 1 - General
Specify standards, procedures, criteria and limitations taht establish an overall level of quality.
Quality Assurance Standards
Part 1 - General
Quality Assurance
(Establish standards and criterial for determining the qualifications of tradesmen, suppliers, subcontractors and products.)
Qualifications
Part 1 - General
Quality Assurance
Cite specification regulations and codes that apply to contract’s detailed design of trusses, connections, precast, items, etc.
Regulatory Requirements
Part 1 - General
Quality Assurance
A full sized structural model built accurately to sacale chiefly for study testing, or display.
Include sample panels, curtain wall assemblies, pre cast concrete panels, integrates ceiling systems, and so on.
Mock up
Part 1 - General
General provision governing the transportation, handling, storage, and protection of material and equipment are included in Division 1 (general requirements)
Delivery, Storage and Handling
Part 1 - General
Specification subparagraphs dealing with the physical environmental conditions under which physical environmental conditions under which the work is to be performed should be specified here These included existing coditions weather, temperature, humidity and so on.
Project/ SIte COnditions
Part 1 - General
Sequencing and Scheduling
be careful not intrude on ____ responsibility.
contractor’s
Part 1 - General
use this paragraph to set forth the requirements for correcting defects that extend beyond 1-year correction of work period in the general conditions.
Warranty
Part 1 - General
generally applicable to mechanical, electrical, elevators and process equipment and specified in those sections.
Systems Start up
Part 1 - General
separate maintenance requirements that are part of the general construction and built into the contract sum from maintenance contracts to be executed separately: extramaterials specify hard to obtain sizes and colors of materials for attic storage.
Maintenance
Part 2 - Products
Note:
Depending on the number and extent of these items, segregate into paragraphs or subparagraphs. specify by performance, dscriptive, references specs or proprietary methods.
Part 2 - Product
Whether prepared on site or off site, specify the proportions of the materials listed above required to produced concrete, plaster, terrazzo, macadam and so on.
Mixes
Part 2 - Product
_____ is a type of road construction, pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820, in which single-sized crushed stone layers of small angular stones are placed in shallow lifts and compacted thoroughly.
Macadam
Part 2 - Product
Shop priming of ferrous metal and shop finishing of wood cabinets are specified here.
Finishes
Part 2 - Product
test and inspections of products fabricated off-site, including precast concrete elements, prefabricated wood trusses.
Source Quality Control
Part 2 - Product
test and inspections of products fabricated off-site, including precast concrete elements, pre fabricated wood truss, and so on, are specified.
Source Quality Control
Part 3 - Execution
use only in very special instances where experts knowledge and workmanship are paramount
eg. Intricate custom woodwork, precast concrete and so forth.
Acceptable Installers
Part 3 - Execution
subparagraphs headings as field measurements, priming, and so on. For waterproofing or damp proofing it would include patching or grinding of surfaces to obtain a satisfactory base to receive these treatments
Preparation
Part 3 - Execution
would include various subparagraph detailing the requirements for installation details, construction and erection methods and quality of workmanship.
Erection/Installation/Application/Construction
Part 3 - Execution
Can be apply to Existing Products
Repair/Restoration
Part 3 - Execution
Can be apply to Existing Products
Reinstallation
Part 3 - Execution
TEst and inspection procedures to determine the adequacy of the work complete and installed are specified. These would include test for soil compaction. Pile loading, concrete cylinder test, erection telorance inspections and so on.
Field Quality Control
Part 3 - Execution
would include putting builder’s hardware into operating condition balancing of mechanical ventilation systems, and so on.
Adjusting
Part 3 - Execution
Cleaning of specific surfaces such as masonry, terrazzo, glaass, and so on, is specified in the subparagraph.
Cleaning
Part 3 - Execution
Focuses primary to mechanical and electrical systems, to elevators, process equipment and so forth.
Demonstration
Part 3 - Execution
Surfaces that may damage by subsequent consriction operations, particularly architectural concrete, metal curtain wall members, finished wood floors, and so on.
Protection
Part 3 - Execution
Includes items such as hardware schedules, lighting fixtures, and so forth.
Schedules
equipments required when using chemical or physical methods for mechanical, thermal or processing of raw materials.
Process Equipents
CSI Three Part Section Format
This part covers those general areas of concern which precede and follow work and which define the scope of work.
1 General
CSI Three Part Section Format
This part defines in detail the materials, equipment, system, fixtures, etc. which will be incorporated into the work.
2 Products
CSI Three Part Section Format
described in detail the manner in which items covered in part two are to be incorporated into the work.
3 Execution
The essential or distinctive attribute or quality belonging specifically in the constitution of , or found in the behavior of a thing.
Material Property
Properties of Material
The change in length or volume which a material or body undergoes being heated.
Thermal Expansion
The rate of transfer of heat by conduction
Thermal COnductivity
Properties of Material
A property possessed by amterials or objects abosorbing sound energy.
Sound Absorption
Properties of Material
A push (compressive) or a pull (tensile)
Force
Properties of Material
Force per unit area over which a force acts.
Unit Stree or Stress
Properties of Material
The capability of a material to resist the forces imposed on it, esp the ability to sustain a high stress without yielding or rupturing
Strength
Properties of Material
The resistnace of a material to deformation by compression or indentation.
Hardness
Properties of Material
The propoerty of a metal that permits mechanical deformation by extrusion, forging, rolling etc. without fracturing.
Malleability
Properties of Material
An index of materials to resistance to transmission of heat.
Thermal Resistivity
Properties of Material
The degree of which a surface, such as porcelain enamel will resist attach by acid.
Acid resistance
Properties of Material
The capacity of a material or construction to withstand fire or give protection from it.
Fire resistance
Properties of Material
The resistance of a surface or a material to shock such as hard blow.
Impact resistance
Properties of Material
The ease with which fresh concrete can be molded or deformed without segregation.
Plastictiy
Properties of Material
Property of resistance to flowin fluid.
Viscosity
Properties of Material
The property of a material that allows it to resist being torn apart or for it to be divided into pieces.
Tear Resistance
Properties of Material
The ability of a material to conduct electricity.
Electrical Conductance
Properties of Material
The property that allows liquids to gen through a material.
Permeability
Properties of Material
The Property of a material that enables it to wear away by rusting or by the action of chemicals.
Corrosion Resistance
Wood and Wood Products
The ribbons of tissue extending radially from the pith, may vary from microscopic to 4 inches or more,
used to store and transport foor horizontally iwthin the tree.
Medullary Rays, Pith rays
Wood and Wood Products
Said of a material which has the same properties in all directions.
Isotropic
Common porperties of Wood
Material Strength
Durability
Lightweight
East of Fastening or asembling
Natural Beauty
Wood Mode of Growth
These are outward growing trees, preferred for lumbering.
Exogenous
Wood Mode of Growth
These are inside growing trees, have soft core and is less preferred for lumbering
Endogenous
Structure of Wood
Sapwood
Heartwood
Wood Grain
the direction, size, arrangement and appearnace of fibers in a piece of wood.
Wood Grain
Wood Grain
These is characterized by grains running along one side of wood.
Straight Grain
Wood Defects
Decay
Dry Rot
Check
Shake
Pitch Pocket
Knot
Warp
Cut
Bow
Crook
Twist
Wane
Skip
Machine Burn
The term applied to wood after it is sawed or sliced into boards, planks, sticks etc. for commercial purposes/
Lumber
Lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size.
Dressed lumber
Wood Planer
Dressed Size
S1S
Surfaced on one side
Dressed Size
S2S
Surfaced on two sides
Dressed Size
S4S
Surfaced on four sides
Dressed Size
S1E
Surface on one edge
Dressed Size
S2E
Surfaced on two edges
Dressed Size
S1S1E
Surfaced on one side and one edge
The classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.
Grade
Classification of Yard Lumber:
Board
Dimension Lumber
Decking
Joists and Panks
Timber
A kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the annual rings of wood running the full length of the log.
Slab
A wide piece of lumber from 2 inches to 5 inches thick.
Plank
A thick piece of lumber.
Flitch
The process of removing moisture from wood,
Seasoning
Conditioning or Curing
allow 1- year of drying per inch thick of wood. (eg. if 3 inches thick then dry it for 3 years)
Air Drying Time
Use of kiln to dry wood
Kiln Drying
use of “Tanalith-E” in pressurized wood to preserve its characteristics
Tanalizing
pressure treated wood
use of copper azole process
Wolmanizing
Borate Salt acts as natural pesticides and wood preservatives.
Bolidine Salt
Methods of Seasonning
Natural Methods
Air Drying
Sun Drying
Methods of Seasoning Lumber
Artificial MEthod
Kiln Drying
Forced Air or Pressure Drying
Vapor Drying
Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying
Methods of Treating Lumber
Tanalizing
Permanizing
Wolmanizing
Bolidine Salt
Wood treated with an approved preservative under the treating and quality control requirements in preparation of all timber products prior to preservative treatment by pressure process.
Treated Wood
The longitudinal splicing of a quarter log perpendicular to the annual rings, producing a series of straight or varied stripes in the veneer.
Quarter Slicing
The slicing of a log perpendicular to the conspicuous, radiating rays so as to minimize their appearance.
Rift Cutting
A unit of quantity for lumber equal to thevolume of a piece whose nominal dimensions are 12 inches square and 1inches thick.
Boardfoot
Boardfoot Calculation and Log
Categories of Philippine Lumber:
High Strength Group
Agoho
Malabayabas
Manggachapui
Molave
Sasalit
Yakal
Categories of Philippine Lumber:
MOderaly High Strength
Antipolo
Bokbok
Guijo
Kamagon
Mahogany
Narra
Categories of Philippine Lumber:
Medium Strength Group
Apitong
Dangkalan
Malasaging
Malugay
Pinee
Categories of Philippine Lumber:
Moderately Low Strength
Almaciga
Bayok
Lingo Lingo
Manggasinoro
Raintree
YEmane
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Ebano
Camagong
Balongita
Tindalo
Narra
Alintatao
Camuning
For Furnitures
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Lanete
Narra Blanca
Lanutan
Antipolo
Tanguile
Apitong
Ordinary Furniture and Cabinets
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Yakal
Betis
Dungon
ipil
Naval Consturction
eg Keels, Stern Posts
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Balo Maria
Timber and Masts
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Banaba
Outside construction, beams
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Guijo
Beams and Mast
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Batitinan
Keels and Sleepers
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Manachapuy
Waterways and Decks
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Amugis
Mariveles
Superstructure
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Tanguile
Lauan
Balao
Mayapis
Boat COnstruction
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Ipil
Molave
Guiho
Dungon
Posts
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Ipil
Guijo
Molave
Girders
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Guijo
Tanguile
Ipil
Supa
Joists
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Guijo
Tanguile
Girt
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Guijo
Tanguile
Apitong
Yacal
Banaba
Ipil
Dungon
Rafters
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Guijo
Tanguile
Apitong
Banaba
Purlins
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Molave
Ipil
Dungon
Tanguile
Window Sills, Heads and Mullions
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Molave
Ipil Dungon
Tanguile (for interior only)
Door Jambs
a type of plywood: manufactured with core veneers with few defects
gppd fpr bptj jumid and wet conditions
it can resist fungal attack
Marine Plywood
A tpye of plywood:
manufactured to produce smooth faces
primary for concrete casting to produce smooth fill and face of concrete
can be use also as a sheathing panel
Form Plywood
Plywood layers are called or made out of:
Veneers
a type of plywood:
Decorative plywood, finished with good looking hardwood.
Fancy Plywood
A type of plywood:
decorative plywood
Pre finished Plywood Panelling (Danarra)
ask what Danarra is
Standard Plywood Thickness:
1/4” (6mm)
3/8” (9mm)
1/2” (12mm)
5/8” (15mm)
3/4” (18mm)
1” (25mm)
Standard size of plywood
4’ x 8’
Types of Plywood:
Ordinary Plywood
Marine Plywood
Form Plywood
Fancy Plyuwood
Pre-finished Plywood Panelling (Danarra)
Common Types of Glue used in lamination
Used in dry location but not exposed directly to rain or water.
Casein Glue
the main protein present in milk and (in coagulated form) in cheese. It is used in processed foods and in adhesives, paints, and other industrial products.
Casein
Common Tpyes of Glue Used in Lamination
Requires high temperature for curing: water resistant
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Glue
Common Tpyes of Glue Used in Lamination
Expensive but have qualities necessary for durability and water resistance.
Resorcino-Phenol FOrmaldehyde
a colorless pungent gas in solution made by oxidizing methanol.
Formaldehyde
a mildly acidic toxic white crystalline solid obtained from coal tar and used in chemical manufacture, and in dilute form (under the name carbolic ) as a disinfectant.
Phenol
a crystalline compound originally obtained from galbanum resin, used in the production of dyes, resins, and cosmetics.
Resorcinol
A very dense, felted, homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 490kg/m3
Hardboard
Grades of Hardboard
A type of hardboard that is flexible and quite easily bent, light brown with thicknesses of 1/8” 1/4” 3/16” and 5/16”, 4 feet wide and lengths of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16feet.
Standard Hardboard
____ is used in a variety of applications including furniture components, wall paneling, moulded door skins, underlayment and perforated boards.
Hardboard
Grades of Hardboard:
Made by impregnated standard board with tempering compounds of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the tempering material.
Tempered Hardboard
Grades of Hardboard:
Has low density and used for lightweight application.
Low density hardboard
____ is wood that has been washed onto a shore or beach of a sea, lake, or river by the action of winds, tides or waves. It is a form of marine debris or tidewrack. In some waterfront areas, driftwood is a major nuisance.
Driftwood
see Driftwood Hardboard
______ is a soft, pliable form of leather widely used for gloves and the uppers of ladies’ shoes and men’s low cut shoes, but traditionally associated with bookbindings, wallets, linings for fine luggage, and the like.
Morocco leather
see Types of Hardboard
____ refers to woven split bamboo mats used in the Philippines to construct walls. It is a commonly used material in the construction of the ubiquitous nipa hut.
Sawali
see Hardboard types
Grooved Hardboard
____ or render is a material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture.
Stucco
A class of building board made from wood and particles in a binder and often faced with veneer
made by binding phenolic resin or urea formaldehyde glue
available in 4 ft wide baord and lengths rangin from 8 to 16ft with thicknesses of 1/4” 5/16” 3/8” 1/2” 5/8” 3/4”
Chipboard
A rigid sheet composed of wood pulp, gypsum or other materials
may be fastened to the building to provide an interior surfae finish
the long edges of the board usually tapered to provide easy treatment of joints hen voard is erected.
Wallboard
A wallboard having a gypsum core
Gypsum Board
aka Plasterbaord
Mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate
widely mined and is primarily used to plastering, chalks, chalkboards, wall baords
Gypsum
dried stalks of grain, used especially as fodder or as material for thatching, packing, or weaving.
Straw
Types of Gypsum Boards:
A fireproof sheathing used for interior wall and ceiling applications
characterized by a core of gypsum covered on each side by heavy specially made kraft paper. This material is also used for partitions that do not require framing.
Gypsum Wallboard
Types of Gypsum Boards:
Gypsum board with a gypsum ore and heavy paper on both sides
used as a base for plaster thus, providing adhesion to plaster
Gypsum Lath
Types of Gypsum Boards:
Precast gypsum containing carious types of fibers for additional strength
made in either the square plank (from 4 to 6ft) or edged plank (10ft long)
Gypsum precast Roof Decking
A non structural material in low cost housing constructions which may be used for heat insulation and sound absorption but not as a fire retardant material.
Wood Wool Cement Board
A hardboard made of compressed wheat straw and procesed at 350d to 400d F and covered with a tough kraft paper.
Strawboard
Grades of Strawboards:
Manufactures in 2 in thick, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 ft long
used as non load bearing partitions, as plaster base, for insulating purposes, exterior sheathing, roof decking and as inner formface for concrete basement wall forms.
Structural boards
Grades of Strawboards:
2in thick 4 ft wide and 5 ft long
used primarily for roof deck insulation.
Insulation Grade
Structural Glued-Laminated Timber
Any member comprising an asesmbly of laminations of lumber in which the grain of all laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally, in which the laminations are bonded with adhesives.
Glulam
Structural Glued-Laminated Timber
These are structural members, the sections of which are composed of built-up lumber, plywood or plywood in combination with lumber. all parts bonded together with adhesives.
Glued Built-up Members
means addition of parts
Built-up
A fibrous-felted, homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or cane) and having a density of less than 490 kg/m3 but not more than 159kg/m3
Fiberboard
Components used for the manufacture of this type of board are wood, sugar cane, asbestos, and binder.
Insulating Fiberboard
Grades of Fiberboard
Used as an insulating, decorative panels, decorative ceiling tile, V-notch plaster base and roof insulation with standard thickness ranging from 1/2” 5/8” 3/4” and 1”
Insulating Grade Fiberboard
Grades of Fiberboard
Has both surfaces and all edges coated with asphalt and other ifbers impregnated with asphalt during manufacture
Sheathing Grade
A dense, rigid board containing a high percentage of fibers bonded with portland cement, characterized by its high resistance to fire, flame and weather but has low resitance to heat flow. It is used as a building material in flat sheet form or corrugate form. Flat boards are made in 1/8” 1/4” 3/” and 1/2” thick 4ft wide and from 6 - 12 ft long
Asbestos Cement Board
Made from cork granules and mixed with synthetic resin, compressed and formed into sheets with thickness ranging from 1 to 6inches and baked under pressure into rigid boards.
Corkboard
Paper used in building construction particularly for sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making asphalt shingles, laminated and corrugate building products, concrete form materials, moisture and vapor barrier, cushio material, wall paper, envelope or sheath for other buildign materials and as fireproofing material.
Building Paper
Types of Sheathing Paper
A low cost paper made from semi chemical pulp and waste paper or a tough paper made from kraft paper.
Plain Paper
Types of Sheathing Paper
made from asphalt of varying quantities with densities ranging from 4 to 10 lbs per square foot.
Asphalt impregnated ro Coated felt or Kraft Paper
Types of Building Paper
Roofing Paper
Used in making a built-up roof, manufactured in 36 in wide rolls and weights from 3 to 20 lbs per square foot.
Roofing Felt
Types of Building Paper
Roofing Paper
A heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a final roof covering, made 18 and 36 wide, in various weights from 45 to 120 lbs per square foot.
Rolled Roofing
They are using this as a substrate for asphalt shingles
Acting like a membrane and to add backup for waterproofing
This is required if you will use asphalt shingles.
Roofing Felt
Tpyes of Buildign Paper:
Insulating Paper:
made from groundwood or bagasse with some wastepaper pulp added. Usually gray in color and produced in 36 in wide rolls weighting about 9lbs per sqiare foot. This is used for insulating walls, ceilings and floors.
Wood Fiber Insulating Paper
the dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugar cane, used as fuel for electricity generators, etc.
Bagasse
Insulating Paper:
A soft, pliable paper used for insulating pipes for carrying steams, boilers and other vessels with high temperatures. It is produced in various weights usually from 5 to 10lbs per square foot. A heavier asbestos felt paper is produced for use as a built up roofing material.
This is saturated with asphalt and produced in 36in wide rolls weighing approximately 15 lbs per square foot.
Asbestos Fibers
Vapor Barrier Paper
This material is intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor through walls, ceilings and floors.
Paper impregnated with was, used as foor wrapping
Wax paper
Sticker papar
Laminated Paper
Smooth, soft, brown paper that is tear resistant.
Kraft Paper
Concrete Form Paper:
Form made from kraft paper.
Spiral Tube Oncrete
Concrete Form Paper:
Made from corrugated Container paper
Boxlike Form
Naturally occuring materials broken down by the natural process of weathering and erosion, then subsequently processed and transported by wind, water or gravity
Sediment
Two process of Metamoprphic Rock
Contact - acused by Heat or Laval
Regional - caused by pressure
Two process of Sedimentary Rock
Composition and Cementation
Types of Sedimentary Rock
Clay Silt Sand Pebble Cobble Boulder
chemical element that is non metal.
Used as coal, crude oil, metal alloy, eg. steel = carbon + iron)
Carbon
Steel carbon content:
>.2% but < 2%
Alloy Steel
Any of a group of low carbon steels containing less than 2% allow in a chemical composition specifically developed for increased strength, ductility and resistance to corrosion.
High Strength Low Allow Steel
Descriptive of a metal that has been formed by rolling at room temperature, usually to obtain desired form or improve surface finish or higher tensile strength.
Cold Formed/ Cold Rolled
Descriptive of a metal form obtained by rolling the metal while still hot, results in dark, oxidized, relatively rough surface.
Hot rolled
Unfinished metal from steel mill.
Subject for further processing
Billet
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
S
for billet supplemental requirement (S1 (A615)
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
N
for new billet (A615)
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
R
for rail meeting ASTM A617, Grade 60 bend
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
I
for rail (A616)
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
A
for axle (A617)
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
W
for low alloy (A706)
ASTM A615
Bilelt Steel, grades 40 and 60
A615-40 grade steel is a structural billet steel for structural applications
ASTM Designation and Specified Yield Point
ASTM A616
rail stel, grades 50 and 60
ASTM Designation and Specified Yield Point
ASTM A617
Axle steel, grades 40 and 60
ASTM Designation and Specified Yield Point
ASTM A706
Low alloy steel, grade 60
A ductile, malleable, reddish brown metallic element that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and is widely used for electrical wiring, water piping and in the manufacture of alloys, as bronze and brass.
Copper
Cu
A heavy, soft, malleable, bluish gray metallic element used in solder and radiation shielding.
Lead
Any of various alloy consisting essentially of copper and zinc, used for windows, railing, trm and finish hardware.
Brass
Traditionally, any of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and tin, and sometimes traces of other metals.
Bronze
A hard, brittle metallic element, used chiefly as an alloying element to increase the hardness and toughness of steel.
Manganese
Mn
Copper plus Zinc
Brass
Copper plus Tin
Bronze
C3
Tricalcium
C2
Dicalcium
___ may be defined as a material which, when mixed with water or other liquid substance will:
form temporarily a plastic plaste
easyly molded or deformed
after a short period of time will harden or set to a rigid mas
Cement
A calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and mortar.
Cement
To heat a substance to a high temperature but without melting or fusing to drive off volatile matter or to cause oxidation.
Calcined
Historical Note about Portland Cement
Around 3000bc, the egyptians used mud mixed with ___ as a binder to make sun dried bricks. Moreover. they also used gypsum mortars and lime mortars in their pyramids.
Straw
Historical Note about Portland Cement
The greeks used lime mortars, which are much harder than the ____ mortars.
Roman mortars
Historical Note about Portland Cement
About 300BC the Babylonians and Assyrians used ___ as a component in binding stones and bricks.
bitumen
Historical Note about Portland Cement
Around 300 - 476 AD, the Romans used ____ from Pozzouli in Italy near Mt vesuvius to build the Appian way, the Coliseum, Roman baths, the Pantheon and other magnificent structures includign the Pond du Gard.
Pozzolana Cement
Historical Note about Portland Cement
In 1779, ___ was issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for plastering application.
Bry Higgins
Historical Note about Portland Cement
John Smeaton found that calcinations of limestone containing clay produces lime which hardened when mixed with water _____..
Hydraulic Lime
Historical Note about Portland Cement
Edgar Dobbs, in 1810, received a patent for hydraulic mortar, stucco and plaster but is said to be of inferior quality. In 1818, Maurice St. Leger was issued patent for hydraulic cement.
Historical Note about Portland Cement
The year was 1824 when ______, an Englishman invented Portland cement. He did it by burning ground chalk with finely divided clay in a lime kiln until carbon dioxide was driven off. Then the sintered product was ground which he called it Portland Cement. The name originated from building stones quarried at Portland, ENgland which resembles the material produced by him.
Joseph Aspdin
Portland Cement Components:
Responsible for the hardening or early gain in strength of cement.
Tricalcium Silicate C3S
Portland Cement Components:
Responsible for the aging or long term gain in strength of cement.
Dicalcium Silicate C2S
Portland Cement Components:
Contributes to the initial setting of cement.
Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A
Portland Cement Components:
Contributes to the process of cement manufacturing by allowing lower clinkering temperatures.
Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite C4AFe
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
For genera luse when special properties are not required, such as resistance to sulfate attack.
Type 1 - Ordinary P{ortaland Cement (Normal)
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
Type I cement with air entraining additives.
Type IA
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
Generates less heat and at slower rate during the hydration process.
Type II (MOderate) Modified Portland Cement
The formation of a compound by combining water with some other substance, the chemical reaction between cement and water.
Hydration
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
Type II cement with air entraining additives incorporated.
Type IIA
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
For use where high strength is desired at early periods: usually within a weak or less.
Type III, High Early Strength Cement (Extra Rapid Hardening Cement)
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
Air Entrained Type III cement
Type IIIA
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
For use where low heat of hydration is desired
develops strength at a much lower rate than Type I
Type IV, Low heat cement
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
used when high resistance to sulfate action is desired.
Type V, Sulfate Resistant Cement
An expansive reaction occuring when the cement matrix of concrete or mortar comes in contact with sulfates dissolved in groundwater or in soid.
Sulfate Action
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
An intergourd mixture of Portland cement clinker and granulated blast furnace slag.
Type IS, Portland Blast Furnace Slab Cement
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
An interground mixture of pOrtland Cement clinker and pozzolan.
Type IP, Portland Pozzolan Cement
Types of Portland Cement (Conforms to ASTM C-150 Standard Specification for Portland Cement)
Uses selected raw material so that finished product will be white rather than gray
White Portland Cement
A mixture of Portland cement, air entraining additives, plasticizers, etc.
Masonry Cement
Special Types of Portland Cement
Similar to Type III cement, ecept that close control of uniform color is provided.
Block Cement
Special Types of Portland Cement
Increases in volume during settling and retains a portion of such in volume after hardening.
Expansive Cement
Special Types of Portland Cement
Similar to plastic cement, except that it was developed for application by compressed air, guns or pumps
Gun Plastic Cement
Special Types of Portland Cement
Slow setting and resistant to high temperatures and pressure, used for sealing oil wells.
Oil well cement
Special Types of Portland Cement
Specially made for centrifugally spun pipe
Pipe Cement
pipe used for culvert, drainage main
Spun Pipe
Special Types of Portland Cement
A mixture of types I or II Portland cement and plasticizing agents
Used for making mortar, cement plaster and stucco
Plastic Cement
Special Types of Portland Cement
Early and fast acting cement
from a few hours to one hour.
Regulated Set Cement
Special Types of Portland Cement
Standard or white cement incorporating water-repellant additives.
Waterproofed Cement
Other types of Cementitious Materials
Fine particles of ash recovered from waste gases of a solid fuel furnace, a cementitious material which can beb used to replace cements in amounts of up to 20% to reduce permeability.
Flyash
Other types of Cementitious Materials
It resists hydroxylic compountds, such as phenols, glycerols and sugar, may be used as accelerating admixture in Portland Cement.
High Alumina Cement, Aluminous Cement. Calcium Aluminate Cement
Other types of Cementitious Materials
It has good resistance to fire, abrasion, grease and oil and does not require curing.
Magnesium Oxychloride Cement
Sorel Cement
Magnesite Cement
The process of maintaining humidity and temperature of freshly placed concrete during some definite period following placing ,casting, or finishing to assure satisfactory hydration of the cementitious materials and proper hardening of the concrete.
Curing
Other types of Cementitious Materials
It has good binding properties but is generally weaker than oxychloride cement.
Magnesium Oxysulphate Cement
Other types of Cementitious Materials
Used principally in masonry mortars and as admixture in Portland Cement Concrete.
Natural Cement
Other types of Cementitious Materials
Used principally in masonry mortars, and as admixture in Portland Cement Concrete.
Natural Cement
Other types of Cementitious Materials
Generally used in patching; sprayable foamed insulation; flame resistant coatings.
Phosphate Cement-quick Setting
A very very tomy vpods om cpmcrete (billions of voids in microscopic scale) acting as a reservoir for water to freeze; thus preventing pressure accumulated in concrete and preventing concrete from freezing damages.
Air Entrainment
Other types of Cementitious Materials
Generally used in cementitious waterproofing membranes
Waterproof Cement
Cementitious materials which may be included under this category.
Slow setting and hardening
principally used to plasticize harsh cements and to add resilience to mortars and stucco.
Lime
Types of Lime
Used primarily in masonry mortar.
Quicklime
Types of Lime
Made from quicklimes in the plant: used in mortars, base coat plaster and concrete.
Mason’s Hydrated Lime
Types of Lime
Characterized by whiteness and plasticity; used in finishing coat of plaster.
Finishing Hydrated Lime
Used in plaster, gypsum board, gypsum block.
Gypsum Cement
Water Cement REaction:
The chemical reaction that takes place when portland cement and water are mixed together.
Hydration
When cement is mixed with water to form a fluid paste, the mixture will eventually become stiff and then hard.
Setting
Water Cement REaction:
The stiffening of a concrete mixture with little evidence of significant heat generation.
False Set (portland Cement)
Water Cement REaction:
Refers to the heat generated when water and cement chemically react.
Heat of Hydration
Types of Concrete
135 - 165lbs/ft3, compressive strenth between 2000 to over 8000 psi, structural framing, pavements, floor
Normal Weight
Types of Concrete
85 - 115 lbs/ft3,
resistance to heat flow
used for load bearing and exterior walls, prestressed concrete
Lightweight Structural
Types of Concrete
15 - 90 lbs/ft3, aggregates used may be perlite, vermiculite, expanded polystyrene, wood chips or fibers used for fill over meta, roof decks, partitions and panel walls.
Lightweight Insulating
Types of Concrete
130 - 290 lbs/ft3
used for walls of spaces containing radioactive naterials; sometimes used as counterweight in various applications.
Heavy weight
Types of Concrete
Air or bubble gas, suspended in mortar, Typical uses: where high insulating properties are required.
Cellular
Types of Concrete
Used where aggregate is to be exposed, as inexpensiveconcrete for foundations.
Gap-Graded
Types of Concrete
Pneumatic equipment using dry or wet method.
Typical Uses: Whenever construction without formwork is very desirable, as in complex forms such as shells, domes, swimming pools.
Shotcrete or Gunite
Types of Concrete
Coarse aggregate is palced dry, then mortar is pumped into it.
Typical uses: special forms, surfaces eg. exposed aggregate finishes on cast0in place concrete columns, walls.
Pre placed
Types of Concrete
Commonly normal, lightweight or lightweight-insulating type of concrete:
Typical Uses: when concrete is to be placed high above grade or in formwork of complex shape
Pumped
Types of Concrete
Mortar with large amount of light gauge wire reinforcing is used.
Typical uses
Containers eg. bins, boat, hulls, other thin complex shapes.
Ferrocement
Types of Concrete
Short fibers are added to mixture, fibers may be steel, glass, polypropylene, used to control plastic shrinkage and associated cracking, will generally increase flexural and tensile strength of concrete.
Typical uses. Used slab on grade pavements, pneumatically placed concrete, precast, overlays.
Fiber
Types of Concrete
Nail holding strength: commonly lightweight-insulating types: often wood fiber/chip aggregate, has insulating value.
Typical Use: Used in roof decks
Nailing
Types of Concrete
Requires vibration during placement, has high strength and low shrinkage. Typical use:
Used for plant precast items.
No Slump
Types of Concrete
Ommission of fine aggregates from mix characterizes this type.
Typical Uses:
MOst for porous drainage pipes, also cast walls, panels, possesses some insulatign value.
Porous (no fines)
Types of Concrete
Used in placing concrete under water.
Tremie
Types of Concrete
Hydrated Portland cement concrete which has been impregnated with a monomer and subsequently polymerized after being placed.
Polymer-impregnated
Types of Concrete
Used for curtain wall and wall facing panels.
polymer
Types of Concrete
Solidifies rapidly (one day) and has good hardening capabilities;
strength similar to pOrtland cement
Used for industrial floors, bridge decks, leach tanks, sewer pipes.
Sulphur
Types of Concrete
Primary reinforcing may be bar or rod mats; plain or deformed bars.
Reinforced.
Types of Concrete
Prestressed
Section is palced in compression using pretensioned steel wires when castin plant
Pretensioned
Types of Concrete
Prestressed
Section is placed in compression using posttensioned cables after beig cast in place.
Posttensioned
Types of Concrete Finishes
Coloring agenst are added to mixture
it may be trowelled, sandblasted, tooled stamped, etc.
Integrally PIgmented
Types of Concrete Finishes
A rough finish used on horizontal surfaces not exposed to weather,wear or view, and for base course of floors to receive cementitious toppings.
Screeded Trowelled
Types of Concrete Finishes
Moderately rough finish for horizontal surfaces where slip resistance is required and appearance is a consideration.
Swirl
Types of Concrete Finishes
Light to HEavy rough finish for horizontal finishes where slip resistance and appearance is a consideration.
Broomed
Types of Concrete Finishes
Medium to heavy texture for large surfaces, such as roadway pavements where slip resistance is required and appearance is of secondary importance
Burlap Drag
Types of Concrete Finishes
Finish coat of pitgmented white cement is applied by throwing it vigorously over screeded and broomed for better bonding.
Travertine Finish
Types of Concrete Finishes
Similar in appearance to travertine, produced by scattering rock salt over a trowelled surface and then dissolving the salt after the concrete has hardened.
Rock Salt
Types of Concrete Finishes
Proprietary aluminum tools are used to imprint various patterns in freshly placed horizontal concrete surfaces.
Stamped
Types of Concrete Finishes
Selected aggregate is embedded in the fresh concrete after it has been placed and screeded exposed by removing the surface layer of cement paste by brush and water.
Exposed Aggregate / Washout Finish - Horizontal Surfaces (Rough)
Composed of many different sub unit that has large molecules.
Polymer
Horizontal surfaces (smooth) crushed stone, most commonly marble aggregate in concrete toppings over concrete base slab.
Exposed Aggregate
Types of Concrete Finishes
Vertical surfaces aggreagate may be embedded into precast concrete panels during casting when in horizontal position, using the same procedure for horizontal surfaces, or may be expsoed by sandblasting.
Exposed Aggregate
Types of Concrete Finishes
Form material boards or panels such as plywood may be used to impart a surface texture to concrete.
Formboard
Types of Concrete Finishes
Plastic Thermoplastic or synthetic rubber sheets formed in a variety of patterns and or textures are attached to the inside faces of formwork.
Formliners
Types of Concrete Finishes
Plaster of Paris, glas fiber, sculptured surfaces are obtained by placing concrete over or against formwork.
Formliners
Types of Concrete Finishes
Concrete cast over a bed of crushed stone or gravel aggregate aginst a polyethylene sheet between them to prevent bonding.
Dimpled
Types of Concrete Finishes
Used to create textured patterns through the use of templates.
Sandblast and Ground
Types of Concrete Finishes
Hardened concrete may be tooled bushhammered or point tooled to remove the smooth outer layer or hardened cement paste and reveal the rough textured aggregate below.
Bushhammered
Types of Aggregates
A strong lightweight aggregate obtained by the exfoliation of clay or shale.
Expanded Shale, Expanded Clay
Types of Aggregates
Consists of teh skeletons of tiny aquatic plants called diatoms which can be heated to melting point and used as a cinderlike, lightweight aggregate.
Diatomite
Types of Aggregates
Consists of fine material particles produced by the burning of coal. It is useful in Portland cement concrete as a substitute for cement
Fly ash
Types of Aggregates
Used as aggregates fused into lumps by combustion of coal and are not softer ashes formed by lower temperature combustion.
Cinder
Concrete Proportioning
For concrete subjected to post tensioning or pretensioning, dams, and similar uses.
Class AAA (4500 psi) 1:1:2
Concrete Proportioning
For concrete under water, retaining walls and elevator shear wall.
Class AA
4000 psi
1 : 1 1/2 : 3
Concrete Proportioning
For standard mixtures used for reinforced floor slabs, beams, columns, arches, machine or engine foundation and building foundation.
Class A
3500 psi
1:2:4
Concrete Proportioning
For medium mixture used for slabs on fill, retaining wall, abutment piers, building wall and sidewalk.
Class B
3000 psi
1:2 1/2 : 5
Concrete Proportioning
For lean mixture for stone masonry and filling, parapet walls, plantboxes.
Class C
2500 psi
1:3:6
Concrete Proportioning
For footpath, walkway and lean concrete.
Class D
2000 psi
1:3 1/2: 7
Mortar MIxture:
CLass AA
1:!
Mortar MIxture:
Class A
1:2
Mortar MIxture:
Class B
1:3
Mortar MIxture:
Class C
1:4
Mortar MIxture:
Class D
1:%
Material Components of COncrete Mixes for:
Plaster
Cement
sand
water
Material Components of COncrete Mixes for:
Mortar
Cement
Sand
Water
Material Components of COncrete Mixes for:
Grout
Cement and water
Cement, sand water
Concrete Mixing Methods
A manual method of mixing concrete done on a watertight platform.
Hand Mixing
Concrete Mixing Methods
These are used by some ready mix produces. Concret eis mixed at the central yard and delivered to job site in transit mix trucks. The plant can be disassembled easily and transported to the next site.
Stationary Mixers
Concrete Mixing Methods
Used in smaller concrete jobs.
Portable Mixer or COnstruction Mixer
Concrete Mixing Methods
These are concrete mixers mounted on crawler treads, usually used for road construction.
Paving Mixers
Concrete Mixing Methods
A term used to describe mortar or concrete placed by high velocity compressed air that adheres to the surface.
Shotcrete
Concrete Mixing Methods
Dry materials are mixed and water is added at the nozzle.
Dry mix process
Concrete Mixing Methods
Uses wet mortar or concrete forced through the delivery hose to the nozze, compressed air is introduced to increase the velocity of material.
Wet mix process
Concrete Mixing Methods
Any concrete which is transported through a hose or pipe by means of a pump.
Pumped Concrete (pumpcrete)
Concrete Mixing Methods
Concrete production system which is delivered to the job site ready for placement. This is produced by one of the three methods:
Central Mix
Transit Mixed COncrte
Shrink mixed concrete
Ready MIx
Concrete Mixing Methods
Ready Mix:
Concrete is mixed in a stationary mixer at the producers yard and delivered to the job site in a transit mixer
Central Mix
Transit Mixer
Concrete Mixing Methods
Ready Mix:
Concrete is completely mixed in a truc.
Transit Mixed OCncrete
Concrete Mixing Methods
Ready Mix:
A combination of central mix and transit mix.
Shrink Mixed Concrete
Materials used in very small amount to modify specific property of another material in order to improve its characteristics
used in paints, plasters, mortars, concrete, etc.
Additive
Additive
Hastens the settling and strength development of a concrete, mortar or plaster mix.
Accelerator
Additive
Used for reducing surface tension of the mixing water in a concrete mix thereby facilitating the wetting and penetrating action of the water.
Surface Active Agent
Surfactant
Additive
Reduces the amount of mixing water requried for the desired workability. Lowering water cement ratio generally results in increased strength.
Water Reducing Agent.
Superplasticizer
Additive
A pigment or dye added to a concret emix to alter or control its color.
Coloring agent
Additive
Causes cement particles to separate by imparting like electrostatic charges, it prevents bleeding of water to the surface of concrete,
Dispersal Agent
Additive
Improves denseness of concrete surface whic are subjected to rolling live loads and impact.
Concrete Hardener
Additive
Renders concrete more impermeable
Concrete waterproof
Additive
Improves bond between two concrete surfaces.
Additive
Prevents cement paste from bonding to the surface and inhibits the setting of cement paste.
Set Inhibiting Agent
Additive
Prevents the evaporation of water from concrete and allow it to be retained for hydration.
Surface Sealign Agent
Additive
Causes a slight expansion in plasticconcrete or mortar and thus reduces or eliminates voids caused by settlement.
Gas Forming Agent
Additive
An abrasive material used as topping to prevent slippery surfaces.
Non skid surface agent.
Additive
Sometimes used in structures where it is desirable to avoid high temperature or in structures exposed to seawater or water containing sulfates.
Pozzolanic Admixture
Concrete Testing Methods:
A method for determining the consistency and workability of freshly mixed concrete by measuring the slump of a test specimen.
Slump Test, Slump
Allowable Slump for Various COnstruction
Beams and Columns
75mm
Allowable Slump for Various COnstruction
Slabs
50mm
Allowable Slump for Various COnstruction
Walls, parapets, piers.
50mm
Allowable Slump for Various COnstruction
Arches and retaining walls.
100mm
Allowable Slump for Various COnstruction
Canal Lining
75mm
Allowable Slump for Various COnstruction
heavy mass construction
50mm
A type of glass having a pattern or texture impressed usually on one side by a patterned roller. Thicknessees ranging from 1/8in to 3/8inc and widths from 40ins to 50 ins with length up to 100ins.
Cathedral and figured glass
Widely used in transportation industry but also used in building industry. This is made of two sheets of plate or sheet glass bonded by a thin, tough layer of polyvinyl butyral resin, a transparent plastic. Thicknesses vary from 9/64, 7/32, 15/64, and 1/4 in 7 sq. ft. for 9/64 in and 15 sq/ ft for the rest.
Laminated Safety Glass
Made by reheating and suddenly cooling plate glass. Used for swinging doors, sliding doors, skating rink enclusres.
Thicknesses 1/2 to 1 inches
Tempered Plate Glass
A rolled glass in which wire mesh is inserted during the process of manufacture. It is characterized by its great rresistance to shattering through impact. Thicknesses. 7/32 to 3/8 inches,
Lengths up to 178 inches
Wired Glass
Glass made by adding ingredients to the mix used in making slate glass so that the finished product is pale bluish green or gray. This type of glass is widely used for glazing in office buildings, schools and hospitals.
Heat absorbing Plate glass
Tinted Glass
Polished plate glass can be heat strengthened and coated on one side with bitreous color which is fire fused to the surface. This type of glass is widely used in curtain wall construction, store fronts, showrooms, laboratories and industrial buildings. Thickness is 1/4inch
Vitreous Colored Plate Glass
Glass of this type is used where clear vision is not required, such as factory roofs and walls, windwos for halls and staircases, skylights and partitions in offices.
Rolled and Rough Cast Glass
Building with units of various natural or manufactured products, as stone, brick or concrete block, usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent.
Masonry
An arrangement of masonry units to provide strength, stability and in some cases beauty through a settling pattern by lapping over one another or by connecting with metal ties.
Bond
Any of various metal devices for holding two parts of a construction together as the wythes of a masonry.
tie
Resists heat and chemicals, slides easily, used for cable insulation, bearings, valve seats, gaskets.
Polytetrafluoroethylene.
PTFE
Strong, heat and weather-resistant used for electronic parts, coatings for moisture protection.
Allylic
The horizontal frame above the transom which it encloses and parallel to the top rail.
Transom Head
The upper horizontal frame that encloses a door leaf.
Door Head
Oil Paint Components
that solid, finely ground material which gives paint the power to hide, as well as color a surface. In white paints the body is also the pigment. Materials used as body are white lead, zinc oxide, lithopone and titanium white.
Oil Paint Components
a non volatile fluid in which the solid body is suspended. This includes linseed oil. soya bean oil, fish oil, castor oil, etc
Vehicle
Oil Paint Components
Materials which give paint its color.
Pigment
Oil Paint Components
obtained from animal, vegetable and mineral sources, such as iron oxides, chrome oxide, siennas, ochre , umbers and carbon black.
Natural Pigment
Oil Paint Components
Phtalo-cyanines similar to those used to make dyes.
Synthetic Pigment
Oil Paint Components
Are volatile solvents, they cause the paint to flow better, eg. Turpentine
Thinners
Oil Paint Components
Organic salts of various metals such as iron, zinc, cobalt, lead, anganese and calcium used to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of the vehicle.
Driers
Types of Paints
Alkyd resin is used in the paint formulation. Have mild alkali resistance but excellent water resistnace, particularly useful for porch and deck application.
Alkyd paints
Types of Paints
Paints in which the vehicle is a synthetic resin emulsion, usually made from any of the following: Butadience-styrene, polyvinyl acetate, epoxy resin or acrylic resin. Also called rubber-based paint or water-based paint.
Resin Emulsion Paints (Latex)
Types of Paints
consists of a metallic pigment and a vehicle. Pigment are made of fine flakes of aluminum, copper, bronze, zinc or tin.
Metallic Paint
Types of Paints
Made of by adding fluorescent and phosphorescent pigments using alkyd varine varnish, spirit varnish or quick-drying lacquers.
Luminescent Paint
Types of Paints
Paints which retard the passage of fire to the surface beneath them.
Intumescent Paints (Fire Retardant)
Types of Paints
A heavy bodied paint used on concrete and masonry and has a higher percentage of solids than normal. This is suited to area of heavy traffic such as corridors, kitchen and laboratories, and the like.
Polyester-epoxy paints
Common paint Problems
An incomplete form of peeling, where the paint cracks into large segments, usually due to repeated application of new coats over old coats no longer adherent.
Alligatoring
Common paint Problems
Discoloration of a coating causeed by soluble color in the underlying surface.
Bleeding
Common paint Problems
Formation of blisters or pustules on a coating, may be due to underlying spots of grease, sap, or moisture, to excessive heat or to direct exposure to the sun during the process of drying.
Blistering
Common paint Problems
Progressive powdering form the surface inward.
Chalking
Common paint Problems
Loss of luster, may be due to insufficient or defecctive undercoats, most frequently due to improper filling o f the wood.
Deadening
Common paint Problems
Clouding of the lacquer film through precipitation of moisture in the film. Constant temperature and onstrant humidity in the finishing room will prevent much trouble.
Moisture Blush
Common paint Problems
Rough appearance resembles very closely the peel of an orange. This may be due to improper surfae cleaning or using the wrong paint reducer for thinning.
Orange Peel
Common paint Problems
indicates imperfect attachment to the surface. common causes of peeling are due to dampness, greasy surfaces and moisture.
Peeling
Common paint Problems
caused by changes in atmospheric conditions during drying, application over sweating or incompletely dried undercoats, spots of grease or sop or cold draught.
Pinholing
Common paint Problems
Irregularities of surface due to uneven flow of varnish or paint. Most frequent causes are too mush varnish, incomplete brushing and inelastic brush.
Runs and Sags
Common paint Problems
Theadhesive property of incompletely dried coating. Tackiness is frequently caused especially in the refinishing of old work, by applying or coating over a greasy or unclean surface..
Tackiness.
Common paint Problems
Appears chiefly to application of a few heavy coats for more thin ones. Also may be due to cold weather. Removal of the coat is the remedy.
Wrinkling
A liquid preparation consisting of a resin dissolved in oil (oil varnish) or in alcohol (spirit varnish), that when spread and allowed to dry forms a hard, lustrous, usually transparent coating.
Varnish
made fro nnatural resins or exudations from living trees, while others are fossil resins.
Natural Resin Varnish
A durable, weather resistant varnish made from durable resin and linseed or tung oil.
Marine / Spar Varnish
Contains 12 to 40 gals of oil per 100 lbs of resin. They dry faster and have a harder film than tung oil varnishes but not impervious to water.
Floor Varnish
A natural resin which has been altered by chemical action.
MOdified natural resin varnish
produced by plastic industry, includes phenolic, nitrocellulose, aminao resins, alkyd resin, vinyl resin, polyethylene, polystyrene. silicone, acrylic resins and epoxy resins.
Synthetic resin varnish
Any paint or varnish drying to a very smooth, hard, usually glozzy finish.
Enamel
A spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol.
Shellac
Any of various clear or colored synthetic coatings consisting of nitrocellulose derivative dissolved in a solvent that dries by evaporation to form a high gloss film.
Lacquers
A solution of dye or suspension of pigment in a vehicle, applied to penetrate and color wood surface without obscuring the grain.
Stain
Synthetic dyes, many of which are coal tar derivatives manufactured in powder form and in various strengths. It dissolves in hot water.
Water Soluble Stains
made from dues which are soluble in alcohol and are manufactured both in powder and in ready mix liquid form.
Spirit Stains
Made by dissolving oil - soluble dyes in coal tar solvents such as tolnol, benzol or xylol and further thinning the vehicle with common petroleum solvents.
Penetrating oil stains
Made using light test dyes which are soluble in such substances as glycols, alcohols and ketones.
Non-grain raising stains
Made from translucent mineral pigments ground into drying oil.
Pigment Wiping Stains
Finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces, particularly those with open grains, to fill the pores and provide aperfectly smooth, uniform surface for varnish or lacquer.
Fillers
Used on open grained wood. This consists of a base or body, pigment, nonvolatile vehicle and thinner. The body is generally translucent, inert material such as silica, silicates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium which will fill the pores without staining the wood.
Paste Filler
Used on close grained wood usually a varnish with a small amount of body material added.
Liquid Filler
Used to seal the surface of the wood and prevent the absorption of succeeding finish coats.
Sealers
Types of Sealers
Shellac
Varnish Sealer
Lacquer Sealer
Used on all non-painted concrete, synthetic finishes, rubble, brick and washout finishes as a protecton from absorption of water and prevents moss, alkali, fungi from damaging the surface.
Silicone Water Repellant
Adhesives
It is available in either solid or liquid form. Solid glue is melted and applied hot and is allowed to set. It has excellent bonding properties with wood, leather, paper or cloth developing up to 12000 psi in shear. It has moderate resistance to heat and good resistance to cold but poor resistance to water. It cures by air drying at room temperature.
Animal Glue
This is made from protein material, is a dry dry powder to be mixed with water. It has a good bonding power for wood to wood or paper to wood application and will develop the full strength of the wood in most situations.
It has good dry heat resistance and moderate resistance to cold. It has moderate to water but does not perform well when subjected to high humidity or wetting and drying cycles.
It is subject to attack from molds, fungi and other wood organisms, will dry to as low as 35dF with moderate pressure.
Casein Glue
A special animal glue made for use particularly with leather and paper. It has only moderate bonding power with wood. It is usually sold as a dry powder which is mixed with water. It has fair resistance to both ehat and cold and poor resistance to water. It dries at a temperature ranging from 150 to 200dF.
Blood Aliminum Glue
Available in both dry and liquid form, the dry glue being mixed with water. They have good bond with paper or leather and fair bond with wood but strength does not compare with animal or casein glues. They have fair resistance to both heat and cold but poor resistance to water. They dry at room temperature.
Starch and Dextrin Glue
Are thermoplastic materials made from asphalt emulsion or asphalt ctbacks. They have good bond to paper and concrete and used mainly for roofing application and for laminating layers of wood fiberboard. They have relatively poor resistance to heat but good resistance to cold and water.
Asphalt Cements
Are thermoplastic in nature and have good bond to wood, paper, leather or glass, developing up to 1400 psi in shear with wood. They have moderate resistance to both heat and cold and good resistance to water. A common solvent is ethyl acetate. Cellulose cement cures by air drying and setting.
Cellulose Cements
Is uaually in liquid form, it has good bond for paper and fair bond with wood, metal or glass. Strength does not compare with animal, or casein glues. It has moderate resistance to heat, cold, water but poor resistance to creep. It cures by drying at room temperature. The usual solvent is ketone.
Clhorinated Rubber Adhesive
Are usually latex emulsion or dissolved crepe rubber. They have a good bond with rubber or leather and fair bond with wood, ceramics or glass, it develops a strength of about 350 psi in tension with wood. They have resistance to heat and cold, good resistance to water but poor resistance to creep. Room Temperature is sufficient for drying.
Natural Rubber Cement
Available in both thermoplastic and thermosetting types. It has good bond with wood, paper porcelain enamel and polyester film or sheet. The thermosetting type will develop up to 4000 psi shear and the thermoplastic type up to 600 psi. It has good resistance to heat and cold and excellent water resistance while its creep resistance is faily good. This adhesive cures under heat.
Nitrile or Buna N Rubber Adhesive
Are essentially thermoplastic in nature, though they may have some thermosetting characteristics. They have excellent bond with wood, asbestos board, metals, glass and some plastics with strength up to 1200 psi.
Neoprene Rubber Adhesives
Available in powder form to be mixed water, and in liquid form which requires the addition of hardener. They are thermosetting in nature with excellent bond to wood, leather or paper having a shear strength of up to 2800 psi. They have good resistance to heat and cold and fair resistance to water. Creep resistance is good. Wood welding can be done by applying high frequency current directly to joint for rapid curing.
Urea Formaldehyde Resin Glue
Are made in bot hdry and liquid form. They are thermosetting glues with excellent bond to wood and paper. Shear strength up to 2800 psi are developed. They ahve excellent resistance to heat, cold, creet and water. hot press gues are commonly used in the manufacture of plywood.
Phenolic Resin Glue
Thermosetting glues manufactured as a powder with a separate catalyst. They have excellent bond with wood or paper resistance to heat, cold, creep and water. melamine resins are cured under hot press at 300dF. Melamine formaldehyde resin glues are manufacture as a powder mixed with water any may be either hot setting or intermediate temperature setting types.
Melamine Resins
Are usually made as a liquid with a separate catalyst. They have good bond with wood or paper, developing shear strength up to 1950 psi with wood. They have good resistance to heat, cold and creep and are generally used where a waterproof joint is required. Some cure at room temperature, while otehrs require moderate heat up to 200dF.
Resorcinol Resins
Are thermosetting in natature, manufactured in liquid form with separate catalyst. The amount of catalyst added determines the type of curing required. They have excellend bond with wood, metal, glass and masonry and are widely used in the manufacture of laminated curtain wall panels of various kinds. They are also used in making repairs to broken concrete. They have excellent resistance to both heat and cold, while creep and water resistance vary widely depending upon the glue is compounded. Adding a regular catalyst curing is by hot press while adding a strong catalyst.
Epoxy REsins
Have good bond with wood or paper or vinyl plastics and reasonably good bond with metal. Shear strengths up to 1000 psi are developed with wood. Resistance to cold is good but heat, creep and water resistance are only fair. This glue will cure at room temperature.
Polyvinyl Resin Adhesive
In liquid form has excellent bonding property with paper or glass and reasonably good bond with wood or metal. Resistance to heat, cold and creep aregood but water resistance is poor. Some cure at room temperature while other require moderate heat at 200dF range.
Sodium Silicate Adhesive
Concrete which is deposited in the palce where it is required to harden as part of the structure, as opposed to rpecast concrete.
Cast in place concrete, Cast in situ
In situ concrete
Assumptions in Elastic Theory in Concrete
Plane section remains plane before and after bending occurs.
Concrete is ___; that is the stress of concrete varies from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the extreme fibers.
Elastic
Assumptions in Elastic Theory in Concrete
Concrete is not good in carrying ___ and only the steel bars are carrying all the stresses due to bending which is tension.
Tension
Assumptions in Elastic Theory in Concrete
There must be no ____ between concrete and steel bars.
Slippage
Able to resume its normal form after unloading.
Elastic
The length of embedded reinforcement requried to develop the design strength of reinforcement at a critical section.
Development Length
Length of reinforcement or mechanical anchor or hool or combination thereof beyond point of zero stress in reinforcement.
End Anchorage
ACI 318-77
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
Cement shall conform to one of the following specifications for Portland Cement: (2)
ASTM 150
ASTM C 595
ASTM 150
Specifications for Portland Cement
ASTM C 595
Specifications for Blended Hydraulic Cements
Admixtures
Admixtures to be used in concrete shall be subject to prior approval by the ___
Engineer
Admixtures
Admixture containing ____ shall not be used in prestressed concrete containing aluminum embedments if their use will produce deleterious concentration of chloride in the mixing water.
Chloride Ions
Used to maintain acid balance
These is something with desalination of water hetere removal of excess salt is necesary.
Chloride Ions
Aggregates
Concrete Aggregates shall conform to one of the following specifications:
ASTM C33
ASTM C330
ASTM C33
Specifications for concrete aggregates
ASTM C330
Specifications for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete
Nominal maximum size of aggregates shall not be larger than:
__ the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, nor
__ the depth of slabs, nor
___ the maximum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars, or prestressing tendons or ducts.
1/5
1/3
3/4
Metal reinforcement
Reinforment shall be ___ except that plain reinforcement may be used for spiral or tendons;
and reinforcement consisting of structural steel, steel pipe, steel tubing may be used.
Deformed reinforcement
Metal reinforcement
Reinforcement to be welded shall be indicated in the ___ and weldign procedure to be used shall be specified.
Drawings
Reinforcement Details
Standard Hook
A ___ ___ ____ bend made at the end of a reinforcing bar according to industry standards with radium based on the bar diameter.
90 135 180d bend
Standard hooks (NSCP 4th Editions, 1992)
180d bend plus ___ extension, but not less than ___mm at free end bar.
4dB, 65mm
Standard hooks (NSCP 4th Editions, 1992)
90 bend plus ___ extension, at free end of a bar.
12db
Standard hooks (NSCP 4th Editions, 1992)
For Stirrups and Tie Hooks
16mm bar and smaller, 90d bend plus __ extension at free end of bar.
6db
Standard hooks (NSCP 4th Editions, 1992)
For Stirrups and Tie Hooks
20mm bar and 25mm, 90d plus __ extension at free end of bar.
12db
Standard hooks (NSCP 4th Editions, 1992)
For Stirrups and Tie Hooks
25mm Bar and smaller, 135d bend plus __ extension at free end of abar.
6db
Minimum Bend Diameters
Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar other than for stirrups and ties in sizes 100mm through 15mm diameter, shall no be less than indicated on the table below
Minimum bend diameter for 10mm to 25mm
6dB
Minimum Bend Diameters
Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar other than for stirrups and ties in sizes 100mm through 15mm diameter, shall no be less than indicated on the table below
Minimum bend diameter for 28mm and 32mm
8dB
Minimum Bend Diameters
Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar other than for stirrups and ties in sizes 100mm through 15mm diameter, shall no be less than indicated on the table below
Minimum bend diameter for 36mm
10dB
Minimum Bend Diameters
inside diamter of bend for stirrups and ties shall not be less than ___ for 16mm and smaller.
4dB
Minimum Bend Diameters
Inside diameter of bend in welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties shall not be less than __ for deformed wire larger than D6 and ___ for all other wires. Bends with inside diameter of less than 8dB shall not be less than ___ from nearest welded intersection.
4dB
2dB
4dB
Bending of rebars without heat. as opposed to heat bending which is done in factory.
Cold Bend
______ Steel rods placed horizontally in concrete slabs for prevention of cracks due to temperature changes or drying; placed parallel to the reinforcing rods. The steel rods are placed at right angles to the main reinforcing bars.
Temperature bars.
Cold Field Bending uses a mechanism called:
Portable Hydraulic Rebar
portable hydraulic rebar bender
Bending:
All reinforcement shall be bent ___ unless otherwise permitted by the Engineer.
Cold
Bending:
Reinforcement partially embedded in concrete shall not be ____ bent, except as shown on the drawings or permitted by the engineer.
Field
Surface Conditions of reinforcement
At time concrete is placed. metal reinforcement shall be free from mud oil or other nonmetallic coatings that adversely affect ___ capacity.
bonding
Surface Conditions of reinforcement
Metal reinforcement, except prestressing tendons, with rust, mill scale or a combination of bot hshall be conisdered ____, provided minimum dimensions and weight of a hand wire brushed test specimen are not less than applicable ASTM specifications requirements.
Satisfactory
Placing Reinforcement
___ of cross bars shall not be permitted for asembly of reinforcement unless otherwise authorized by the Engineer.
Welding
Spaciling limits for reinforcement
The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db, but not less than ____
25mm
Spaciling limits for reinforcement
Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or more layers, bars in the upper layeer shall be placed directly above bars in the bottom layer with clear distance between layers not less than ___
25mm
Spaciling limits for reinforcement
In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less than ___db nor more than ___
1.5dB
40mm
Spaciling limits for reinforcement
In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than ___ times the wall or slab thickness or more than ___
three
450mm
Spaciling limits for reinforcement
Bundled bars shall be done in following manner:
Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to ___ in any one bundle.
four
Spaciling limits for reinforcement
Bundled bards shall be enclosed within ____ or ___
stirrups or ties
Spaciling limits for reinforcement
Bar larger than 32mm shall not be bundled in ___
Beams
Spaciling limits for reinforcement
Individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different pointswith at least ___ stagger.
40db
Spacing limits for reinforcement
Where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on bar diameter db, a unit of bundled bars shall be treated as a ____ bar of diameter derived from the equivalent total area.
single
bars crossing diagonally at column base (between column base and foundation) to reduce bending due to uplift of ground water (used this in case there’s high water table)
Cross Bars
Minimum Cover (mm) for Cast in Place COncrete (Non prestressed)
Concrete cast against and permanently exposed to earth.
75mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Cast in Place COncrete (Non prestressed)
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
20mm through 37mm bars
50mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Cast in Place COncrete (Non prestressed)
Concrete exposed to earth or weather
16mm bar, W31 or D31 wire and smaller.
40
Minimum Cover (mm) for Cast in Place COncrete (Non prestressed)
Concrete nox exposed t oweather or in contact with ground
Slabs, walls, joists, 32 mm bar and smaller
20
Minimum Cover (mm) for Cast in Place COncrete (Non prestressed)
Beams, Columns: Primary reinforcement, ties, stirrups, spirals.
40
Minimum Cover (mm) for Cast in Place COncrete (Non prestressed)
Shell, folded plate members,
20mm bar and larger
20mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Cast in Place COncrete (Non prestressed)
Shell, Folded Plate members:
16mm bar, W31 or D31 wire and smaller
15
W31
Welded Wire Fabric
Minimum Cover (mm) for Precast Concrete (Manufacture under plant control conditions)
Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Wall panels:
20
Minimum Cover (mm) for Precast Concrete (Manufacture under plant control conditions)
Other members:
20mm bar through 32mm bar
40mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Precast Concrete (Manufacture under plant control conditions)
Other members
16mm bar, W31 or D31 Wire
30mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Precast Concrete (Manufacture under plant control conditions)
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls, josts, 32mm bar and smaler
15mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Precast Concrete (Manufacture under plant control conditions)
Beams, columns, primary reinforcement
dB but not less than 15 and need not exceed 40mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Precast Concrete (Manufacture under plant control conditions)
Ties, Stirrups, Spirals
10mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Precast Concrete (Manufacture under plant control conditions)
Shells, Folded Plate members:
20mm bar and larger
15
Minimum Cover (mm) for Precast Concrete (Manufacture under plant control conditions)
Shells, Folded Plate Members
16mm bar, W31 or D31 and smaller
10mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Prestressed COncrete
Concrete cast aginst and permanently exposed to earth
75
Minimum Cover (mm) for Prestressed COncrete
Concrete expoed to earth or weather:
Wall panels slabs or joists
25
Minimum Cover (mm) for Prestressed COncrete
Concrete exposed to earth or weather
Other Members
40
Minimum Cover (mm) for Prestressed COncrete
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground:
Slabs, walls,joists,beams and columns
20mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Prestressed COncrete
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
Primary reinforcement:
40mm
Minimum Cover (mm) for Prestressed COncrete
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
Ties, Stirrups, Spirals
25
Minimum Cover (mm) for Prestressed COncrete
Concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
Shells, Folded Plate Member:
16mm bar, W31 or D31 wire, and smaller
10mm
Reinforced COncrete Column
A concrete designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces. Reinforced concrete column constituting the principal supports for a floor or roof should have a minimum diameter of _____ or if rectangular in section, a minimum thickness of ____ and a minimum gross area of ____.
10inches
8 inches
96 sq in
Tied Column
A cocnrete column reinforced with vertical bars and individual lateral ties. Lateral ties should have a diameter of at least ___ spaced apart not more than ___ tie diameters, ___ bar diameter or the ___ dimension of the column.
10mm
48 tie
16
least
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members
All non prestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral ties, at least ___ in size for longitudinal bars 32mm or smaller, and at least ___ in size for 36mm and bundled longitudinal bars.
10mm
12mm
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members
Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed ___ longitudinal bar diameter, __ tie diameters or ____ dimension of the compression member.
26
48
least
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members
Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate longitudinal bar have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than ___ degrees and no bar shall be farther than ___mm clear on each side along thetie from such a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located arond the perimeter of a circle, a complete circular tie is allowed.
135
150mm
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members
Ties shall be locatesd vertically not more than ___ a tie spacing above the top of footing or slab in any story, and shall be spaced as provided herein to not more than ___ a tie spacing below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in slab or drop panel above.
1/2
1/2
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members
Where beams or brackets frame from four directions into a column, ties may be terminated not more than ___ below lowest reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets.
75mm
ACIa Specification for Axially Loaded Tied Columns
Minimum Cross section area of Column Ag
60,000mm2
ACIa Specification for Axially Loaded Tied Columns
Minimum Thickness of column
200mm
ACIa Specification for Axially Loaded Tied Columns
<omo>
</omo>
Not less than 40mm
Not less than 1.5 times the max size of coarse aggregate
ACIa Specification for Axially Loaded Tied Columns
Minimum diameter of lateral ties
10mm diameter
ACI Specification for Axially Loaded Tied Columns
Lateral Ties spacing
Not more than 16 bar diameter
Not more than 48 bar diameter
Not more than the least dimension of column
Clear ACI Specification for Axially Loaded Tied Columnsdistance between horizontal bars
Not less than 1.5 ties the bar diameter nor less than 1.5 times the max size of coarse aggregate.
ACI Specification for Axially Loaded Tied Columns
Minimum number of bars
4 - 16mm diameter
Pg (ratio of gross reinforced area to gross cross sectinal area)
.01 - .04
ACI Specification for Axially Loaded Spiral Column
minimum diameter
250mm
ACI Specification for Axially Loaded Spiral Column
Spacng of Spiral Ties
not more than 75mm
not less than 25mm
not less than 1.5 times the size of coarse aggregate
1/6 core diameter
ACI Specification for Axially Loaded Spiral Column
Minimum number of bars
6 - 16mm diameter
ACI Specification for Axially Loaded Spiral Column
Clear distance between longitudinal bars
Not less than 1.5 times bar diameter
Not less than 1.5 times max size of coarse aggregate
ACI Specification for Axially Loaded Spiral Column
Pg (ratio of gross reinforce area to gross sectional area of column)
.01 to .08
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members:
Spiral Reinforcement
For cast in palce construction, size of spirals shall not be less than ___ diameter.
10mm
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members:
Spiral Reinforcement
Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by ___ extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit.
1 1/2
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members:
Spiral Reinforcement
Splices in spiral reinforcement shall be lap splices of ___ but not less than ___mm or welded.
48dB
300mm
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members:
Spiral Reinforcement
Spirals shall extend from top of footing or slab in any story to level of _____ in members supported above.
Lowest horizontal reinforcement
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members:
Spiral Reinforcement
Where beams or bracketsdo notframe into all sides of a column, ties shall _____.
extend above termination of spiral to bottom of slab of drop panel.
Lateral Reinforcement for Compression Members:
Spiral Reinforcement
In columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width of capital is ___ times that of the column.
two
ACI
American COncrete Institute
About ACI:
The American Concrete Institute is a non-profit technical society and standards developing organization. ACI was founded in January 1905 during a convention in Indianapolis. The Institute’s headquarters are currently located in Farmington Hills, Michigan, USA.
Special Reinforcement for Details Columns
Offset Bars
The slope of an inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed ____
1 in 6
Special Reinforcement for Details Columns
Offset Bars
Horizontal suppoert at offset bends shall be provided by lateral ties, spirals or parts of floor construction. Horizontal suppoert provided shall be designed to resist ____ times the horizontal component of the computed force in the inclined portion of an offset bar. Lateral ties or spirals, if used shall be placed not more than ___ from points of bend.
1 1/2
150mm
Special Reinforcement for Details Columns
Offset Bars
Where a column is offset ____ or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent. Separate dowels, lap splices with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces shall be provided.
75mm
Notes on Concrete Columns
VErtical bars of columns shall have a ___ bend and anchored at the supporting footing or other supporting member.
90d bend
terms applied or necessary to something or someone.
Nomenclature
Notes on Concrete Columns
Concrete protective covering from the face to the reinforcing steel shall be ___.
40mm
Notes on Concrete Columns
Splices of vertical bars shall be ___ as much as possibe, located preferably at the ___ of the column height.
staggered
middle half
Notes on Concrete Columns
Bar splices may be _____ that can develop the full capacity of the bar.
lapped splices, or electrically butt welded.
The spacing of lateral ties shown in the schedule are maximum spacing which shall be used only outside the heights and away from joints, where a reduced spacing of not more than ___ meter on center is requried.
0.10m
The distance which is measured upward from top of footing or floor lines, and downward from bottom and deepest beam of girder, shall be the largest of the following:
maximum column
1/6 of the clear height of the column
457mm (18inches)
If the column is reduced in size at an upper floor, the vertical bars of the column from the lower floor may be crimped of offset to the new position at the upper column in the horizontal distance between the two positions is not more than ____.
3 inches
Notes on Concrete Columns
In crimping or offsetting the bars, the angle of bend shall not be more than ______.
one horizontal to six vertical (1:6)
Notes on Concrete Columns
Extra lateral ties shall be provided at the lower end of the bend to care of at least ____ of the outside thrust caused by the inclined position of the bar, and this may be satisfied by providing at least two extra hoops to hold the bent bars at the beginning of the bend, these hoops spaced close together.
1.25
Notes on Concrete Columns
Lateral ties and spirals shall be provided for the vertical bars of the column within the depth of the beams and or girders at the intersection with the column and spaced not more than ___ meter on centers.
0.10 meter
Minimum Thickness of Non presressed Beams
The clear distance from the bar to the farther face of the wall shall not be less than ___ bar diameters if reinforcing bars end in a wall.
4db
Minimum Thickness of Non presressed Beams
Use ___ separator at ___ apart for two or more layers of reinforcing bars, with the bars not bundled.
25mm
1m
Minimum Thickness of Non presressed Beams
Beam reinforcing bars supporting slab reinforcement shall be ___ clear from the bottom of the finish. The clear conccrete covering between the face of the beam at the bottom of the sides shall be ___.
25mm
350mm
Minimum Thickness of Non presressed Beams
When the beam crosses a girder, rest beam bars on top of ____.
Girder Bars
Minimum Thickness of Non presressed Beams
Stirrups for rectanuglar beams without flanges shall be ___ stirrups. Stirrups for tee beams with flanges on one side only shall like wise be closed stirrup. Stirrups for tee beams with flanges on both sides may be ___ stirrups. U stirrups may be placed in alternating ___ and upright position.
closed
U stirrups
inverted
A thin layer of mortar spread on a moistened and prepared existing concrete surface prior to laying a new concrete slab.
Bonding Layer
A concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in one direction and cast integrally with parallel supporting beams.
Are suitable only for relatively short spans. This type of slab is supported by two parallel beams, the beam framing into girders in turn framing into columns. The reinforcement in the slab runs in one direction only, from beam to beam, hence the slab is know_____
One Way Slab
One Way Slab
Maximum spacing of main reinforcing bars should not exceed ____ times the thickness of slab nor ___ mm while the maximum spacng of temperature bars is ___ times the slab thickness nor more than ___mm.
3 times
450mm
five times
450mm
One Way Slab:
Minimum main reinforcing bars
12mm dia
One Way Slab:
minimum temperature bars
10mm dia
One Way Slab:
Steel covering
20mm
One Way Slab:
Clear distance from the center of reinforcing bars to the bottom of slab:
25mm
Minimum Thickness of ONe way Slab:
Simply Supported
L/20
Minimum Thickness of ONe way Slab:
One end continuous
L/24
Minimum Thickness of ONe way Slab:
Both ends continuous
L/28
Minimum Thickness of ONe way Slab:
Cantilevered
L/10
One way slab:
When S/L < .50, thus it is a _____ slab
one way slab
If S/L > 0.50 thus it is a ___ slab
two way
Two Way Slab:
Minimum thickness t=___
perimeter / 180
Two Way Slab:
Maximum spacing of main bars=
3t not > 450mm
Two Way Slab:
Spacing of bars within the column strip is ____ times the spacing at the center.
3/2
________ are beams that span over more than two supports, like this one that has four supports:
That’s the beam. From the far left end to the far right end, it continues over each of the interior supports up until the last.
The one-end or two-end question isn’t really asking about the beam, it’s asking about each span.
Imagine each support was numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 from left to right.
Now consider the first segment between supports 1 and 2. Is the left end over support 1 continuing over anything? Not really, no. The beam just started.
How about the right end, going over support 2? Yes! It’s continuing right over support 2. This means the span between 1 and 2 (or we could call it Span 1–2) is _________
Continuous beams
one-end continuous.
Ok, next span. Is the beginning part over support 2 continuing? Yes, we established it continues over. Support 3? Yes! So this span is _______
Finally, the next span is a reflection of the first. Over support 3, definitely continues over, but not at support 4! Support 4 just terminates. So this span is back to being ______
both-ends continuous.
one-end continuous.
If you review the above, you’ll notice that the points of the beam over supports 1 and 4 are not continuous, whereas the points of the beam over supports 3 and 4 are continuous. What distinguishes the two?
The answer is __________
A one-end continuous span within a continuous beam actually has one end carrying a bending moment (the continuous end) and another end that releasesbending moments (the terminal end that freely rotates)!
In other words, it can also be modelled as pinned-fixed in a number of analysis problems. Also, one-end continuous beams will usually have higher deflections due to fewer restraints.
On the other hand, both-end continuous spans have fixed-end moments on both sides when modelling, but are subject to lower deflections due to greater restraints.
bending moments.
there are generally four possible restraint configurations for any single span of a beam (followed by the model):
Simply supported - ______
One-end continuous (______)
Both-end continuous (______)
Cantilever (________)
pin-pin
pin-fixed
fixed-fixed
fixed-free
Primary beams - aka ______
Girders
A system of temporary boarding, sheathing or pans used to produce the desired shape and size of concrete mass.
Formworks
___ are generally used in concrete construction since concrete is formable and assumes the shape of the enclosing materia.
Forms
Forms should be ___, rigid and strong enough to sustain the weight and pressure of concrete and other external and internally induced forces. The design of forms should be simple and economically designed to allow ease of removal and reassembling without damage to itself or to the concrete.
watertight
A system of temporary platform to support workers and maetrials on the face of a structure and to provide access to work areas above ground.
Scaffoldings
Temporary bracing for supportig work under construction which cannot yet support itself.
Falsework
A temporary platform for workers and the materials that they use in building structures.
Staging
A piece of timber to support a wall usually set diagonal or oblique position, to hold the wall in place temporarily.
Shore
A vertical support for aligning and reinforceing wales.
Strongback
Stiffback
A 250mm diameteter pipe with a conical shape hopper above.
Tremie
Design of Formworks
Forms for prestressed concrete members shall be designed and costructed to permit _____ of member without damage during application of prestressing force.
Movement
Factors in Design of Formworks:
___ form requirements for construction of shells, folded plates, domes, architectural concrete or similar types of elements.
Special form
Preparation of equipment and Place of Deposit
All equipment for mixing and transporting shall be ___.
Clean
Preparation of equipment and Place of Deposit
All debrish shall ____ from spaces to be occupied by concrete.
Forms shall be properly ____
removed
coated
Preparation of equipment and Place of Deposit
Masonry filler units that will be in contact with concrete shall be well ____.
Water shall be removed from place of deposit before concrete is placed unless a ___ is to be used.
drenched
tremie
Preparation of equipment and Place of Deposit
All ____ and other unsound material shall be removed before additional concrete is placed against hardened concrete.
laitance
_____ is a major cause of failure in flooring installations. It takes the form of a weak, friable layer on the surface of concrete and sand cement screeds which appears after curing. It is made from cement and fine aggregates that rise to the surface when too much water is added.
Laitance
A layer of weak, nondurable material containing cement and fines from aggregate, which is brought to the surface of overwet concrete by the bleeding of water to the top.
Laitance
Mixing
Mixing shall be continued for at least ____ minutes after all materials are in the drum, unless a shorter time os shown to be satisfactory by the mixing uniformity test.
1 1/2 minutes
Depositing
Concrete shall be deposited as nearly as practicable in its final position to avoid ___ due to rehandling or flowing.
segregation
Depositing
Concreting shall be carried on at such a rate that concrete is at all times ___ and flows readily into spaces between reinforcement.
Plastic
Depositing
Concrete that has ____ or been contaminated by foreign materials shall not be deposited in the structure.
Partially hardened
Depositing
Retempered concrete or concrete that has been remixed after ____ shall not be used unless otherwise allowed by the Engineer.
initial set
Depositing
After concreting is started, it shall be carried on as a _____ until placing of a panel or section is completed.
Continuous operation
Depositing
All concrete shall be thoroughly ____ by suitable means during palcement and shall be thoroughly worked around reinforcement and embedded fixtures and into corners of forms.
consolidated
To combined as a single unit.
Consolidate
Curing:
Concrete shall be maintained at ___ and in moist condition for at least ___ days after placement.
50dF
7 days
Curing:
High Early strength concrete shall be maintained above ____ and in moist condition for at least __ days.
50dF
3 days
Removal of Forms and Shores
Sufficient strength may bedemostrated by ____ test cylinders and by structural analysis considering proposed loads in relation to field-cured strengths and strength of the forming and shoring system.
Field cured
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for
Massive Footing
1 day
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for Cantilever Footing
5 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for - Slab Footings
5 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Massive walls with .3m thk or more
If up to 2m high - 1 day
add 1 day for every additional meter
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Thin walls less than 0.30 m thk
Up to 2m high - 2days
add 1 1/2 day for every meter but not more than 28 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Cantilever walls, buttresses, counterforts, diaphragms.
if without load
Up to 2m high - 2 days
add 1 1/2 day for every meter but not exceeding 28 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Column (Ratio of height to least diameter is up 4
2 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Column (Ratio of height to least dimater is from 4 - 15.
Add to the above 1 day for every additional meter of height but not more than 28 days.
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Slabs (3ft) to 7ft span
for 3 ft - 5 days, additional 1/2 day for every foot additional span or fraction thereof.
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Slabs with greater than 7ft span
7 days, add 1 day for every foot additional span, but not more than 28 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Beams and Girders (Side
3 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Beams and Girders (Bottom)
Up to 14 ft - 14 days, add 1/2 day for every foot
but not greater than 28 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Arches - Spandrel Walls
3 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Arches - Spandrel Arches
14 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Arches - (Main arches)
21 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
Ballustrade, Copings, etc.
1 day
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
RC piles and RC posts (Side)
3 days
Schedule of Formworks for Removal
Time required for -
RC piles and Rc posts (Bottom)
14 days
The part of a building or structure which is above the level of the adjoining ground or the level of the foundation.
Superstructure
The horizontal component of pressure that a soil mass exerts on a vertical retaining wall.
Active Soil Pressure
Allowable Bearing Capacities of Various Soils
find psf, kgs/m2, kPa, tons per ft2
Alluvial Soil
Soft Clay
Firm Clay
Wet Sand
Sand and Clay
______ is loose, unconsolidated soil or sediment that has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting. Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel.
Alluvium
1 ton = ___ lbs
2000 lbs
1 psf = _____ kgs/m2
4.88 kg/m2
Excavation, Foundation and Retaining Walls
Whenever the depth of excavation for any construction is such that the lateral and subadjacent support of the adjoining or existing structure thereon would be affected in a manner that the stability or safety of the same is engangered, the ___ undertaking or causing the excavation to be undertaken shall be responsible for the expense of the underpinning or extending the foundation or footings of the aforementioned property or structure.
Person
Excavation, Foundation and Retaining Walls
Excation and other similar disturbances made on public property, shall unless otherwise excluded by the authority, be restored immediately to its former condition within __ hours from the start of such excavation and disturbances by whosoever caused such excavation or disturbance.
48 hours
Footings, Foundations and Retaining Walls
Whenever or wherever there exist in the site of construction an abrupt change in the ground levels or of the foundation such that instability of the soil could result, ____ shall be of adequate design and type of construction.
Retainng Walls
Protection and Safety Requirements for Construction and Demolition
The construction, erection, alteration and removal of scaffolds and the application, installation and setting up of safeguards and equipment devices shall be done by _____ under the supervision of a ______.
skilled dworkmen
person qualified by experience or training for such work.
Protection and Safety Requirements for Construction and Demolition
A safeguard, device or piece of equipment which is unsafe shall be reported to the ___ or ___, who shall take immediate steps to remedy such conditions or remove such safeguard. device or equipment.
Superintendent
foreman
Protection and Safety Requirements for Construction and Demolition
____ shall be removed, hammered in or bent in a safe condition.
Protruding nails and tie wire ends.
Protection and Safety Requirements for Construction and Demolition
Electric lines, moving ropes and cable gears, or similar hazards with which a worker might in contact with shall be ___ or ___.
encased or protected
Protection and Safety Requirements for Construction and Demolition
No person, firm or corporation, either personally or through an employee or agent of another, shall operate or move any machinery,equipment, material, scaffolds or materials in the process of assembly closer than __ meters to any energized high voltage overhead electrical facilities except with the approval of the electrical inspector.
5 meters
Protection and Safety Requirements for Construction and Demolition
All workmen on any demolition job shall be furnished with and be required to wear ______
industrial safety helmets
Protection and Safety Requirements for Construction and Demolition
____ and tools boxes shall be so located as to protect workers from dangerous falling walls and other falling objects.
Construction Sheds
Fence
When the horizontal distance between the outermost face of the building and the inner edge of the sidewalk is ______ of the building height, only a fence shall be required.
more than one half
Wash Boring Method
Derrick (4 pipes)
Rope
Swivel
Pump and Tub
Wash Pipe with Drill Bit or Chopping Bit
Wash pipe with Samplig Spoon (interchaneable)
Casing
Allowable Bearing Capacities of Various Soils
find psf, kgs/m2, kPa, tons per ft2
Firm Dry Sand
Coarse Dry Sand
Gravel
Gravel and Sand (Well Cemented)
hardpan or HardShale
Medium ROck
Rock Under Caissons
Hard Rock
Soil TEst
Foundation design is primarily based on the result of _____. The technical personnel has to make a reasonably accurate conception of the physical properties and arrangement of this underlying soil.
subsurface investigation
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
An auger is used for this purposed where a hole is bored on the ground. Two types of auger may be used, the Helical or the Iwan or Post Hole Auger. Portable helical augers are available from 80 to 300mm in diameter and used for making deeper holes.
Auger Boring Method
Two types of Auger that may be used in Auger Boring Method.
Helican or THe Iwan
Post Hole Auger
Post Hole Auger
Helical Auger
Iwan Auger
Types of Soil Testing and INvestigation MEthods
This method employs the used of a piece of metal tube 50mm to 100mm in diameter, used to bore hole with depths ranging from 1.5m to 3m.
The tube or casing is cleared of the soil sample by chopping bit to the lower portion of the wash pipe inserted inside the tubing or casing. Wather is then used to was down through the wash pipe by means of a high velocity pimp to rinse the fragments of soil throug the annular space between the tube and the wash pipe.
This method is similar to the process of installng an underground water pump where the pipe is cleaned by wash pipe and water.
Wash Boring Method
Types of Soil Testing and INvestigation MEthods
A truck mounted driving rig turns the auger to a depth of more than 60 meters using continuous flights of auger with a hollow stem where samples of soil can be retrieved. It has an auger with sizes range from 60 - 80mm diamter.
Hollow Stem Auger Boring Method
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
Employed as one of the most efficient and convenient method os soil sample retrieval method and used for soil structure characterized by high resistant materials such as rocks, clay as well as sand. Rotary boring diameter ranges from 50mm to 200mm
Rotary Drilling
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
Somtimes called Cable Tool Drilling Method, used when boring or auger method is not possible due to difficulty in penetration of soil especialy hard soil strata.
PErcussion Drilling Method
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
This is a device used to investigate the consistetncy of cohesive deposits or relative density of cohesionless strata without the necessity of drilling and obtaining samples. Static penetration is characterized by consistent and uniform force or pressure application and Dynamic penetration when drivin into the soil. Standard penetration test is done by dropping a 60kg hammer into a drill hole dfrom a height of 700mm, the number of blows to make a penetration of 300mm is regarded as the penetration resistance.
Penetrometer
a device to test the stregth of material
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
A 60 degree cone with a base area of 100 sq mm is used inthis method. This is attached to the tip of a rod and protected by a casing. The cone is pushed by the rod into the ground, the cone is slightly larger than the pipe in order to minimize friction between the tool and the surrounding soil
Dutch Cone Penetration Method
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
The vane device for shear testing of clay soil in place consist of four vertical rectangular blades at right angles to vertical shaft. The vane is then pushed into the soil and twisted until the soil is ruptured in a cylindrical form, shear strength is computed from the maximum moment needed to rupture the soil and thereby obtaining soil sample.
Vane Shear Test
Vane Shear Test
Standard Load Test
Dug to the depth of the soil to be tested usually the _____ level.
Proposed Footing level
Standard Load Test
The pit width should be at least __ times the load plate width.
five times
Standard Load Test
The square load plate with a general dimension of ___ x ___ is set on a leveled bottom of the pit.
300 x 600mm
That part of the foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil, set below the natural grade line and enlarged to distribute its load over a greater area.
Footing
A relatively long, slender structural compression member such as post, pillar or strut, usually vertical supporting a load which acts in (or near) the direction of its longitudinal axis.
Column
A column designed to support concentrated load.
Pier
A reinforced concrete beam distributing the horizontal forces from an eccentrically loaded pile cap or spread footing to otehr pile caps or footings;
A reinforced concrete beam supporting a superstructure at or near a ground level and tranferring the load to isolated footings, piers or piles.
Tie Beam
Fotting Tie Beam
Grade Beam
A type of isolated footing having inclined top, sloping towards the edges.
Square Sloped Footing
A type of footing that changes levels with the center having the thickest part of the footing.
Stepped Footing
A footing having rectanuglar plan.
Rectangular Footing
A mat providing a footing on yielding soil, usually for an entire building, placed so that the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the weight of the construction.
Raft Foundation
A framework of crossing beams for spreading heavy loads over large areas.
Grillage / Grid Foundation
A type of precast footing provided with a socket to receive a preacast column..
Precast Socket Foundation
A continuous type of footing intened to support as well as transmit the load imposed by the wall directly to the ground.
Wall Footing
A long slender column of wood, steel, or reinforced concrete, driven or hammered vertically into the earth to form part of a foundation system.
Pile
Types of Composite Piles
The timber portion is used below permanent ground water level. The concrete portion is usually cast in place type. This type of composite pile is used for the purpose of reducing total cost of pile and yet the entire length of the pile is considered permanent.
Timber and Concrete Pile
Types of Composite Piles
Steel pipes or H shape piles are attached to the lower end of a cast in place concrete piles. This type of pile is used in cases where the required length of piles is greater than that available for cast in place type.
Steel and Concrete pile
A large enclosure used to enclosed large bodies of water to be removed later on when enclosure is completed. Thus, workers will work on a dry area within surrounding body of water.
Cofferdam
Classification of Piles According to Use
Used in foundation construction and carries superimposed loads.
Bearing Pile
Classification of Piles According to Use
Driven at an inclination to resist forces that are not vertical
Batter Pile
Used in cofferdam construction to support the horizontal wall that in turn supports vertical sheet piling.
Guide Pile
Classification of Piles According to Use
Driven at wharves or in front of a large masonry structure to protectthem fro msudden blows.
Fender Pile
Structure on shore where boats or cargo docks/
Wharves
Classification of Piles According to Use
Used to resist lateral pressure of the earth and to form a wall that is intended to be watertight.
Sheet Pile
Types of Pile Drivers
A type of pile driver which is raised by means of a rope and then allowed to be dropped. Any drop hammer permitted shall weight not less than one half of the pile to be driven. Gravity hammer should weight not less 2000lbs. Height of all hammers shall not be more than 6 meters.
Drop Hammer
Types of Pile Drivers
A type of pile driver that is automatically raised and dropped a short distance by the action of the steam cylinder and the piston supported in a frame which follows the pile.
Steam pile Hammer
Types of Steam Hammer
The steam is applied to raise the striking part of the hammer, then allowed to fall by gravity. The force of the blow depends on the length of the stroke and the movable weight. The number of blows per minute depends on the steam pressure.
Single Acting Steam hammer
Types of Steam Hammer
The steam pressure raises the hammer and also reinforces the action ofgravity during descent. Double acting hammers are more compact, lighter and operates with rapidity.
Double Acting Steam Hammer
MEasures to be taken in driving piles
The butt of the pile is cut off _____ so that impact of the hammer may be distributed uniformly over the surface.
square
MEasures to be taken in driving piles
Use _____ or __ to protect the head of a timber pile from brooming and splitting.
rings or pile caps
MEasures to be taken in driving piles
To facilitate driving the pile true to line or position, the foot should always be cut off ____ to its axis.
Perpendicular
A type of construction whose primary structural elementsare formed by a systen of repetitive wood framing members.
Conventional Light Frame Construction
Light wood frame construction having a structure and major components with fire resistance ratings at least equal to those specified by authorities.
Protected light wood frame construction
Light wood frame construction having no fire-resistance requirements ecept for fire walls and enclosures of fire exits and vertical shafts.
Unprotected light Wood Frame COnstruction
A framing system with vertical structural elements of the exterior bearing wlls and partitions consisting of single studs which extend the full height of the frame, from the top of the soleplate to the roof plate, all floor joists are fastened by nails to studs.
Balloon Framing
A framing system having subfloor extended to the outer edge of the frame and provide a flat work surface at each other.
Western Framing,
Platform Framing
These are structural elements, the section of which are composed of built-up lumber, wood stuctural panels or wood structural panels in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesive.
Glued Built-up Members
A structural panel product composed primarily of wood and in meeting with the requirements of Philippine National Standards. Wood structural panels include all-veneer plywood, composite panels containing a combination of veneer and wood based material, and mat formed panel such as oriented stranded board and waferboard.
Wood Structural Lumber
______ also known as flakeboard, sterling board and aspenite in British English, is a type of engineered wood similar to particle board, formed by adding adhesives and then compressing layers of wood strands in specific orientations. It was invented by Armin Elmendorf in California in 1963.
Oriented strand board,
PNS
Philippine National Standards
Plywood which is faced with on one or both sides with metal sheathing.
Armored Plywood
A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel boards in the same plane.
Batten
A type of wall cladding for wood frame houses closely spaced, applied boards or sheets of plywood, the joints of which are covered by narrow wood strips.
Board and Batten
A log partly or wholly squared off.
Cant
A beveled strip of wood or otehr material used especially under built-up roofing where the roofing turns up, providing a gradual transition, used to prevent cracking of roofing applied over it
Cant Strip
A carpentry joint done by joining two uneven timbers, each of which is notched at the point where they meet.
Cogged joint
Cogged Joint
A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nails or bolts.
Fish Plate
Any joists which carries the floor.
Floor Joist
A principal beam extending from wall to wall of a building supporting the floor joists of floor beams.
Girder
A horizontal timber connecting the posts of a braced frame at an intermediate level above the ground.
Girt
Any of a series of small, parallel beams for supporting floors, ceiling or flat roofs.
Joist
A slot or cut made in a material such as wood or metal.
Kerf
Joining of timbers, usually meeting or crossing at right angles by cutting a dap in one or both pieces.
Nothicng
Any stiff, vertical, more or less isolated upright, may be of wood, stone, metal etc/ may support a superstructure or afform a firm point of lateral attachment.
Post
S short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed or screwed to two butting pieces in order to splice them together.
Scab
A thin piece of wood, metal or stone, usually tapered, which is inserted under one member so as to adjust its height of one surface so that it is flushed with one another.
Shim
One of the number of horizontal timbers that are laid on a concrete slab (or on the ground) and to which the flooring is nailed.
Sleeper
Any joist resting directly on sleepers.
Sleeper Joist
A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nailes or bolts.
Splice Plate
Ant of a series of slender, upright members of wood of metalforming the structure frame of wall or partition.
Stud
Structural Code Provision on Wood
Quality and Identification
All preservative treated wood required to be treated shall be identified by the ____ of an approved inspection agency.
quality mark
Structural Code Provision on Wood
Plates, sills and sleepers
All foundation plates and sleeper on a concrete or masonry slab, which is indirect contact with earth, and sills that rest on concrete or masonry foundation, shall be ___ wood, all marked and branded by an approved agency.
treated
Structural Code Provision on Wood
Columns and Posts
Columns and posts on concrete masonry floors or decks exposed to the weather or to water splash or in basements and which support permanent structure shall be supported by ____ or ____ projecting above the floor unless approved wood of natural resistance to decay or treated wood is used.
The pedestal shall project at least ___ mm above exposed earth and at least ___mm above such floor.
concrete piers
metal pedestals
150mm
25mm
Structural Code Provision on Wood
Colums and Posts
Individual concrete or masonry piers at least ___ above exposed ground unless te columns or posts they support are of approved wood of natural resistance to decay and treated wood is used.
200mm above
A joint at the intersection of two wood members of equal thickness in which half the thickness of each is removed so that they fit together to form a flushed surface.
Half Lap
A small psot supporting the handrail or a coping.
Baluster
Banister
A series or row of balusters joined by a handrail or coping as the parapet of a balcony.
Balustrade
A support for winders which supportsthe steps of a wooden stairs
Bearer
A spiral Stairs
Caracole
That portion which supports the steps of a wooden stairs.
Carriage
A term given to a winding staircase.
Cockel Stair
A staircase with steps winding in a circle or cylinder.
Circular Stair
A protective cap op, or cover of wall, parapet, pilaster or chimney.
Coping
A concave curve on the face of a front string.
Curve out
The first step by which a stair is ascecnded, terminating at the end in a form of a scroll following the plan of a handrail.
Curtail Step
Those elliptical in plan where each tread assembly converging in an elliptical ring in plan.
Elliptical Stairs
A section produced on any inclined plane vertically over a curved plan of a handrail.
Face Mould
A band fastened to the face of a front string below the curve and extending the width of a tread.
Fillet
The seires of steps leading from one landing to another.
Flight of stairs
Steps in a flight that are parallel with each other
Flyer
The string on the side of stairs where the handrail is placed.
Front String
A flight of stairs supported by a wall at the end of the steps.
Geometrical Stairs
The interval between two flights of steps in staircase
Half Space
A rail running parallel with the inclination of the stairs that holds the baluster.
Handrail
An opeing in thte middle of the staircase as distinguished from solid newel wherein the ends of steps are attched.
Hollow Newel
The notches in the string board of a stair for the reception of stairs.
Housing
The convex bend at the back of a handrail.
Knee
The central column where the steps of a circular staircase wind.
Newel
The front edge of a step that project beyond the riser.
Nosing
A horizontal member one end iswedged into the wall at the top of the flight of stairs that supports the upper end of the rough stringer.
Piching Piece
The angle of inclination of the horizontal of the stairs.
Pitch
A slope surface that rises and twists simultaneuously.
Ramp
The height of flight of stairs from landing to landing.
Rise
The vertical face of a stair step.
Riser
Thre preferred ratio between the riser and tread of a stairstep, specified by either of two formulas:
R +2T = 24 to 25
R x T = 72 to 75
Riser:Tread Ratio
The horizontal distance from the first to the last riser of a stair flight.
Run
The angle formed by stairway
Spandrel
The steps wherein to ascend or descend from one storey to another
Stairs
The whole set of stairs; the structure containing the flight of stairs.
Staircase
A metal clip used to hold stair carpet in place.
Stair Clip
The initial stair at the top of a flight of stair or starcase.
Stairhead
The clear vertical height measured from the nosing of a stair tread to any overhead.
Stair Headroom
A building containing a winding stair which usually fills it entirely; a stair enclosure which projecs beyond the building roof.
Stair Turret
The assembly consisting of a tread and one riser.
Steps
A stair unit which consists of one tread and one riser
Step
One having the steps parallel and at right angle to the strings.
Straight Flight of Stairs
The part of a flight of stairs which forms its ceiling or soffit, the inclined board which supports the end of the steps.
String
Stringer
The board next to the well hole which receives the ends of the steps/
String Board
The undersurface of an arch or moulding.
Soffit
The horizontal part of a step including the nosing.
Tread
The dimension of a tread measured perpendicular to the normal line of travel on a stair.
Tread Length
A metal fabricated floor plate.
Tread Plate
In an open stair, the continuation of the horizontal rounded edge of the tread beyond the stair stringer.
Tread Return
The horizontal distance between two consecutive risers or , on an open riser, the horizontal distanc ebetween nosings or the outer edges of successive treads all measured perpendicular to the edges of the nosing or tread.
Tread Run
The dimensions of a tread plus the projection of the nosing if any.
Tread Width
The baord placed against the wall to receive the end of the step.
Wall String
The place occupied by the flight of stairs.
Well
The opning in floor at the top of a flight or stairs.
Well Hole
A winding staircase enclosed by walls resembling a well.
Well Staircase
Steps not parallel with each other.
Winders
Any stair constructed chiefly with winders as a geometric or spiral stair.
Winding Stair
The whole of a helically curved handral
Wreath
Opus meaning
Work
A terrazzo installed directly over rough finished concrete slab. A chhemical bonding agent is used if the concrete surface is too smooth for a mechanical bond.
Monolithic Terrazzo
A terrazo topping installed over a mortar underbed that is bonded to a rough-finish concrete slab.
Bonded Terrazzo
A pattern formed by inlaying small pieces of stones, tiles, glass or enamel into cement, mortar, or plaster matrix.
Mosaic
A small squarish piece of colored marble, glass or tile used to make mosaic patterns.
Tesserae
Types of Mosaic
A mosaic of relatively large piece of marble or stone, cut to shape and arranged in geometric patterns, usually a mosaic pavement consisting of geometrical figures in black and red tessearae on white ground.
Opus Alexandrinum
Masonry formed of small rough stones set irregularly in mortar, sometimes traversed by beds of bricks or tiles,
Opus Incertum
Opus Antiquum
Types of Mosaic
Decoration produced either by cutting away the ground and leaving the pattern or by cutting out the pattern so that the opnings form the design.
Opus Interrasile
Types of Mosaic
In ancient Roman masonry, an extremely regular masonry pattern in which stones of uniform length and uniform height are set so that each vertical joint is centered over the block beneath. Horizontal joints are continuous, and the vertical joints are discontinuous straight lines,
Opus isodomum
Isomum
Greek Masonry
Roman masonry of bricks or tiles, or of a brick or tile facing on a concrete core,
Opus Latericium
Opus Lateritium
In ancient Greece and rom, any ornamental pavement, such as mosaic.
Opus Lithostrotum
Types of Mosaic
A Roman mosaic decoration employing small cubes of colored glass or enameled work.
Opus Musivum
Types of Mosaic
In ancient Roman masonry, coursed ashlar having courses of unequal height.
Opus Pseudoisodonum
Types of Mosaic
Masonry of squared stones in regular ashlar courses.
Opus Quadratum
A decorative Roman wall facing, backed by a concrete core, formed of small pyramidal stones with their points embedded in the wall, their exposed square bases, set diagonally forming a net like pattern.
Opus Reticulatum
Types of Mosaic
A kind of pavement formed of slabs or tiles of glass or other material, the pieces having a uniform size (far larger than the tesserae of ordinary mosaic) and being either plain colored or mottled and veined.
Opus Sectile
An ancient Roman herringbone work.
Apus spicatum
A type of stucco used in ancient Rome, used to cover walls in three or four coats, the finishing coats being practically an artificial marble, usually polished to serve as a surface for paintings.
Opus Tectorium
A pavement with designs executed in pieces of different colored tesserae, of larger size and more regular form than the pieces used in mossaic.
Opus Tesselatum
opus tectorium meaning
stucco work
In ancient Roman masonry, a facing composed of fragments of broken tile.
Opus Testaceum
An ancient Roman mosaic of the most delicate and elaborate character, the tesserae are arranged in curved, waving lines, as required by the shading of the design.
A tle block made of concrete, usually with colored surface by adding coloring agent and applying directly on the surface.
Cement Tile
A tile of varying sizes formed by either dust-pressed or the plastic method, usually 1/4 tp 3/8 inch thick.
Ceramic Tile
An expensive flooring using marble as the main component. Laid on the floor with white cement or a grout to secure it, a grinding machine is used to smoothen and even the surface after wax is applied.
Marble Flooring
Floring made of an agglomeration of cement, sand and gravel, usually poured on monolithic slabs as a concrete topping. This type of flooring is used on areas that are subjected to every kind of abuse such as impact, abrasion, sulfate attack by salts and aggressive liquids, it may be provided with non skid surface.
Concrete Flooring
Concrete suitable for use as a wearing surface finish to floors, made of cement mixed with specially selected aggregate (originally granite chips) of suitable hardness, surface texture and particle shape.
Granolithic concrete
A floor finish made by mixing an emulsified asphalt with portland cement, sand and gravel, or crushed stones to form a plastic mixture. This is over floor and screeded, compacted and floated to a depth of 1/2 inch.
Asphalt Mastic Flooring
Manufactured from calcined magnesium oxide and magnesium chloride. These matrials are mixed into a plastic state and applied to floor in two separate coats, totalling 1/2 - 3/4 in thick.
An amount of coarse, fibrous filler is mixed with the first coat to give it strength and flexibility. The second coat has no fiber, but color pigment is mixed with it to produce any color or colors required.
Magnesite Flooring
Pea sized sandstones or pebbles (no 5 10 or 15) are used for this purpose. This is mixed with cement mortar. Brass strips may be provided on the surface in order to contain as well as to provide boundaries of areas being worked on. Sponge is used to remove the cement coating on the surface thereby exposing the pebbles or stones underneath.
Pebble Washout Flooring
Clay tile which has been glazed so that it is impervious to water and has a high resistance to chemical corrosion.
Vitrified Clay Tile
A roof sloping downward in two parts from a central ridge, so as to form a gable at each end.
Gable or PItch Roof
A roof type which resembles a combination of half hip and half gable.
Dutch Hip
Winged Gable
actually its a gable that has its eaves extending outward from the surface or edge of a wall. Unlike common gable american houses which their eaves are flushed on the surface of the wall.
You get me?
a roof which has four sloping sides, each of which becomes steeper halfway down.
Mansard Roof
A combination of hip roof and an intersecting gable roof forming a T or I shape plan configuration.
Hip and Valley
A conically shaped roof, used over building or structure with circular plan configuration.
Conical or Spire
A domical or half sphere roof used to cap a structure.
Domical
Basically, a gable type roof but with both eaves extending all the way to the base or ground.
A frame roof
A series of barrel vaulted roof used to increase the area coverage at the base.
Vaulted
A series of trinagular shaped roof interconnected at the edge with regular or isoceles shaped triangles.
Pleated
Rafter that extends at right angle from the plate or girt to the ridge.
Common Rafter
A rafter forming a hip to a valley.
Cripple jack, Double jack rafter.
The structural member that supportsthe rafter or truss.
Girt
A piece of timber laid horizontally on the principal rafters or top chord of a truss to support the common rafters on which the roof covering is laid.
Purline, Purlin
A structure composed of a combination of members (such as chords, diagonals and web members), usually in some triangular arrangement so as to constitute a rigid framework; a structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of linear elements subject only to axial tension or compression
A jointed structure which supports vertical, horizontal or inclined loads applied at or between its points of support.
Truss
Provided with some for of truss.
Trussed
A truss all of whose member lie in a single plane
Planar truss or Plane
is made up of simple trusses joined together to form a largertruss
Compound Truss: A compound truss
A truss consisting of upper and lower horizontal chords, connected by web members which across each other, usually stiffened by joining at the intersections of the braces.
Lattice Truss
A truss composed of a group of members (in crisscross or zigzag array) instead of solid plates.
Open Web Truss
A beam. usually timber, reinforced with one or more tie rods; a beam in the form of a truss; braced by one or more vertical psots supported by inclined rods attached to the ends of a beam.
Trussed Beam, Truss beam
A joist in the form of a truss, as a bar jost.
Trussed Joist
A girt in the form of a truss, used to support roof truss or rafter.
Trussed Girt
A rafter in the form of a truss, used to suport purlins.
Trussed Rafter
A vertical flat truss used to support members subject to lateral wind loads such as curtain wall.
Trussed Mullion
An open web truss having verticals whhich are rigidly connected to the top and bottom chords but without diagonals.
Vierendeel Truss or Vierendeel Girder
A three dimensional truss with a triangular end profile and warren or a warren with verticals side profile.
Delta Truss
Any three dimensional structural framework (eg the rigid frame for a multistory building) as contrasted with a plane frame all of whose elements lie in a single plane)
Space Frame
A type of truss characterized by having a flat or pitch and having verticals in compression and idagonal web members in tension.
Pratt Truss
A truss having a flat or pitch chord having vertical web members in tension and diagonal web members in compression.
Howe Truss
A pitched truss having only an inclined web members
Belgian Truss
are generally suitable for spans of up to 25 meters with pitches above 12 degrees. This can be transported easily and is idiealy designed for field splicing.
Fink Truss
Northlight Truss
A truss being an assemblage of triangles entails three members and three joints for the first triangle, each additional triangle require two additional members but only one joint, hence
m = 2j - 3
if m = 2j - 3, truss is ________
statically determinate
A truss being an assemblage of triangles entails three members and three joints for the first triangle, each additional triangle require two additional members but only one joint, hence
m = 2j - 3
if m is greater than 2j - 3, truss is ________
statically indeterminate
A truss being an assemblage of triangles entails three members and three joints for the first triangle, each additional triangle require two additional members but only one joint, hence
m = 2j - 3
if m is less than 2j - 3, truss is ________
unstable
A broad ridge or pair of ridges projecting at a right angle from the edge of a structural shape in order to strengthen or stiffen it.
Flange or Stem
A beam structurally connected to a conrete slab so that the beam and slab respond to loads as a unit.
Composite Beam, Concrete encased Beam
A steel column fabricated fro mrolled or built up steel shapes and encased in structural concrete or fabricated fro mstel pipe or tubing and filed with structural concrete.
Composite Column
A rigid frame connected to its supports with pin joints. The pin joints prevent high bending stresses from developing by allowing the frame to rotate as a unit when strained by support settlement, and to flex slightly when stressed by changes in temperature.
Hinged Frame
Types of Construction
Beam Column connections have sufficient rigidity t ohold virtually unchanged original angles between intersecting members.
Type I (Rigid Frame) Continuous Frame
Types of Construction
Assumes that in so far as gravity loading is concerned, ends of beams and girders are connected for shear only and are free to rotate under gravity load
Type II (Simple Framing) Unrestrained, Free Ended
Types of Construction
Assumes that the connections of beams and girders possess a dependable and known moment capacity intermediate in degree between the rigidity of Type I and the flexibility of Type II.
Type III (semi rigid framing) partially restrained
Standard Sizes, Weight and Lengths of Deformed Round Steel Bars
unit weight (kg/m)
10mm
12mm
16mm
25mm
40mm
- 616kg/m2
- 888
- 578
- 853
- 865
Bar Deformation Requirements
identify Average spacing of Lugs (mm)
10mm dia
12mm dia
16mm dia
20mm dia
32mm dia
40mm dia
7mm
- 4mm
- 2mm
14mm
22.4mm
28mm
ASTM designation for 6mm
No. 2 (1/4”)
add 1/8 for every number designation
Paint and Surface Coating Product
Identify Spreading Rate
Clear Penetration primer
Varnish
Flat Wall Enamel
Oil Wood Stain
MAsonry Neutralizer
Smi Gloss Latex
40 - 50sqm per liter
25 - 30 sqm per gallon
25 - 35sqm per gallon
20 - 30 sqm per gallon
30 - 40 sqm per gallom
25 - 30 sqm per gallon
Fiber Cement board sizes and thickness:
4ft x 8 ft
- 5mm
- 5
6
9
12mm
CHB Plaster Volume per Block
.0015 if 1 face
.003 if 2 faces
applicable for 4 x 8 16
6 x 8 x 16
8 x 8 x 16
Jackbilt T joist
______ were overlapping roof tiles used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture as a waterproof and durable roof covering. They were made predominantly of fired clay, but also sometimes of marble, bronze or gilt. In Rome, they replaced wooden shingles, and were used on almost every type of structure, from humble outbuildings to grand temples and public facilities.
The imbrex and tegula (plurals imbrices and tegulae)
Draw Detail
Reducing Column from ground floor to second floor on Center Column
Draw Detail
Transition of REinforcing bars fro Ground Floor To Second Floor on Edge Column
Draw Detail
Tegula roofing Valley Gutter Detail
Draw Detail
Tegula roofing With gutter
