Building Tech Book 1 Flashcards
The art, science, and business of building,
the process of building from site preparation through erection, asembly and finishing
the manner in which materials are ordered, assembled and united into a whole as frame construction
all on-site work done from site preparation, excavation, foundation, assembly of all the components and installation of utilities and equipment of building or structure.
Construction
Installation in place of components of a building or structure
Erection
Any cosntruction which increases the height or area of an existing building or structure
addition
construction in a building/structure involving changes in the materials used, partitioning, location and size of openings, structural parts, existing utilities and equipment but does not increase the overall area thereof.
Alteration
Any physical change made on a building or structure to increase its value, utility and or to improve its aesthetic quality.
Renovation
A change in the use or occupancy of a building or structure or any portions thereof which has different requirements.
Conversion
Remedial work done on any damaged or deteriorated portion/s of a building to restore its original condition.
Repair
The transfer of any building or structure or portions thereof from tis original location or position to another, either within the same lot or to a different one.
Moving
The systematic dismantling or destruction of a building or structure, in whole or in part.
Demolition
Types of Construction
buildings shall be of wood construction.
Type I
Types of Construction
building shall be of wood construction with protective fire resistant materials and one hour fire resistive throughout, except that permanent non bearing partitions may use fire retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
Type II
Types of Construction
shall be of masonry and wood construction. Exterior walls shall be of incombustible fire resistive construction
Type III
Types of Construction
buildings shall be of steel, iron, concrete or masonry construction. Walls,ceilings and permanent partitions shall be of incombustible fire resistive construction, except that permanent non bearing partitions of one hour fire resistive construction may use fire retardant treated wood within the framing assembly.
Type IV
Types of Construction
buildigns shall be fire resistive. The structural elements shall be of steel, iron, concrete or masonry construction Wall, ceilings and permanent partitions shall be of incombustbile fire resistive construction.
4 hour fire-resistive
Type V
Fire retardant chemical are coated not impregnated in the wood.
Fire Retardant Coated Wood
a wood that is impregnated with Fire retardant chemicals.
Fire-Retardant Treated Wood (FRTW)
material used is “Foshcheck”, which is 85% water, 10% fertilizer, 5% iron oxide and Bentonite
Fire-retardant Chemical
The legal documents comprising a construction contract, including the owner-contractor agreement, conditions of the contract, and the construction drawings and specifications for the project, including all addenda, modification and any other items stipulated as being specifically included.
Contract Documents
The construction drawings and specifications setting forth in detail the requirements for the construction of a project.
Construction Documents
The part of the contract documents consisting of a detailed description of the technical nature of the materials, standards and quality of execution of the work to be placed under contract.
Specifications
A format developed by the consturction Specifications INstitute for the coordinating specifications, filing of tehcnical data and product literature, and construction cost, accounting, organized into 16 divisions based on an interrelationship of material, trade or function.
Uniform System / Masterformat
1995 Masterformat
Number of Divisions:
16
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 1
General Requirements
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 2
Site Work
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 3
Concrete
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 4
Masonry
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 5
Metals
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 6
Wood and Plastics
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 7
Thermal and MOisture Protection
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 8
Doors and Windows
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 9
Finishes
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 10
Specialties
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 11
Equipment
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 12
Furnishings
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 13
Special COnsturction
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 14
Conveying Systems
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 15
Mechanical
16 Divisions - Uniform COnstruction Index
Division 16
Electrical
Three Basic parts of the Section Format
1 - General
2 - Products
3 - Execution
Three BasicParts of the Section Format:
Covers those general areas of concern which precede and follow the work, and which define the scope of the work.
General
Three BasicParts of the Section Format:
Defines in detail the materials, equipment, system, fixtures, etc, which will be incorporated into the work
Products
Types of Specifications:
A specification that stipulates how a particular component or system must perform without giving the means to be employed to achieve the results
Performance specification
side note: more easy and not hassle
Types of Specifications:
A specification that stipulates the exact quantities and qualities of materials to be furnished and how they are to be assembled in a construction.
Descriptive Specification
Types of Specifications:
A specification that refers to a standard specification to indicated the propoerties desired in a material or component and the methods of testing required to substantiate the performace of products.
Reference Specification
Types of Specifications:
The desired producti is specified by the name given by the manufacturer or by the manufactureers name and model number.
Brand nmae specification
___ specifications are usually brand name specifications.
Closed Specification
There are two types of closed specifications, the ______ specification and the ______specification.
single product specification
multi product specification
Manufacturers whose product meet performance or description specified may be included in the bidding. All performance and descriptive specifications are open. Brand specifications are open if the phrase “or equal” is used.
Open Specification
Open Specification
Manufacturers whose product meet performance or description specified may be included in the bidding. All performance and descriptive specifications are open. Brand specifications are open if the phrase ___ is used.
Or Equal
It may be a combination of performance, descriptive and reference specification whichever is beneficial to parties concerned.
Combination Specification
aka: Guarantor
the person in charge in legal respponsibility of the other person’s debt or behavior.
Surety
manage only the construction portion of the product.
in charge in materials and personnel management.
Construction Manager
Supervises the work of the Cm
Greater responsibility
Project Manager
consist of contract documents and bidding requirements.
Construction Documents
The purpose of the construction documents is to _____
communicate the written and graphic design for administration of the construction contract.
Construction documents consists of: (8)
Bidding Documents
Contract forms / Agreement
Conditions of the contract
Special provisions
Specifications
Drawings
Addenda
Contract modifications
additional documents because they may omitted some documents upon production.
Addenda
3 basic construction documents:
drawings(working drawings
conditions of the contract
specification
is a term used to describe the documents furnished to bidders. They include not only contract documents, but also bidding requirements.
Bidding documents
Bidding documents are supplied by the ___ during bidding phase of a project prior to construction.
Owner
Those printed documents that comprise a contract which include owner-architect agreement or contract form, drawings and or plans, specifications, general conditions, special provisions, all addenda, modifications and changes thereto tohether with any other items stipulated as being specifically included.
Contract Documents
may pertain to all docs but excluding bidding docs
Contract documents consist of the following ___ and ____ elements
written
graphic
The contract between the owner and the contractor undertaking the project decribed in the contract documents including all supplemental agreements thereto and all general and special provisions pertaining to the work or materials therefore:
a written agreement between the owner and contractor setting forth the work to performed, the time for completion and the contract sum/
Agreement
Standard Contract Documents (Agreement)
(6)
Owner-architect agreement
owner-general contractor agreement
owner-specialty trade contractor agreement
general contractor - specialty trade contractor agreement
owner - project management agreement
owner - construction management agreement
The approved form of security furnished by the contractor and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the contractor to execute the work in accordance with the terms of the contract.
Performace Bond
The approved form of securiry furnished by the contractor and his surety as a guarantee of good faith on the part of the contractor to pay all obligations arising from the contract.
Payment Bond
Include certificates of insurance and certificates of compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Certificate
Types of Certificates:
Certificates of insurance
Certificates of compliance
These consist of the general conditions, supplementary conditions and other conditions.
Conditions of the Contract
_____ are those portions of the contract documents which define, set forth, or relate to contract terminology, the rights and responsibilities of the contracting parties and others involved in the work, requirements for safety and compliance with laws and regulations, general procedure for the orderly execution and management of the work, payments to the contractor, and similar provision of a general, non technical nature.
conditions of the contract
Thus, ______ define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved in the construction process.
Conditions of the contract
2 types of contract conditions:
General Conditions and Supplementary Conditions
Printed documents stipulating the procedural and the administrative aspects of the contract, it also sets forth the many of the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved. Thus they are general clauses that establish how the project is to be administered. They contain provisions which are common practice nationwide. Standard documents published by professional societies are often used.
General Conditions
The ____ conditions represent that part of the contract documents which supplements and may also modify provisions of the general conditions. These supplements or modifications maybe needed to provide requirements unique to a specific project, for example, wage rates.
Supplementary Conditions
____ are instructions which may be issued to the bidding to supplement and/or modify drawings, specifications, and or general conditions of the contract.
Special Provisions
A written document describing in detail the scope of work to be done, materials and equipment to be used, method of installation or application and the quality of workmanship for a certain work to be placed under contract.
Specifications
As a legal consideration, specifications shall govern over ___.
Drawings
A ____ sis usually utilized in conjunction with working (contract) drawings in building construction.
Specification
Clearly written specifications are essential because they _____.
remove speculation about requirements and thus enable contractors to bid the project more inteligently
These are additional information which may be issued as an addition or amendment to the provisions of the specifications.
Supplementary Specifications
A ____ is a standardized document intended to provide guidance to the specifier in preparing a particular portion of the contract documents.
Guide Specifications
These are graphical presentations of the work involved in the project. These include all supplementary details and shop drawings.
included are:
MEchanical and electrical systems and diagrams
structural elements, equipments, finishes and other similar itesms.
Drawings
Drawings should include among others the _____.
Location of materials, equipment and fixtures.
Drawings intended for use by a contractor, sub contractor or fabricator, which form part of the contract documents for a building project, it contains the necessary graphical information to manufacture, erect, fabricate or construct a building or portion thereof.
Working Drawings
Drawing documents prepared by an architect for a construction project, eg. plans, elevations, sections and other details.
Architectural Drawing Documents
______ documents are technical in nature, used to fully and clearly define requirements for engineering items or work; and is usually created in accordance with standardized conventions and details.
Engineering Drawing Documents
_________ documents include structural, electrical, mechanical, sanitary , plans and details and other engineering related drawings.
Engineering Drawing Documents
____ are written or graphic instruments that supplement the bidding documents for the purpose of clarifying, correcting or adding to the specifications previously issued.
Addenda
___ are written or graphic instrument which modifies or interprets the bidding documents, including drawings and specifications, by additions, deletions, clarifications, or corrections. They become part of the contract documents when the construction contract is executed. Typically they are issued proir to the opening of bids.
Addenda
___ are changes made before contract execution.
Addenda
Instructions, change orders, directives and so on, written after execution of the contract;
those additions to, deletions from, or modifications of the work that are made after the agreement has been signed.
Contract Modifications
The _____ documents contain the legally enforceable requirements which become part of the contract when the agreement is signed. Contract modifications can be issued at any time during the contract period.
Contract documents
A written order to the contractor, signed by the owner and the archtiect or engineer, issued after the execution of the contract, authorizing a change in the work, or an adjustment in the contract sum, or the contract time as orignally defined by the contract documents.
Change orders
A change order may add to, subtract from or vary the scope of work. It may be signed by the ____ along (provided that the owner has given ______ for such procedure and that a copy of such written suthority is furnished the contractor upon request) or by the contractor, if the contractor agrees to the adjustment in the contract sum or the contract time.
architect or engineer
written authorization
A written order affecting a minor change in the work (eg. labor to reproduce the construction required by the contract documents, or materials or equipement incorporated or to be incorporated in such construction), not involving an adjustment in the contract sum or an extension of the contract time, issued by the archtiect or engineer to the contractor during the construction phase.
Field orders or construction change authorizations
_____ instructions are minor instructions or interpretations not inivolving change orders.
Supplemental instructions
_____ instructions allow the architect or engineer to direct changes not involving changes in contract sum or contract time.
Supplemental instructions
A complete set of bid and contract documents that include the bidding requirements, contract forms, contract conditions and project specifications.
Project Manual
its different in item manual (eg. Kettle)
Document or material provided to the architect or engineer for review or acceptance.
Submittal
Since there are many risk and liabilities that concern the architect, engineers, contractors and other allied profession in the construction of a project there should be a basic _____ requirement and coverage that may be necessary to safeguard the interest of all parties to the contract, including the designers.
Insurance
The Role of Specification
A specification is an explicit set of requirements to be satisfied by a ____.
material, product or service
The Role of Specification
____, as one of the contract documents, deserve as much care and attention as working drawings.
Specification
A written or printed description of the work to be done, forming part of the contract and describing qualities of material and mode of construction, and also giving dimension and other information not shown in the drawings.
Specification
Legal Consideration
Courts generally held on the event of conflict between drawings and specifications, the ____ as a written document, shall govern.
specifications
____ requirements governing owner’s liability, contractor’s liability, and fire insurance are usually incorporated in the general conditions or in supplementary conditions and again, made a part of the ____ by incorporation therein.
Insurance,
specifications
The bidding requirements include the ____ (4).
Invitation to Bid
The instructions to Bidders
The Bid Form
Bid Bond
A guarantee that the bidder will take on the job if he is selected.
Bid Bond
The specifications provide a basis for the contract’s estimate and the submission of a bid. ____ are established by the architect and owner for the deletion of work, the addition of work and for the substitution of materias.
Alternates
Alternates are ____ are listed in the Bid Form
written
Sub-contractor’s Limits
Drawings genrally show all of the work to be done and the ____ of various parts.
Interrelationship
Contractors Limit
General requirements, will establish the ___ of each prime contract.
Limits
Inspection and Testing Procedure (Quality Control)
The specifications established _____ procedures to be followed during the construction operations.
inspection and testing
A specification include the following but not limited to:
Descriptive title and scope
Date of Last effective revision
Person, office, or agency responsible for questions on the specifications
Terminology
Test Methods
Material REquirements
Performance Testing Requirements
Drawings
Workmanship
Certifications
Safety considerations
Environmental Considerations
Quality Requiremnts, Sampling, and inspections
Completion and Delivery
Provisions for Reejection, rehearing, corrective measures
Project Manual
- Title Page
- Table of Contents
- Addenda (if bound in project manual
- Bidding Requirements
- Invitation to Bid
- Instruction Bidders
- Sample Forms
- Agreement
- Bid Form
- Bid Bond
- Performance and PAyments Bonds
- Other sample forms
- Conditions of Contract
- General Conditions
- Supplementary Conditons
- Schedule of Drawings
- TEchnical Specifications
- Divisions 1 through 48
A test to determine platic’s resistance (eg. resistance to rubbing, scraping and erosion)
Taber Abrasion
a defect in pooint that shows cracking that resembles ligators scale.
Alligatoring
A fine cracks and random that may resemble web.
Common defects from acrylic paint
Crazing
Drawings should generally show the following information.
- Extent, size, shape and location of component part
- Location of materials, equipment and fixtures
- Detail and overall dimensions
- Interrelation of materials, equipment and space
- Schedules of finishes, windows and doors
- Sizes of equipment
- Identification of class of material at its location
- Physical extent of alternates
Specification should generally descrobe the following items.
- Type and quality of materials, equipment and fixtures
- Quality of Workmanship
- Methods of Fabrications, installation and erection
- Test and code requirements
- Gauges of manufacturer’s equipment
- Allowances and unit prices (eg. Bill of Materials)
- Alternate and options
The technical section contains two categories of paragraph, namely, the technical and non-technical:
Technical:
Materials
Fabrication
Workmanship
Installation
Tests
Schedules
Preparations
The technical section contains two categories of paragraph, namely, the technical and non-technical:
Non-Technical
Scope of Work
Delivery of materials
Samples and shop drawings
Permits
Guarantees
Cleaning
Job Conditions
Types of Specification
A specification that stipulates how a particular component or system must perform without giving the means to be employed to achieve the results.
Performance Specification
Example of Performance Specification:
MEchanical exhaust fan shall move not less than nine hundred cubic meters of air per minute and shall move not less than eight hundred cubic meters of air per minute against 500mm static air pressure.
a paint finish that may be in satin, low gloss, or matte finish
Eggshell Finish
eg. of Performance Specification in case of Paint
- Painted Surface shall withstand 10 washings with mild detergents.
- The painted surface shall show no sign of alligatoring or crazing
- The painted surface shall be resistant to abrasion when using the Taber abrasive method
- The painted surface shall have an eggshell finish.
Type of Specification
A specification that stipulates the exactquantities and qualities or properties of materials to be furnished and how they are to be assembled or installed in a construction.
Descriptive Specification
eg. of Descriptive Specification
MEchanical exhaust fan shall be wall-mounted, centrifugal type fan of weather-proof construction made for outdoor use. It shall be of al-aluminum construction including aluminum centrifugal propellers.
Type of Specification
A specification that refers to a standard specification to indicate the properties desired in a material or component and the methods of testing required to substantiate the performance of products
A standardized mandatory language document prescribing amterials, dimensions and workmanship, incorporated by reference in the contract documents, with information in the mandatory requirements checklist.
refers to a standard established for either a material, a test method, or an installation procedure these standard, similarly are predicated on either descriptive or performance criteria.
Reference Specification
eg. of Reference Specification
Masonry surface paint finish - Flat Finish (Latex type Boysen Permacoat Latex #701)
Type of Specification
A specification that stipulates the use of specific products, systems or processes without provision for substitution.
Proprietary spcification
Type of Specification
One in which the specifier states outright the actual make, model, catalog number, and so on, of a product or the installation instruction of a manufactureer. Where certain options are available, the specifier should include those pertinent to the project;
a closed type specification
Proprietary Specification
Type of Specification
A type of specification where the desired product is specified by the name given by the manufacturer or by the manufacturer’s name and model number.
Brand name specification
In ___ specification, there are two types of this type of specification namely:
The single product and the multi product specification
Closed Spcification
___ specifications are generally brand name specifications This is used basically where material is required to match existing material in terms of quality, type and performance
Closed Specification
use this in case there’s renovation project and you need to specify existing materials.
This is the opposite of closed specification, it is called such because all manufacturers whose product meet performance or description specified, may qualify to bid.
All performance and descriptive specification are of these type.
Open specification
Brand name specifications are open if the phrahse _____ is used.
Or equal
___ specification may be a combination of performance, descriptive and reference specifications but never a combination of open and closed specification.
Combination specification
In combination specification, you can never combine what?
Open and Close Specification
In this specification type, a product may be required with specific physical characteristics and also may be required to conform to a particular standard.
Combination specification
_____ is employed when the specified describes in detail the materials, workmanship, installation and erection procedures to be used by the contract in the conduct of their work operationsin order to achieve the result expected. This can be described as Descriptive Specification.
Method system
eg. Descriptive specification for a masonry wall would described the materials to be used:
* The Brick and mortar ingredients, composition of the mortar, test of individua components, weather condition during erection, workmanship involved in laying up the brick, type of brick bond, jointing and finally the cleaning procedure*
Most design firms, goverment agencies and large corporations use __ specification as basis for their project specifications. These include items of work normally encountered by that organization.
Master specifacation
A uniform classification system for construction specifications that is divided into several sections, each of which is sequentially numbered and named. It is the most widely used standard for organizing specifcations and other written information for commercial and institutional building projects in thet US)
Masterformat
Master format is a product of the ____ and ____.
aka. ____
Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
Consturction Specifcations Canada
Uniform system
_____ is a master specification for the construction industry developed by Production Systems for Architects and Engineers (PSAE), not the Professional System Division of the American Institute of Architects. It is one of the most complete and widely used guide specifications available.
Masterspec
PSAE
Production Systems for Architects and Engineers
AIA
American Institute of Architects
Masterspec sections are titled, formatted and numbered essentially in accordance with ____ and CSI’s Manual of Practice.
Masterformat
_____ is copyrighted by the COnstuction Sciences Research Fondation and published by Construction specification Institute. It is published in CSI’s 16 division format. Section titles and five digit numbering system are in accordance with the titles and numbering system in Masterformat.
Spectext
Spectext is revised every ____ years, portions of text are revised quarterly.
5 years
____ ( the successor of SweetSpec), is an interactive expert system for writing specifications.
First, a computer dialogue takes place between a project architect or engineer and the computers CD ROM containing the software and data fukes; the dialogue mimics that which would occur between an archtiect or engineer and an expert specification writer. For each section of the required specification document, the computer asks a series of questions in logical decision making order. The software is updated periodically.
SPECSystem
CD-ROM
compact disk, read only memory
Masterformat 1995 edition
how many divisions?
16
Division
- General Requirements
- Sitework
- Concrete
- Masonry
- Metals
- Wood and Plastics
- Therman and Moisture Protection
- Doors and Windows
- Finishes
- Specialties
- Equipment
- Furnishings
- Special COnstruction
- Conveying systems
- Mechanical
- Electrical
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most requirements that apply to the job as a whole or to several of the technical sections, and especially the requirements sometimes referred to as special conditions. General conditions and supplementary conditions are not included in the division specifications.
Division 1 - General Requirements
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most subjects dealing with site preparation and development. Site utilities in Division 15 and 16 must be coordinated with these sub divisions.
2 - Sitework
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most items traditionally associated with concrete work, exceptions are paving, piles ,waterproofing and terrazzo
3 Concrete
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most materials traditionally installed by mason, exceptions are paving and interior flooring
4 Masonry
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes moststructural metals and metals not falling under the specificc provision of other divisions, exceptions are reinforcing steel, curtain walls, roffing piles, doors ad dwindwos.
5 metals
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most work traditionally performed by carpenters, exceptions are wood fences, concrete formwork, doors, windows and finish hardware.
Wood and Plastics
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most items normally associated with insulation and preventing the passage of water vapor; exceptions are paint, waterstops nd joints installed in concrete or masonry and gasjets and sealants.
Therman and Moisture protection.
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes hardware, doors, windows and frames, metal and glass curtain walls, transparent and translucent galzing, exceptions are glass block and glass mosaics.
8 Doors and windows
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includesi nterior finishes, not traditionally the work of the carpentry trade.
9 Finishes
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes factory -assembles, pre finished items.
10 - Specialties
16 Divisions Masterformat
Includes most items of specialize equipment
11 Equipment
16 Divisions Masterformat
Division 12
Furnishings
16 Divisions Masterformat 1995
Division 13
Special Construction
16 Divisions Masterformat 1995
Division 14
Conveying Systems
16 Divisions Masterformat 1995
Division 15
MEchanical
16 Divisions Masterformat 1995
Division 16
ELectircal
CSI Masterform 2004 Edition
How many divisions?
49
CSI Masterformat 2004 Editions:
Division 00
Procurement and contracting requirements group
procurement
pagkuha
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Area for performance requirements added to allow from writing performance requirements for elements that overlap work sections. This allows for a mixture of broad performance specifcations and deriptve specifcations in a project manual.
1 - General requirements
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
This division is now limited to existing conditions, construction practices that related to items at the site at the commencement of work-selective demolition, sub surface and other investigation, surveying, site decontamination and site remediation, among others.
All site construction as well as heavy civil and infrastructure subject matter, including utility and pavement work, has been relocated to the Site and Infrastructure Sub Group
2 - Existing Conditions
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 3
COncrete
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 4
Masonry
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 5
Metals
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Essentially the same some as 1995 edition, with expansion in the areas of plastics and composites.
6 - Wood, Plastics and Composites
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 7
Thermal and MOisture Protection
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Renamed but essentially the same scope of 1995 editions with the addition of some other openings as louvers and grills.
8 - Openings
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 9
Finishes
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 10
Specialties
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Eqquipment related to process engineering has been relocated tothe process equipment Sub Group and equipment related to infrastructure has been relocated to the Site and infrastructure Sub Group.
Division 11 Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 12
Furnishings
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Special construction related to process engineering has been relocated to the Process Equipment Sub Group.
Security access, ibuilding automation, detection and alarm, and fire sypresion subhects have been relocated to the Facility Services Sub Group
Division 13 Special COnstruction
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Renamed with process related material handling subjects relocated to the Process Equipment Subgroup
14 Conveying Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 15
Reserved
reserve maybe for MEchanical Extension
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 16
Reserved
Division 16 has been reserved for future expansion and material has been relocated to Division 26 and 26
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 17
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 18
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 19
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
This sub group retains the same basic content as published in Draft 4, but with some new diviisions, arranged in a revised order.
Facility Services Sub-Group
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 20
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Fire suppresion subjects relocated from Division 13 in Masterformat 1995 edition
21 - Fire suppression
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 22
Plumbing
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 23
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditions
Divsion 15 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 24
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 25
Integrated Automation
Division 13 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 26
Electrical
Division 16 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 27
Communications
Division 16 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 28
Electronic Safety and Security
Division 13 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 29
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
This Sub group contains heavy civil and utility subhect matter, as well as site construction material moved from Division 2 in masterformat 1995 edition
Site and Infrastructure Sub Group
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 30
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 31
Earthwork
from division 2 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 32
Exterior Improvements
Division 2 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 33
Utilities
from Division 2 before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 42
Transportation
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 35
Waterway and Marine Consturciton
from Division 2 Before
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 36
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 37
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 38
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 39
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Process faciities are composed of a variety of sub systems, tied together and integrated by distribution pathways, control and instrumentation. All of these systems must work together as a whole. This division includes elements used to tie these systems together. Piping, heat tracing, insulation and instrumentation and control systems and also provides a pace to specify commissioning requirements for sub systems and facility as a whole.
Division 40 Process Integration
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Equipements for Processing and conditioning of raw materials, material handling equipment for bulk material as well as discrete units, manufacturing equipment and machinery, test equipment and packaging shipping systems.
Division 41 Material Processing and Handling Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Equipment for process heating, cooling and drying of matrials, liquids, gases and manufactured items and materials.
Division 42 Process HEating, Cooling, Drying equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Equipment for handling purification and storage process liquids, and the like.
Division 43
Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Equipment for controlling emission of contaminants and pollutions.
Division 44
Pollution COntrol Equipment
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
A division in which users can specify equipent that is used only within a single industry.
All industries currently identified with North American Industry Classification System Are allocated space within the division.
Division 45
Industry Specific Manufacturing
NAICS
North American Industry Classification System
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 46
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 447
Reserved
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Plants and qequipment for thegeneration and control of electrical power from fossil, nuclear energy and the like.
Division 48 Electrical Power Generation
CSI Masterformat 2004 Edition
Division 49
Reserved
- Division not name above are explicitly reserved to provide space for future development and expansion.*
- To minimize costs from potential future expansion, it is not advisable to fill these sections with their own material.*
Part 1 - General
Generally applicable to mechanical, electrical, elevators and process equipment and specified in those sections.
Systems Description
Part 1 - General
Enumerate the various types of data to be submitted for architect’s review. Asemble the information under various subparagraph heading, such as samples, shop drawings, product data, certifcates, warranties, bonds and so on.
Submittals
Part 1 - General
Specify standards, procedures, criteria and limitations taht establish an overall level of quality.
Quality Assurance Standards
Part 1 - General
Quality Assurance
(Establish standards and criterial for determining the qualifications of tradesmen, suppliers, subcontractors and products.)
Qualifications
Part 1 - General
Quality Assurance
Cite specification regulations and codes that apply to contract’s detailed design of trusses, connections, precast, items, etc.
Regulatory Requirements
Part 1 - General
Quality Assurance
A full sized structural model built accurately to sacale chiefly for study testing, or display.
Include sample panels, curtain wall assemblies, pre cast concrete panels, integrates ceiling systems, and so on.
Mock up
Part 1 - General
General provision governing the transportation, handling, storage, and protection of material and equipment are included in Division 1 (general requirements)
Delivery, Storage and Handling
Part 1 - General
Specification subparagraphs dealing with the physical environmental conditions under which physical environmental conditions under which the work is to be performed should be specified here These included existing coditions weather, temperature, humidity and so on.
Project/ SIte COnditions
Part 1 - General
Sequencing and Scheduling
be careful not intrude on ____ responsibility.
contractor’s
Part 1 - General
use this paragraph to set forth the requirements for correcting defects that extend beyond 1-year correction of work period in the general conditions.
Warranty
Part 1 - General
generally applicable to mechanical, electrical, elevators and process equipment and specified in those sections.
Systems Start up
Part 1 - General
separate maintenance requirements that are part of the general construction and built into the contract sum from maintenance contracts to be executed separately: extramaterials specify hard to obtain sizes and colors of materials for attic storage.
Maintenance
Part 2 - Products
Note:
Depending on the number and extent of these items, segregate into paragraphs or subparagraphs. specify by performance, dscriptive, references specs or proprietary methods.
Part 2 - Product
Whether prepared on site or off site, specify the proportions of the materials listed above required to produced concrete, plaster, terrazzo, macadam and so on.
Mixes
Part 2 - Product
_____ is a type of road construction, pioneered by Scottish engineer John Loudon McAdam around 1820, in which single-sized crushed stone layers of small angular stones are placed in shallow lifts and compacted thoroughly.
Macadam
Part 2 - Product
Shop priming of ferrous metal and shop finishing of wood cabinets are specified here.
Finishes
Part 2 - Product
test and inspections of products fabricated off-site, including precast concrete elements, prefabricated wood trusses.
Source Quality Control
Part 2 - Product
test and inspections of products fabricated off-site, including precast concrete elements, pre fabricated wood truss, and so on, are specified.
Source Quality Control
Part 3 - Execution
use only in very special instances where experts knowledge and workmanship are paramount
eg. Intricate custom woodwork, precast concrete and so forth.
Acceptable Installers
Part 3 - Execution
subparagraphs headings as field measurements, priming, and so on. For waterproofing or damp proofing it would include patching or grinding of surfaces to obtain a satisfactory base to receive these treatments
Preparation
Part 3 - Execution
would include various subparagraph detailing the requirements for installation details, construction and erection methods and quality of workmanship.
Erection/Installation/Application/Construction
Part 3 - Execution
Can be apply to Existing Products
Repair/Restoration
Part 3 - Execution
Can be apply to Existing Products
Reinstallation
Part 3 - Execution
TEst and inspection procedures to determine the adequacy of the work complete and installed are specified. These would include test for soil compaction. Pile loading, concrete cylinder test, erection telorance inspections and so on.
Field Quality Control
Part 3 - Execution
would include putting builder’s hardware into operating condition balancing of mechanical ventilation systems, and so on.
Adjusting
Part 3 - Execution
Cleaning of specific surfaces such as masonry, terrazzo, glaass, and so on, is specified in the subparagraph.
Cleaning
Part 3 - Execution
Focuses primary to mechanical and electrical systems, to elevators, process equipment and so forth.
Demonstration
Part 3 - Execution
Surfaces that may damage by subsequent consriction operations, particularly architectural concrete, metal curtain wall members, finished wood floors, and so on.
Protection
Part 3 - Execution
Includes items such as hardware schedules, lighting fixtures, and so forth.
Schedules
equipments required when using chemical or physical methods for mechanical, thermal or processing of raw materials.
Process Equipents
CSI Three Part Section Format
This part covers those general areas of concern which precede and follow work and which define the scope of work.
1 General
CSI Three Part Section Format
This part defines in detail the materials, equipment, system, fixtures, etc. which will be incorporated into the work.
2 Products
CSI Three Part Section Format
described in detail the manner in which items covered in part two are to be incorporated into the work.
3 Execution
The essential or distinctive attribute or quality belonging specifically in the constitution of , or found in the behavior of a thing.
Material Property
Properties of Material
The change in length or volume which a material or body undergoes being heated.
Thermal Expansion
The rate of transfer of heat by conduction
Thermal COnductivity
Properties of Material
A property possessed by amterials or objects abosorbing sound energy.
Sound Absorption
Properties of Material
A push (compressive) or a pull (tensile)
Force
Properties of Material
Force per unit area over which a force acts.
Unit Stree or Stress
Properties of Material
The capability of a material to resist the forces imposed on it, esp the ability to sustain a high stress without yielding or rupturing
Strength
Properties of Material
The resistnace of a material to deformation by compression or indentation.
Hardness
Properties of Material
The propoerty of a metal that permits mechanical deformation by extrusion, forging, rolling etc. without fracturing.
Malleability
Properties of Material
An index of materials to resistance to transmission of heat.
Thermal Resistivity
Properties of Material
The degree of which a surface, such as porcelain enamel will resist attach by acid.
Acid resistance
Properties of Material
The capacity of a material or construction to withstand fire or give protection from it.
Fire resistance
Properties of Material
The resistance of a surface or a material to shock such as hard blow.
Impact resistance
Properties of Material
The ease with which fresh concrete can be molded or deformed without segregation.
Plastictiy
Properties of Material
Property of resistance to flowin fluid.
Viscosity
Properties of Material
The property of a material that allows it to resist being torn apart or for it to be divided into pieces.
Tear Resistance
Properties of Material
The ability of a material to conduct electricity.
Electrical Conductance
Properties of Material
The property that allows liquids to gen through a material.
Permeability
Properties of Material
The Property of a material that enables it to wear away by rusting or by the action of chemicals.
Corrosion Resistance
Wood and Wood Products
The ribbons of tissue extending radially from the pith, may vary from microscopic to 4 inches or more,
used to store and transport foor horizontally iwthin the tree.
Medullary Rays, Pith rays
Wood and Wood Products
Said of a material which has the same properties in all directions.
Isotropic
Common porperties of Wood
Material Strength
Durability
Lightweight
East of Fastening or asembling
Natural Beauty
Wood Mode of Growth
These are outward growing trees, preferred for lumbering.
Exogenous
Wood Mode of Growth
These are inside growing trees, have soft core and is less preferred for lumbering
Endogenous
Structure of Wood
Sapwood
Heartwood
Wood Grain
the direction, size, arrangement and appearnace of fibers in a piece of wood.
Wood Grain
Wood Grain
These is characterized by grains running along one side of wood.
Straight Grain
Wood Defects
Decay
Dry Rot
Check
Shake
Pitch Pocket
Knot
Warp
Cut
Bow
Crook
Twist
Wane
Skip
Machine Burn
The term applied to wood after it is sawed or sliced into boards, planks, sticks etc. for commercial purposes/
Lumber
Lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size.
Dressed lumber
Wood Planer
Dressed Size
S1S
Surfaced on one side
Dressed Size
S2S
Surfaced on two sides
Dressed Size
S4S
Surfaced on four sides
Dressed Size
S1E
Surface on one edge
Dressed Size
S2E
Surfaced on two edges
Dressed Size
S1S1E
Surfaced on one side and one edge
The classification of lumber in regard to strength and utility in accordance with the grading rules of an approved lumber grading agency.
Grade
Classification of Yard Lumber:
Board
Dimension Lumber
Decking
Joists and Panks
Timber
A kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the annual rings of wood running the full length of the log.
Slab
A wide piece of lumber from 2 inches to 5 inches thick.
Plank
A thick piece of lumber.
Flitch
The process of removing moisture from wood,
Seasoning
Conditioning or Curing
allow 1- year of drying per inch thick of wood. (eg. if 3 inches thick then dry it for 3 years)
Air Drying Time
Use of kiln to dry wood
Kiln Drying
use of “Tanalith-E” in pressurized wood to preserve its characteristics
Tanalizing
pressure treated wood
use of copper azole process
Wolmanizing
Borate Salt acts as natural pesticides and wood preservatives.
Bolidine Salt
Methods of Seasonning
Natural Methods
Air Drying
Sun Drying
Methods of Seasoning Lumber
Artificial MEthod
Kiln Drying
Forced Air or Pressure Drying
Vapor Drying
Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying
Methods of Treating Lumber
Tanalizing
Permanizing
Wolmanizing
Bolidine Salt
Wood treated with an approved preservative under the treating and quality control requirements in preparation of all timber products prior to preservative treatment by pressure process.
Treated Wood
The longitudinal splicing of a quarter log perpendicular to the annual rings, producing a series of straight or varied stripes in the veneer.
Quarter Slicing
The slicing of a log perpendicular to the conspicuous, radiating rays so as to minimize their appearance.
Rift Cutting
A unit of quantity for lumber equal to thevolume of a piece whose nominal dimensions are 12 inches square and 1inches thick.
Boardfoot
Boardfoot Calculation and Log
Categories of Philippine Lumber:
High Strength Group
Agoho
Malabayabas
Manggachapui
Molave
Sasalit
Yakal
Categories of Philippine Lumber:
MOderaly High Strength
Antipolo
Bokbok
Guijo
Kamagon
Mahogany
Narra
Categories of Philippine Lumber:
Medium Strength Group
Apitong
Dangkalan
Malasaging
Malugay
Pinee
Categories of Philippine Lumber:
Moderately Low Strength
Almaciga
Bayok
Lingo Lingo
Manggasinoro
Raintree
YEmane
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Ebano
Camagong
Balongita
Tindalo
Narra
Alintatao
Camuning
For Furnitures
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Lanete
Narra Blanca
Lanutan
Antipolo
Tanguile
Apitong
Ordinary Furniture and Cabinets
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Yakal
Betis
Dungon
ipil
Naval Consturction
eg Keels, Stern Posts
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Balo Maria
Timber and Masts
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Banaba
Outside construction, beams
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Guijo
Beams and Mast
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Batitinan
Keels and Sleepers
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Manachapuy
Waterways and Decks
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Amugis
Mariveles
Superstructure
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
Tanguile
Lauan
Balao
Mayapis
Boat COnstruction
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Ipil
Molave
Guiho
Dungon
Posts
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Ipil
Guijo
Molave
Girders
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Guijo
Tanguile
Ipil
Supa
Joists
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Guijo
Tanguile
Girt
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Guijo
Tanguile
Apitong
Yacal
Banaba
Ipil
Dungon
Rafters
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Guijo
Tanguile
Apitong
Banaba
Purlins
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Molave
Ipil
Dungon
Tanguile
Window Sills, Heads and Mullions
Uses of Different Philippine Wood Species:
House Construction:
Yacal
Molave
Ipil Dungon
Tanguile (for interior only)
Door Jambs
a type of plywood: manufactured with core veneers with few defects
gppd fpr bptj jumid and wet conditions
it can resist fungal attack
Marine Plywood
A tpye of plywood:
manufactured to produce smooth faces
primary for concrete casting to produce smooth fill and face of concrete
can be use also as a sheathing panel
Form Plywood
Plywood layers are called or made out of:
Veneers
a type of plywood:
Decorative plywood, finished with good looking hardwood.
Fancy Plywood
A type of plywood:
decorative plywood
Pre finished Plywood Panelling (Danarra)
ask what Danarra is
Standard Plywood Thickness:
1/4” (6mm)
3/8” (9mm)
1/2” (12mm)
5/8” (15mm)
3/4” (18mm)
1” (25mm)
Standard size of plywood
4’ x 8’
Types of Plywood:
Ordinary Plywood
Marine Plywood
Form Plywood
Fancy Plyuwood
Pre-finished Plywood Panelling (Danarra)
Common Types of Glue used in lamination
Used in dry location but not exposed directly to rain or water.
Casein Glue
the main protein present in milk and (in coagulated form) in cheese. It is used in processed foods and in adhesives, paints, and other industrial products.
Casein
Common Tpyes of Glue Used in Lamination
Requires high temperature for curing: water resistant
Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Glue
Common Tpyes of Glue Used in Lamination
Expensive but have qualities necessary for durability and water resistance.
Resorcino-Phenol FOrmaldehyde
a colorless pungent gas in solution made by oxidizing methanol.
Formaldehyde
a mildly acidic toxic white crystalline solid obtained from coal tar and used in chemical manufacture, and in dilute form (under the name carbolic ) as a disinfectant.
Phenol
a crystalline compound originally obtained from galbanum resin, used in the production of dyes, resins, and cosmetics.
Resorcinol
A very dense, felted, homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in a hot press to a density not less than 490kg/m3
Hardboard
Grades of Hardboard
A type of hardboard that is flexible and quite easily bent, light brown with thicknesses of 1/8” 1/4” 3/16” and 5/16”, 4 feet wide and lengths of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16feet.
Standard Hardboard
____ is used in a variety of applications including furniture components, wall paneling, moulded door skins, underlayment and perforated boards.
Hardboard
Grades of Hardboard:
Made by impregnated standard board with tempering compounds of oils and resin and baking it to polymerize the tempering material.
Tempered Hardboard
Grades of Hardboard:
Has low density and used for lightweight application.
Low density hardboard
____ is wood that has been washed onto a shore or beach of a sea, lake, or river by the action of winds, tides or waves. It is a form of marine debris or tidewrack. In some waterfront areas, driftwood is a major nuisance.
Driftwood
see Driftwood Hardboard
______ is a soft, pliable form of leather widely used for gloves and the uppers of ladies’ shoes and men’s low cut shoes, but traditionally associated with bookbindings, wallets, linings for fine luggage, and the like.
Morocco leather
see Types of Hardboard
____ refers to woven split bamboo mats used in the Philippines to construct walls. It is a commonly used material in the construction of the ubiquitous nipa hut.
Sawali
see Hardboard types
Grooved Hardboard
____ or render is a material made of aggregates, a binder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture.
Stucco
A class of building board made from wood and particles in a binder and often faced with veneer
made by binding phenolic resin or urea formaldehyde glue
available in 4 ft wide baord and lengths rangin from 8 to 16ft with thicknesses of 1/4” 5/16” 3/8” 1/2” 5/8” 3/4”
Chipboard
A rigid sheet composed of wood pulp, gypsum or other materials
may be fastened to the building to provide an interior surfae finish
the long edges of the board usually tapered to provide easy treatment of joints hen voard is erected.
Wallboard
A wallboard having a gypsum core
Gypsum Board
aka Plasterbaord
Mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate
widely mined and is primarily used to plastering, chalks, chalkboards, wall baords
Gypsum
dried stalks of grain, used especially as fodder or as material for thatching, packing, or weaving.
Straw
Types of Gypsum Boards:
A fireproof sheathing used for interior wall and ceiling applications
characterized by a core of gypsum covered on each side by heavy specially made kraft paper. This material is also used for partitions that do not require framing.
Gypsum Wallboard
Types of Gypsum Boards:
Gypsum board with a gypsum ore and heavy paper on both sides
used as a base for plaster thus, providing adhesion to plaster
Gypsum Lath
Types of Gypsum Boards:
Precast gypsum containing carious types of fibers for additional strength
made in either the square plank (from 4 to 6ft) or edged plank (10ft long)
Gypsum precast Roof Decking
A non structural material in low cost housing constructions which may be used for heat insulation and sound absorption but not as a fire retardant material.
Wood Wool Cement Board
A hardboard made of compressed wheat straw and procesed at 350d to 400d F and covered with a tough kraft paper.
Strawboard
Grades of Strawboards:
Manufactures in 2 in thick, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 ft long
used as non load bearing partitions, as plaster base, for insulating purposes, exterior sheathing, roof decking and as inner formface for concrete basement wall forms.
Structural boards
Grades of Strawboards:
2in thick 4 ft wide and 5 ft long
used primarily for roof deck insulation.
Insulation Grade
Structural Glued-Laminated Timber
Any member comprising an asesmbly of laminations of lumber in which the grain of all laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally, in which the laminations are bonded with adhesives.
Glulam
Structural Glued-Laminated Timber
These are structural members, the sections of which are composed of built-up lumber, plywood or plywood in combination with lumber. all parts bonded together with adhesives.
Glued Built-up Members
means addition of parts
Built-up
A fibrous-felted, homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood or cane) and having a density of less than 490 kg/m3 but not more than 159kg/m3
Fiberboard
Components used for the manufacture of this type of board are wood, sugar cane, asbestos, and binder.
Insulating Fiberboard
Grades of Fiberboard
Used as an insulating, decorative panels, decorative ceiling tile, V-notch plaster base and roof insulation with standard thickness ranging from 1/2” 5/8” 3/4” and 1”
Insulating Grade Fiberboard
Grades of Fiberboard
Has both surfaces and all edges coated with asphalt and other ifbers impregnated with asphalt during manufacture
Sheathing Grade
A dense, rigid board containing a high percentage of fibers bonded with portland cement, characterized by its high resistance to fire, flame and weather but has low resitance to heat flow. It is used as a building material in flat sheet form or corrugate form. Flat boards are made in 1/8” 1/4” 3/” and 1/2” thick 4ft wide and from 6 - 12 ft long
Asbestos Cement Board
Made from cork granules and mixed with synthetic resin, compressed and formed into sheets with thickness ranging from 1 to 6inches and baked under pressure into rigid boards.
Corkboard
Paper used in building construction particularly for sheathing, roofing and insulation, in making asphalt shingles, laminated and corrugate building products, concrete form materials, moisture and vapor barrier, cushio material, wall paper, envelope or sheath for other buildign materials and as fireproofing material.
Building Paper
Types of Sheathing Paper
A low cost paper made from semi chemical pulp and waste paper or a tough paper made from kraft paper.
Plain Paper
Types of Sheathing Paper
made from asphalt of varying quantities with densities ranging from 4 to 10 lbs per square foot.
Asphalt impregnated ro Coated felt or Kraft Paper
Types of Building Paper
Roofing Paper
Used in making a built-up roof, manufactured in 36 in wide rolls and weights from 3 to 20 lbs per square foot.
Roofing Felt
Types of Building Paper
Roofing Paper
A heavy, mineral surfaced paper used as a final roof covering, made 18 and 36 wide, in various weights from 45 to 120 lbs per square foot.
Rolled Roofing
They are using this as a substrate for asphalt shingles
Acting like a membrane and to add backup for waterproofing
This is required if you will use asphalt shingles.
Roofing Felt
Tpyes of Buildign Paper:
Insulating Paper:
made from groundwood or bagasse with some wastepaper pulp added. Usually gray in color and produced in 36 in wide rolls weighting about 9lbs per sqiare foot. This is used for insulating walls, ceilings and floors.
Wood Fiber Insulating Paper
the dry pulpy residue left after the extraction of juice from sugar cane, used as fuel for electricity generators, etc.
Bagasse
Insulating Paper:
A soft, pliable paper used for insulating pipes for carrying steams, boilers and other vessels with high temperatures. It is produced in various weights usually from 5 to 10lbs per square foot. A heavier asbestos felt paper is produced for use as a built up roofing material.
This is saturated with asphalt and produced in 36in wide rolls weighing approximately 15 lbs per square foot.
Asbestos Fibers
Vapor Barrier Paper
This material is intended to prevent the passage of moisture vapor through walls, ceilings and floors.
Paper impregnated with was, used as foor wrapping
Wax paper
Sticker papar
Laminated Paper
Smooth, soft, brown paper that is tear resistant.
Kraft Paper
Concrete Form Paper:
Form made from kraft paper.
Spiral Tube Oncrete
Concrete Form Paper:
Made from corrugated Container paper
Boxlike Form
Naturally occuring materials broken down by the natural process of weathering and erosion, then subsequently processed and transported by wind, water or gravity
Sediment
Two process of Metamoprphic Rock
Contact - acused by Heat or Laval
Regional - caused by pressure
Two process of Sedimentary Rock
Composition and Cementation
Types of Sedimentary Rock
Clay Silt Sand Pebble Cobble Boulder
chemical element that is non metal.
Used as coal, crude oil, metal alloy, eg. steel = carbon + iron)
Carbon
Steel carbon content:
>.2% but < 2%
Alloy Steel
Any of a group of low carbon steels containing less than 2% allow in a chemical composition specifically developed for increased strength, ductility and resistance to corrosion.
High Strength Low Allow Steel
Descriptive of a metal that has been formed by rolling at room temperature, usually to obtain desired form or improve surface finish or higher tensile strength.
Cold Formed/ Cold Rolled
Descriptive of a metal form obtained by rolling the metal while still hot, results in dark, oxidized, relatively rough surface.
Hot rolled
Unfinished metal from steel mill.
Subject for further processing
Billet
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
S
for billet supplemental requirement (S1 (A615)
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
N
for new billet (A615)
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
R
for rail meeting ASTM A617, Grade 60 bend
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
I
for rail (A616)
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
A
for axle (A617)
Bar Identification Marks:
Steel Type
W
for low alloy (A706)
ASTM A615
Bilelt Steel, grades 40 and 60
A615-40 grade steel is a structural billet steel for structural applications
ASTM Designation and Specified Yield Point
ASTM A616
rail stel, grades 50 and 60
ASTM Designation and Specified Yield Point
ASTM A617
Axle steel, grades 40 and 60
ASTM Designation and Specified Yield Point
ASTM A706
Low alloy steel, grade 60
A ductile, malleable, reddish brown metallic element that is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and is widely used for electrical wiring, water piping and in the manufacture of alloys, as bronze and brass.
Copper
Cu
A heavy, soft, malleable, bluish gray metallic element used in solder and radiation shielding.
Lead
Any of various alloy consisting essentially of copper and zinc, used for windows, railing, trm and finish hardware.
Brass
Traditionally, any of various alloys consisting essentially of copper and tin, and sometimes traces of other metals.
Bronze
A hard, brittle metallic element, used chiefly as an alloying element to increase the hardness and toughness of steel.
Manganese
Mn
Copper plus Zinc
Brass
Copper plus Tin
Bronze
C3
Tricalcium
C2
Dicalcium
___ may be defined as a material which, when mixed with water or other liquid substance will:
form temporarily a plastic plaste
easyly molded or deformed
after a short period of time will harden or set to a rigid mas
Cement
A calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete and mortar.
Cement
To heat a substance to a high temperature but without melting or fusing to drive off volatile matter or to cause oxidation.
Calcined
Historical Note about Portland Cement
Around 3000bc, the egyptians used mud mixed with ___ as a binder to make sun dried bricks. Moreover. they also used gypsum mortars and lime mortars in their pyramids.
Straw
Historical Note about Portland Cement
The greeks used lime mortars, which are much harder than the ____ mortars.
Roman mortars
Historical Note about Portland Cement
About 300BC the Babylonians and Assyrians used ___ as a component in binding stones and bricks.
bitumen
Historical Note about Portland Cement
Around 300 - 476 AD, the Romans used ____ from Pozzouli in Italy near Mt vesuvius to build the Appian way, the Coliseum, Roman baths, the Pantheon and other magnificent structures includign the Pond du Gard.
Pozzolana Cement
Historical Note about Portland Cement
In 1779, ___ was issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for plastering application.
Bry Higgins
Historical Note about Portland Cement
John Smeaton found that calcinations of limestone containing clay produces lime which hardened when mixed with water _____..
Hydraulic Lime
Historical Note about Portland Cement
Edgar Dobbs, in 1810, received a patent for hydraulic mortar, stucco and plaster but is said to be of inferior quality. In 1818, Maurice St. Leger was issued patent for hydraulic cement.
Other types of Cementitious Materials
Fine particles of ash recovered from waste gases of a solid fuel furnace, a cementitious material which can beb used to replace cements in amounts of up to 20% to reduce permeability.
Flyash
Types of Concrete
Used in placing concrete under water.
Tremie
Types of Concrete Finishes
Medium to heavy texture for large surfaces, such as roadway pavements where slip resistance is required and appearance is of secondary importance
Burlap Drag
Types of Concrete Finishes
Concrete cast over a bed of crushed stone or gravel aggregate aginst a polyethylene sheet between them to prevent bonding.
Dimpled
Transit Mixer
Common paint Problems
Discoloration of a coating causeed by soluble color in the underlying surface.
Bleeding
Common paint Problems
Progressive powdering form the surface inward.
Chalking
Finishing materials which are used on wood surfaces, particularly those with open grains, to fill the pores and provide aperfectly smooth, uniform surface for varnish or lacquer.
Fillers
Adhesives
It is available in either solid or liquid form. Solid glue is melted and applied hot and is allowed to set. It has excellent bonding properties with wood, leather, paper or cloth developing up to 12000 psi in shear. It has moderate resistance to heat and good resistance to cold but poor resistance to water. It cures by air drying at room temperature.
Animal Glue
This is made from protein material, is a dry dry powder to be mixed with water. It has a good bonding power for wood to wood or paper to wood application and will develop the full strength of the wood in most situations.
It has good dry heat resistance and moderate resistance to cold. It has moderate to water but does not perform well when subjected to high humidity or wetting and drying cycles.
It is subject to attack from molds, fungi and other wood organisms, will dry to as low as 35dF with moderate pressure.
Casein Glue
Are usually latex emulsion or dissolved crepe rubber. They have a good bond with rubber or leather and fair bond with wood, ceramics or glass, it develops a strength of about 350 psi in tension with wood. They have resistance to heat and cold, good resistance to water but poor resistance to creep. Room Temperature is sufficient for drying.
Natural Rubber Cement
Available in both thermoplastic and thermosetting types. It has good bond with wood, paper porcelain enamel and polyester film or sheet. The thermosetting type will develop up to 4000 psi shear and the thermoplastic type up to 600 psi. It has good resistance to heat and cold and excellent water resistance while its creep resistance is faily good. This adhesive cures under heat.
Nitrile or Buna N Rubber Adhesive
portable hydraulic rebar bender
W31
Welded Wire Fabric
________ are beams that span over more than two supports, like this one that has four supports:
That’s the beam. From the far left end to the far right end, it continues over each of the interior supports up until the last.
The one-end or two-end question isn’t really asking about the beam, it’s asking about each span.
Imagine each support was numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4 from left to right.
Now consider the first segment between supports 1 and 2. Is the left end over support 1 continuing over anything? Not really, no. The beam just started.
How about the right end, going over support 2? Yes! It’s continuing right over support 2. This means the span between 1 and 2 (or we could call it Span 1–2) is _________
Continuous beams
one-end continuous.
Ok, next span. Is the beginning part over support 2 continuing? Yes, we established it continues over. Support 3? Yes! So this span is _______
Finally, the next span is a reflection of the first. Over support 3, definitely continues over, but not at support 4! Support 4 just terminates. So this span is back to being ______
both-ends continuous.
one-end continuous.
If you review the above, you’ll notice that the points of the beam over supports 1 and 4 are not continuous, whereas the points of the beam over supports 3 and 4 are continuous. What distinguishes the two?
The answer is __________
A one-end continuous span within a continuous beam actually has one end carrying a bending moment (the continuous end) and another end that releasesbending moments (the terminal end that freely rotates)!
In other words, it can also be modelled as pinned-fixed in a number of analysis problems. Also, one-end continuous beams will usually have higher deflections due to fewer restraints.
On the other hand, both-end continuous spans have fixed-end moments on both sides when modelling, but are subject to lower deflections due to greater restraints.
bending moments.
A system of temporary platform to support workers and maetrials on the face of a structure and to provide access to work areas above ground.
Scaffoldings
Temporary bracing for supportig work under construction which cannot yet support itself.
Falsework
A piece of timber to support a wall usually set diagonal or oblique position, to hold the wall in place temporarily.
Shore
A vertical support for aligning and reinforceing wales.
Strongback
Stiffback
_____ is a major cause of failure in flooring installations. It takes the form of a weak, friable layer on the surface of concrete and sand cement screeds which appears after curing. It is made from cement and fine aggregates that rise to the surface when too much water is added.
Laitance
Allowable Bearing Capacities of Various Soils
find psf, kgs/m2, kPa, tons per ft2
Alluvial Soil
Soft Clay
Firm Clay
Wet Sand
Sand and Clay
Wash Boring Method
Derrick (4 pipes)
Rope
Swivel
Pump and Tub
Wash Pipe with Drill Bit or Chopping Bit
Wash pipe with Samplig Spoon (interchaneable)
Casing
Allowable Bearing Capacities of Various Soils
find psf, kgs/m2, kPa, tons per ft2
Firm Dry Sand
Coarse Dry Sand
Gravel
Gravel and Sand (Well Cemented)
hardpan or HardShale
Medium ROck
Rock Under Caissons
Hard Rock
Post Hole Auger
Helical Auger
Iwan Auger
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
Employed as one of the most efficient and convenient method os soil sample retrieval method and used for soil structure characterized by high resistant materials such as rocks, clay as well as sand. Rotary boring diameter ranges from 50mm to 200mm
Rotary Drilling
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
Somtimes called Cable Tool Drilling Method, used when boring or auger method is not possible due to difficulty in penetration of soil especialy hard soil strata.
PErcussion Drilling Method
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
This is a device used to investigate the consistetncy of cohesive deposits or relative density of cohesionless strata without the necessity of drilling and obtaining samples. Static penetration is characterized by consistent and uniform force or pressure application and Dynamic penetration when drivin into the soil. Standard penetration test is done by dropping a 60kg hammer into a drill hole dfrom a height of 700mm, the number of blows to make a penetration of 300mm is regarded as the penetration resistance.
Penetrometer
a device to test the stregth of material
Types of Soil Testing and Investigation Methods
A 60 degree cone with a base area of 100 sq mm is used inthis method. This is attached to the tip of a rod and protected by a casing. The cone is pushed by the rod into the ground, the cone is slightly larger than the pipe in order to minimize friction between the tool and the surrounding soil
Dutch Cone Penetration Method
Vane Shear Test
A type of isolated footing having inclined top, sloping towards the edges.
Square Sloped Footing
A type of footing that changes levels with the center having the thickest part of the footing.
Stepped Footing
A framework of crossing beams for spreading heavy loads over large areas.
Grillage / Grid Foundation
A type of precast footing provided with a socket to receive a preacast column..
Precast Socket Foundation
Types of Composite Piles
The timber portion is used below permanent ground water level. The concrete portion is usually cast in place type. This type of composite pile is used for the purpose of reducing total cost of pile and yet the entire length of the pile is considered permanent.
Timber and Concrete Pile
A large enclosure used to enclosed large bodies of water to be removed later on when enclosure is completed. Thus, workers will work on a dry area within surrounding body of water.
Cofferdam
Classification of Piles According to Use
Used in foundation construction and carries superimposed loads.
Bearing Pile
Classification of Piles According to Use
Driven at an inclination to resist forces that are not vertical
Batter Pile
Used in cofferdam construction to support the horizontal wall that in turn supports vertical sheet piling.
Guide Pile
Classification of Piles According to Use
Driven at wharves or in front of a large masonry structure to protectthem fro msudden blows.
Fender Pile
Classification of Piles According to Use
Used to resist lateral pressure of the earth and to form a wall that is intended to be watertight.
Sheet Pile
Types of Pile Drivers
A type of pile driver which is raised by means of a rope and then allowed to be dropped. Any drop hammer permitted shall weight not less than one half of the pile to be driven. Gravity hammer should weight not less 2000lbs. Height of all hammers shall not be more than 6 meters.
Drop Hammer
Types of Pile Drivers
A type of pile driver that is automatically raised and dropped a short distance by the action of the steam cylinder and the piston supported in a frame which follows the pile.
Steam pile Hammer
A framing system with vertical structural elements of the exterior bearing wlls and partitions consisting of single studs which extend the full height of the frame, from the top of the soleplate to the roof plate, all floor joists are fastened by nails to studs.
Balloon Framing
A framing system having subfloor extended to the outer edge of the frame and provide a flat work surface at each other.
Western Framing,
Platform Framing
These are structural elements, the section of which are composed of built-up lumber, wood stuctural panels or wood structural panels in combination with lumber, all parts bonded together with adhesive.
Glued Built-up Members
______ also known as flakeboard, sterling board and aspenite in British English, is a type of engineered wood similar to particle board, formed by adding adhesives and then compressing layers of wood strands in specific orientations. It was invented by Armin Elmendorf in California in 1963.
Oriented strand board,
Plywood which is faced with on one or both sides with metal sheathing.
Armored Plywood
A narrow strip of wood applied to cover a joint along the edges of two parallel boards in the same plane.
Batten
A type of wall cladding for wood frame houses closely spaced, applied boards or sheets of plywood, the joints of which are covered by narrow wood strips.
Board and Batten
A beveled strip of wood or otehr material used especially under built-up roofing where the roofing turns up, providing a gradual transition, used to prevent cracking of roofing applied over it
Cant Strip
Cogged Joint
A horizontal timber connecting the posts of a braced frame at an intermediate level above the ground.
Girt
A slot or cut made in a material such as wood or metal.
Kerf
S short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed or screwed to two butting pieces in order to splice them together.
Scab
A thin piece of wood, metal or stone, usually tapered, which is inserted under one member so as to adjust its height of one surface so that it is flushed with one another.
Shim
Any joist resting directly on sleepers.
Sleeper Joist
A joint at the intersection of two wood members of equal thickness in which half the thickness of each is removed so that they fit together to form a flushed surface.
Half Lap
A spiral Stairs
Caracole
That portion which supports the steps of a wooden stairs.
Carriage
The first step by which a stair is ascecnded, terminating at the end in a form of a scroll following the plan of a handrail.
Curtail Step
Those elliptical in plan where each tread assembly converging in an elliptical ring in plan.
Elliptical Stairs
A terrazzo installed directly over rough finished concrete slab. A chhemical bonding agent is used if the concrete surface is too smooth for a mechanical bond.
Monolithic Terrazzo
A terrazo topping installed over a mortar underbed that is bonded to a rough-finish concrete slab.
Bonded Terrazzo
A pattern formed by inlaying small pieces of stones, tiles, glass or enamel into cement, mortar, or plaster matrix.
Mosaic
A small squarish piece of colored marble, glass or tile used to make mosaic patterns.
Tesserae
Types of Mosaic
A mosaic of relatively large piece of marble or stone, cut to shape and arranged in geometric patterns, usually a mosaic pavement consisting of geometrical figures in black and red tessearae on white ground.
Opus Alexandrinum
Types of Mosaic
Decoration produced either by cutting away the ground and leaving the pattern or by cutting out the pattern so that the opnings form the design.
Opus Interrasile
Types of Mosaic
In ancient Roman masonry, an extremely regular masonry pattern in which stones of uniform length and uniform height are set so that each vertical joint is centered over the block beneath. Horizontal joints are continuous, and the vertical joints are discontinuous straight lines,
Opus isodomum
Isomum
Greek Masonry
Roman masonry of bricks or tiles, or of a brick or tile facing on a concrete core,
Opus Latericium
Opus Lateritium
Types of Mosaic
A Roman mosaic decoration employing small cubes of colored glass or enameled work.
Opus Musivum
Types of Mosaic
In ancient Roman masonry, coursed ashlar having courses of unequal height.
Opus Pseudoisodonum
Types of Mosaic
Masonry of squared stones in regular ashlar courses.
Opus Quadratum
A decorative Roman wall facing, backed by a concrete core, formed of small pyramidal stones with their points embedded in the wall, their exposed square bases, set diagonally forming a net like pattern.
Opus Reticulatum
An ancient Roman herringbone work.
Apus spicatum
A roof type which resembles a combination of half hip and half gable.
Dutch Hip
a roof which has four sloping sides, each of which becomes steeper halfway down.
Mansard Roof
A series of trinagular shaped roof interconnected at the edge with regular or isoceles shaped triangles.
Pleated
Rafter that extends at right angle from the plate or girt to the ridge.
Common Rafter
A rafter forming a hip to a valley.
Cripple jack, Double jack rafter.
A truss consisting of upper and lower horizontal chords, connected by web members which across each other, usually stiffened by joining at the intersections of the braces.
Lattice Truss
A beam. usually timber, reinforced with one or more tie rods; a beam in the form of a truss; braced by one or more vertical psots supported by inclined rods attached to the ends of a beam.
Trussed Beam, Truss beam
A joist in the form of a truss, as a bar jost.
Trussed Joist
An open web truss having verticals whhich are rigidly connected to the top and bottom chords but without diagonals.
Vierendeel Truss or Vierendeel Girder
A three dimensional truss with a triangular end profile and warren or a warren with verticals side profile.
Delta Truss
Any three dimensional structural framework (eg the rigid frame for a multistory building) as contrasted with a plane frame all of whose elements lie in a single plane)
Space Frame
A type of truss characterized by having a flat or pitch and having verticals in compression and idagonal web members in tension.
Pratt Truss
A truss having a flat or pitch chord having vertical web members in tension and diagonal web members in compression.
Howe Truss
A pitched truss having only an inclined web members
Belgian Truss
are generally suitable for spans of up to 25 meters with pitches above 12 degrees. This can be transported easily and is idiealy designed for field splicing.
Fink Truss
Northlight Truss
Jackbilt T joist
______ were overlapping roof tiles used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture as a waterproof and durable roof covering. They were made predominantly of fired clay, but also sometimes of marble, bronze or gilt. In Rome, they replaced wooden shingles, and were used on almost every type of structure, from humble outbuildings to grand temples and public facilities.
The imbrex and tegula (plurals imbrices and tegulae)
Draw Detail
Reducing Column from ground floor to second floor on Center Column
Draw Detail
Transition of REinforcing bars fro Ground Floor To Second Floor on Edge Column
Draw Detail
Tegula roofing Valley Gutter Detail
Draw Detail
Tegula roofing With gutter
