Building Construction by Max Majardo Flashcards by Floyd Tulagan

The purpose of a building is to provide __ for the performance of human activities.

Shelter

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the work of master builder who is concerned with building human shelter is no longer a work of an individual, but rather by a team of several specialist - ___ for architects, civil works for ____, and builders, each contributing their own line of specialties.

planning

engineers

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The process of growing out

Outgrowth

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relation of people in terms of economics.

Socioeconomic

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The post and lintel type of construction is a classical ____ method of constructing building and temples where horizontal beams made of cut stone or marble are put across the space between two supporting post.

Greek

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If a series of beams are joined together into a continuous surface, it is called ___

Slab

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The arch and vault type construction is characteristically a masonry type of construction originated in ____.

Know to be the land of ____ building,

Mesopotamia (iraq)

Bricks

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Mesopotamia

The whole arch remains stable as long as the force is applied at the ___ to keep it from spreading.

Base

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The ___ arch construction of Bridges and watergate have inspired the Roman Builders to copy and improved these types of construction about 600 BC.

Etruscan

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In the 16th century, _____ presented a design of a truss bridge based on the principle that

” if a single triangle is rigid, combination of triangles are all rigid:

Andrea Palladio

(eg. Portal Method)

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_______ was an Italian architect active in the Venetian Republic. Influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely considered to be one of the most influential individuals in the history of architecture.

Andrea Palladio

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Pratt truss is opposite of ___

Howe Truss

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Inventor of Pratt Truss

Thomas and Galets Pratt

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Inventor of Howe Truss

William Howe

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Inventor of Warren Truss

Jones Warren

eg. Equilateral Triangles

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____ is defined as an element projected outward from a fixed support.

Cantilever

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Cantilever structure in modern building construction was made possible after the introduction of ____ and _____

Structural steel and concrete

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Malleability is desirable to:

Compressive Element

eg. Concrete

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Elasticity is desirable to:

Tension Members

eg. Steel

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Deformation of the materials may occur when load is applied, but _________.

must return to its original position when the load is removed.

aka. elasticity

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If a material is not elastic and deformation is present in the tructure after removal of the load, ________ will eventually increase the deformation.

repeated loading and unloading.

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All structural materials must poses elasticity within a certain defined range of loading. If the loading is increased abo e that range, two types of behavior may occur - _____ and ______

brittle and plasticity

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When ____, the materials will break sudden.

When ___ the material will flow to a certain load that will ulimately result to fracture.

brittle

plastic

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The second important property of a building material is its ____, , this property is defined by the elastic modulus or the ratio of the stress (for per unit area) to the strain (deformation per unit length)

stiffness

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principles of Modulus of Elasticity:

Stress / Strain

Principles of Stress:

force / unit area

Principles of Strain

Deformation / Unit length

The _____ is a measure of the material resistance to deformation under load. For two materials of equal area under the same load, the one with higher of this principle has the smaller deformation.

Modulus of Elasticity

Structural steel with an elastic modulus of 2,100,000 kilograms per square centimeters is ___ times as stiff as aluminum; ___ times as stiff as concrete and ___ times as stiff as wood.

3 times 10 times 15 times

Natural materials are ___________________ and the like. Concrete hollow block and mud bricks are classified as ___ materials.

stone, marble granite and gravel manufactured materials

Height of the Pyramid of Khufu or Cheops

146.7

Bulldozer A bulldozer or dozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials.

Loader A loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move aside or load materials such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, woodchips, etc. into or onto another type of machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railroad car). There are many types of loader, which, depending on design and application, are called by various names, including bucket loader, front loader, front-end loader, payloader, scoop, shovel, skip loader, wheel loader, or skid-steer.

Backhoe also called rear actor or back actor — is a type of excavating equipment, or digger, consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. It is typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader, the latter forming a 'backhoe loader' (colloquially known as a "JCB" in Ireland and the UK).[1] The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, while the section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper (or dipper-stick), both terms derived from steam shovels. The boom is generally attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the king-post, which allows the arm to pivot left and right, usually through a total of 180 to 200 degrees.

Crane Diagram of a modern mobile crane with outriggers. The latticed boom is fitted with a jib.

Excavator A cable-operated excavator under the Northwest (now Terex) name at the Pageant of Steam grounds

Derrick A derrick is a lifting device composed at minimum of one guyed mast, as in a gin pole, which may be articulated over a load by adjusting its guys. Most derricks have at least two components, either a guyed mast or self-supporting tower, and a boom hinged at its base to provide articulation, as in a stiffleg derrick.

The lifting capacity of a derrick is ____ tons and it has a maximum horizontal reach of ___ meters. In concrete constrction, a ___ crane is also used for the same purpose. It has lifting capacity of 5 tons with horizontal reach of ____ meters.

18 tons 30 meters 46 meters

Climbing Crane aka Tower Crane

Both the derrick and climbing crane are not limited by the height of the building for they could be ________ unlike the ___ that stands on the ground.

positioned to the next higher level crane

Construction projects scheduling of men, machine and purchasing activities strictly adhere to ___ and ___ program focused on the critical path method. By this means, the most critical item or work that may cause- delay could be identified and immediately acted upon by the construction manager.

PERT and CPM

A PERT chart is a project management tool used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. PERT stands for Program Evaluation Review Technique, a methodology developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s to manage the Polaris submarine missile program.

PERT

Project Evaluation Review TEchnique

Critical Path Method (CPM) is the most widely used scheduling technique and is often referred to as critical path scheduling. This scheduling technique used to plan and control a project and calculates the minimum completion time for a project along with the possible start and finish times for the project activities.

Gantt Chart a chart in which a series of horizontal lines shows the amount of work done or production completed in certain periods of time in relation to the amount planned for those periods.

\_\_\_ is defined as an assemblage of compatible components that can be arranged together in a variety of ways to create the different configurations of a building.

System aka Prefabricated parts

The house first made in parts on open places and are then fitted together with the timbers on the spot where they are to remain. Who said this

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (Italian: [leoˈnardo di ˌsɛr ˈpjɛːro da (v)ˈvintʃi] (listen); 15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography. He has been variously called the father of palaeontology, ichnology,[2] and architecture, and he is widely considered one of the greatest painters of all time. Sometimes credited with the inventions of the parachute, helicopter, and tank,[3][4][5] he epitomised the Renaissance humanist ideal.

In \_\_\_, a prefabricated house was brought to Baffin land and was then taken back to the England.

1578

A 4.50 x 6m house produced by ___ in new york was shipped in two boxes measuring 3.60 meters long by 7.60 metrs wide and 20 centimeters deep.

Peter Naylor

In a system building, the ____ of a buildign is well emphasized rather than the prodcution items.

industrial production

The integration of building compoennt is similar with the assembly of an _____ with different manufacturers providing components such as body, chassis, motor and various parts which when assembled together all contribute to the optimum performance of the finished products.

Automobile

Habitat 67, or simply Habitat, is a model community and housing complex in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, designed by Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie.

It is considered as an extension of the hand thereby increasing its speed, power and accuracy regarded as man's partner in his struggle for survival.

Tools

Authorities believed that the ability of ____ distinguishes man fro mthe lower primates and accord or withhold hominid status on the basis of making or not making tools.

tool making

Evolution of Tools the need for ___ and __ prompted man to discover the importance of tools.

food and shelter

Evolution of Tools The first tool used by man was certain natural object by hand called \_\_\_\_

pebble stone

adze An adze (/ædz/; alternative spelling: adz) is a cutting toolsimilar to an axe but with the cutting edge perpendicular to the handle rather than parallel. They have been used since the stone age. Adzes are used for smoothing or carving wood in hand woodworking.

Rasp a coarse file or similar metal tool with a roughened surface for scraping, filing, or rubbing down objects of metal, wood, or other hard material.

Before the Roman Conquest, the British carpenters intorduced various modern tools like adze, saw, rasp and various human tools made of superior metal called \_\_\_

iron

Construction tools are categorized into six functional groups:

Striking Tools Cutting Tools Boring Tools Torsion Tools Measuring Tools Holding Tools

Tools maybe classified according to the different kinds of trade involved, namely.

Carpentry Tools Masonry Tools Tinsmith Tools Painters Tools Plumbing Tools Electrical Tools

Guiding and Testing Tool A tool used to guide pencil or scriber in marking straight line.

Straight Edge

Guiding and Testing Tool Is a 90d standard right angle tool used for marking and testing work.

Square

Guiding and Testing Tool is a square with blades ranging from 6 - 12 inches.

Try Square

Guiding and Testing Tool Is a square with blades permanently set at 45d.

Miter Square

Guiding and Testing Tool is a combination of 45 and 90d in one setting.

Combined Try and MIter square

Guiding and Testing Tool Is similar in appearance with try square only that the hhead can slide and clamp at any desired distance of the blade. It is also provided with a miter and level guide

Combined Square

Guiding and Testing Tool so called as it is used effectively on various framing works.

Framing or Steel Square

Different Parts of Framing Square are is the longer and wider part of a square.

Body

Different Parts of Framing Square are is the shorter and narrower part.

tongue

Different Parts of Framing Square are Is the side of the square visible when the tongue is held by the left hand with the body pointing to the right.

Face

Different Parts of Framing Square are The point at which the tongue and body meet on the outside edge is called \_\_\_\_

Heel

is used for both guidigng and testing the work to a vertical or horizontal position.

Level

is one of the best and accurate tool for guiding work in establishing a horizontal level.

Plastic hose with water

is like a try square with sliding and adhustable blade that could be set to any angle other than 90d.

Sliding T-Bevel

is a double bevel square used to divide an angle in a complicated work in one setting.

Angle Divider

Guide and Testing Tools is a plain board with 45d guide fastened on top of the upper board. This device is used in designing patterns, cabinets and the like.

Miter Shooting Board

Guide and Testing Tools is a device used as guide of the hand saw in cutting objects to form a miter joint.

Miter box

Guide and Testing Tools is a metal tool used to check a vertical line. The word plumb means perpendicular to a horizontal line.

PLumb Bob

Marking Tools used for marking a very rough work

Chalk Line and Reel

Marking Tools with round head is also used for marking rough work.

LEad Pencil

Marking Tools is used in marking a semi rough work.

Scratch Awl

What is a reel?

A reel is an object around which lengths of another material are wound for storage. Generally a reel has a cylindrical core and walls on the sides to retain the material wound around the core.

Markign Tools is used in markign fine work. Made of hard end steel with a sharp point designed to mark fine lines.

Scriber

Markign Tools is a tool used to describe an arc or circle.

Compass

Markign Tools Is used in dividing distances into equal parts from an ar, circumference including straight lines.

Divider

MEasuring Tools is made of four fold blade connected by three hinges spaced at 6 inches apart generally used for measuring short distances. Also serve as a protractor to establish an angle with the aid of table 2-3.

Two Foot Four Folding Rule

MEasuring Tools is used to measure inside distnaces like doors, windows, inside cabinets, etc.

Extension Rule

MEasuring Tools is available in 4 feet and 6 ft long commonly used by carpenters on rough layout.

Zigzag Rule

MEasuring Tools The _____ is used to measure longer distances available from one meter to 50 meters long.

Push-pull tape.

MEasuring Tools is a special tool used to measure outside diameter of cylindrical objects.

Slide Caliper Rule

is a tool msot appropriate in marking lines parallel with the edges of wood.

Marking gauge

is an apparatus used in accomplishing fine carpentry and joiner works. The need for holding the materials in palce rigidly to work on has come up with the idea of making the simple horse or trestle.

Holding Tool

horizontal beam suppported by two pairs of sloping legs.

Trestle

Holding Tool is effective in tightly pressing pieces of wood or metal together in making tenon, mortise and other joints.

Clamp

Holding Tool is a table tool designed to hold a piece of material rigidly secured in place to absorb severe blows.

Vise

Straight Back rip saw

Skew Back Rip Saw

Back Saw

Compass Saw

Pattern Maker Saw

Keyhole Saw

Dovetail sAw

Buck or Wood Saw

Hacksaw

Coping Saw

Fret Saw

The efficient service of saws depends upon the \_\_\_\_.

Angle of teeth

are metal tools of different shape and size used for abrading, reducing, smoothening and cutting metal, wood or other materials.

Files

is a very coarse file tat differs from the ordinary file with its teeth running across the face of the file.

Rasp

Sharp Edge Cutting Tools The ___ is an indispensable tool in carpentry works considered as the most abused tool. It is often used for prying, opening cases, screw driver and can opener.

Chisel

Chisel is a light duty tool used to plane long surfaces parallel with the grain of wood. It is not driven by blows, but manipulated by steady sustained pressure of hand.

Paring Chisel

Chisel is a heavy duty tool designed to withstand severe strain caused by hard blow of hammer in framing works where deep cuts are necessary. An iron ring is fitted to the head of the handle to protect it from splitting from the use of heavy hammer in driving the tool into the wood.

Framing Chisel

Types of Chisel with REspect to Handle

Tang Socket

Type of chisel with respect to blades:

Plain Bevel

Types of chisel with respect to shape of blades

Flat Gouge or ROund L or Corner

is any chisel having a blade wider than 2 inches. The regular sizes are 2 1/2 to 4" used on surface wether large chips are to be taken off or where unsual power is required.

Slick

is a chisel with hallow shaped blade for scooping or cutting round holes.

Gouge

\_\_\_\_ is a tool consisting of a large sharp edge blade having at each end a handle at right angles to the blade. It is used in trimming wood by drawing toward the user.

Draw Knife

used through a series of blows. They are considered as inertia tools.

Striking Tools Rough Facing Tools

Striking Tools \_\_\_ is generally a utility tool used for sharpening stakes and cutting down timber to rough sizes.

Hatchet

Striking Tools \_\_ is a tool used for splitiing wood or hewing timber.

Axe

Striking Tools is a hatchet with the blade direction at right angle with the handle.

Adze

chop or cut (something, especially wood or coal) with an axe, pick, or other tool.

Hewing

Smooth Facing Tools Smooth facing tools are sometimes regarded as \_\_\_\_

Guided Sharp Edge Cutting Tools

Smooth Plane

Wood Plane with respect to cut

Bench (aong the grain of wood) Block (across the grain of wood)

Wood Plane with 28" long

Jointer Plane

Wood Plane with 22" long

Trying Plane

Wood Plane with 18" long

Fore Plane

Wood Plane with 14" long

jack Plane

Wood Plane with 5 1/2" long

Smooth Plane

Chamfer Plane

Fillister Rabbet Plane eg. Rabbet cut

Rabbet plane

Dado Plane

Quarter Round Plane

Plane with Respect to Iron:

Single Plane Double Plane Toothed Plane

\_\_\_\_\_ plane are used to make various hapes of molding and canal cuts.

Molding and special Plane

Special Plane is used for making a sinking cut on wood to make them fit to each other.

Rabbet or Rebate Plane

Special Plane Is similar in use as the rabbet plane but is more preferable because it cuts more accurately than the former

Filliste PLane

Special Plane Is used in cutting across the wood grain

Grooving Plane

Special Plane is used to surface the bottom of the grooves and other mold design.

Router

Special Plane is used to produce a concave or convex surface.

Round and Hallow molding Plane

is used on a small curve surface where plane could not accomplish.

Spoke Shave

\_\_\_\_\_ tools are specially designed to make hole in wood or metal.

Borign or Drilling TOols

\_\_ is a small tool used for punching or piercing small holes. It is generally used in starting a nail or screw into the hardwood.

Brad Awl

Boring Tools is a tool used for boring holes by hand pressure.

Gimlet

Boring Tools is used for boring holes with a diameter ranging from 1/2" to 2 inches. This thing has a shank that is called "bits"

Auger

The ____ bit is a coarse pitch for quick boring recommended for hard or gummy wood, end grain boring, mortising doors, etc.

Single Tread Bit

The ____ bit was proven unsurpassed for accurate working on seasoned lumber not extremely hard or gummy wood preferred for cabinet making. A bit with double tread can be used practically for all types of work but bore more slowly than the coarse single tread bit.

Double Tread Bit

The _____ with an extension lip and coarse screw is recommended for a general all around boring and rapid clean cutting and easy boring operation. It is used for difficult boring of wet green, and very hard knotty wood and boring of wood parallel with the grain.

The Single Cutter

The _____ with extension lip and fine screw bit bores and clear the hole easily. It is recommended for furniture and cabinet making or wherever a particular smooth hole is essential.

The Double Cutter

It is preferred for deep boring in wet pitchy wood or when straight boring is required. In the absence of screw bit, it has little tendency to drift out of the grain of the wood.

Slip HEad with Single Cutter with Screw or Lip Barefoot

\_\_\_\_\_ is intendedd for external boring or turning.

Hollow Auger

\_\_\_\_ cuts a conical hole. It is similar with the auger only that the cutter is lengthwise.

Spoke Pointers

\_\_\_\_ is used to enlarge a conical hole at the surface of wood.

Counter Sunk

\_\_\_ is chiefly a machinist tool used in enlarging metal holes. Likewise, it is also used in carpentry work for enlarging holes on wood when bored too small for the screw.

Reamer | (eg. Bridge Pin hole reamer)

Reamer is provided with a shank instead of a handle. Thus, _____ is indispensable partner of the reamer.

Brace Handle

\_\_\_\_ was designed for drilling small holes. Twist drills are preferably used in cases where the gimlets or the auger may cause splitting of the wood grain.

Twist Drill

\_\_\_\_ thread bit is intended for soft wood and the ____ thread bit is for hard wood boring.

Double Thread Bit Single Thread Bit

\_\_\_\_\_ tools are used to fixed and connect parts of the work together with nails, screw, bolts etc. Ther term, for want of word is used to classify those tools emplyed in securing the meember or parts of the construction work.

Fastening Tools

Fastening Tools is a hand tool made of steel carefully forged, hardened and tempered. Size varies from 140 to 560 grams.

Claw Hammer 450 grams is recommended for framing 400 grams is recommended for finishing

Fastening Tools is a tool with handle and a jaw which may be fitted to the head of a nut used to tighten or loosen bolts. It is classified either plain, socket or adjustable.

Wrench also Spanners

Fastening Tools is a hand tool with a head and shank used for turning screw. It is either plain or automatic to be classified according to the shape of the tip of the shank.

Screw Driver Tip of shank shape: Ordinary, Philip, and Yankee eg. Yankee Scew Driver The trade name "Yankee" screwdriver was first marketed by North Brothers Manufacturing Company in 1899, with the No. 30 spiral ratchet screwdriver. Yankee soon became and still is a well-known name in automatic spiral ratchet screwdrivers, with several other models, and model improvements patented by North Bros. over a 40-year period.

Sharpening Tools is a flat disc solid stone made of sand stone mounted on a shaft used for sharpening, shaping or polishing metal by turning.

Grind Stone

Sharpening Tools IS sed after the grinding operation to achieve a smooth keed edge of the tool. Oil is used as a libricating medium in grinding.

Oil Stone

Bench Anvil

Bench Vise

\_\_\_\_ is a stee; disc provided with teeth designed to revolve on a shaft at a high rate of speed. The speed is measured in terms of revolutions per minute.

Circular Saw

Light portable mills run approximately at ____ rpm and the small circular table saws by hand feed runs about ____ rpm.

350 - 650 rpm 2000 to 3000 rpm

There two meaning of HSS metal:

A **hollow structural section (HSS)** is a type of metal profile with a hollow tubular cross section. The term is used predominantly in the United States, or other countries which follow US construction or engineering terminology. Meaning for Structural Use **High-speed steel (HSS or HS)** is a subset of tool steels, commonly used as cutting tool material. Meaning, used only for cutting and drilling.

Circular Saw In a mill where power is limited, it is not advisable to have more than one tooth for every ____ of the saw circumference.

1 inch

Circular Saw The dewer the teeth in the saw, the \_\_\_\_\_\_.

The less power it takes to rotate.

Circular Saw For hardwood and soaked lumber, it is more effective to ___ the speed rather than increase the number of teeth.

increase

\_\_\_\_\_\_ Circular Saw. The term means that the teeth are integral part of the circular palte as distinguished from inserted teeth.

Solid Teetch Circular Saw

Circular saw for log varies from ____ gauge __ at the center and gaige ___ at the rim. Take note that the center is one gauge thicker than the rim.

52 - 78 inches gauge 7 gauge 8

Circular Saw ( Form of Teeth) Too little hool will cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Little hook requries more power to force the saw through the wood.

The teeth to tear and scrape instead of cutting the wood.

Circular Saw ( Form of Teeth) Too much hook \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Weakens the teeth and makes it easier to breakout or dodge.

Fitting Small Circular Rip Saw Small circular saw should be kept perfectly ___ and true on the edge and gullets rounded at the bottom of equal depth and width.

round

Different Kinds of Saw (Circular Saw) has greater number of teeth designed for cutting across the grain of wood. It will heat faster when used for ripping or cutting parallel with the grain because of the greater number of teeth in contact with the wood.

Crosscut Saw

Overheating the saw blade teeth causes _____ and ____ run making innaccurate cut.

warping and wobbling

Different Kinds of Saw (Circular Saw) was designed to cut along the direction of the wood grain.

Ripsaw

Different Kinds of Saw (Circular Saw) was designed to cut across the grain, along the grain and diagonal to the grain. It is a fast cutting saw but produces a very rough cut.

Combination Rip and Cross Cut blade

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (or more specifically **tungsten carbide and titanium carbide**) is a very common material on any sort of cutting tool: For example, saw blades, lathe bits, drill bits, router bits and dental drilling tips are generally made of carbide. So popular in these sorts of tools because it stays sharper longer than most other materials. . With something like a carbide-tipped saw blade, the main body of the blade is made of steel. The small tips of carbide are brazed on to the body. A good carbide tip might hold an edge ten to twenty times longer than a tool steel tip.

Carbide Additionally, some ball-point pens use carbide balls because it helps the pen last longer

Different Kinds of Saw (Circular Saw) was made for both cross cutting and ripping .This type of saw is used on hard board, laminates and other materials where a regular saw would become dull quickly.

Carbide Tipped Blade

Different Kinds of Saw (Circular Saw) IS a controlled cut saw blade with fewer number of tooth and requires less power to run. It is considerably quite in operation.

Safe Edge Blade

Different Kinds of Saw (Circular Saw) has a replaceable blade of various type of molding heads that could be assembled or disassembled quickly.

Molding Head and Cutters

Different Kinds of Saw (Circular Saw) Is used to cut grooves (dado and rabbets) from 3mm to 25mm width regardless of the grain directions.

Dado Blade Set

Different Kinds of Saw (Circular Saw) The more ____ in contact with the wood, the more power is rquired to rotate the saw to its specified rpm speed.

teeth

Different Kinds of Saw (Circular Saw) The safe rule of ____ projection of the teeth above the board being cut should be strictly observed when the saw is not covered with metal guard.

3mm to 6mm

\_\_\_\_ saw is a power driven rotary cutting tool. It is a refinement of the overhead swing saw. The saw arbor and the motor unit are attached to a pivoting yoke riding on a track with a radial arm adjustable for height and radius angle.

Radial Arm Saw

\_\_\_\_ saw is a power driven rotary cutting tool provided with toothed circular blade. The blade revolves at an arbor speed between 3200 to 4500 round per minute (rpm)

Portable electric Saw

A 15cm portable circular saw will cut to a depth of \_\_\_\_ A 20cm portable circular saw will cut to a depth of \_\_\_\_

47mm 70mm

\_\_\_\_ is a motorised rotary driving tool. It operates through a small high speed electric motor with gear reduction driving device. Designed with a pistol shaped housing for holding drill shanks up to 10mm diamter with handle for heavy duty work up to 12mm diameter.

Portable Electric Drill

\_\_\_ is also a power driven rotary tool for driving drill, bits, plug cutters and many auxiliary attachments such as mortise chisels, grinding wheels and shaper cutters. 300 - 700 rpm

Drill press

The _____ saw is classified as a power driven reciprocating cutting tool. It is driven by a high speed electric motor provided with a mechanism capable of changing the rotary to reciprocating motion. Heavy Duty type all purpose saw Holds a sable blade from 8cm to 30cm long was designed to cut only wood used on metal, plastic laminates and composition materials. could start from the center of the materials.

Portable Electric Saber Saw, Bayonet Saw also Jigsaw

\_\_\_\_ saw is a power driven endless toothed hand cutting tool. It is more extensively used and preferrred than the circular saw for heavy duty work. The preference of this over the circular saw is due to the savings realized in the wood cut. The saw cuts under the principles of continuous set of cutting wedges.

Band Saw

\_\_\_\_ saw is used to cut curves, ripping and cross cutting.

Band Saw

Band Saw The motor is usually of ___ horsepower rated at 1720 rpm either single or three phase electrical power supply.

1/2 to 3 horsepower

Difference between Single Phase and Three Phase Power Supple

The single-phase power supply has one distinct wave cycle whereas; three phasehas three distinct wave cycles. Single phase requires the single wire to connect the circuit whereas; 3-phase needs 3-wires. The voltage of the single phase is 230V, whereas three phase voltage is 415V

Two Types of Band Saw Teeth AreL

Regular Standard Raker Tooth

\_\_\_\_ Planer is a power driven rotating edge cutting tool. The full width knives are set equidistant along the circumference of the cutter head that rotates at a speed of 3600 to 7200 rpm.

Single Surface Planer

\_\_\_\_ is a power driven abrading tool.

Portable Sander

Portable Sander A coated abrasive belt is run over a pad guided by an idler and driving drum

Belt Sander

Portable Sander A coated abrasive disk rotates on a motor spindle

Disk Sander

Portable Sander A coated abrasive strip fitted over a pressure pad is powered in an orbital or in line oscillating motion.

Finishing sander

\_\_\_ sander is for rough sanding and fast removal of stock.

Disk Sander

Finishing Sander Sanding Motion used to finish sanding with fast circular pattern.

Orbital Motion

Finishing Sander Sanding Motion cutting action is back and forth in a straight line used for the final sanding of wood surfaces leaving no sanding marks on the surface

Line sander

Is a power driven rotary shaping tool revolving at a spindle speed of 5000 to 27000 rpm, scraping under the principle of continuous set of cutting wedges. Use to cut moldings, rout cut grains for inlay and cut dovetailes.

Portable Hand Router

\_\_\_\_ is classified as powered rotary driving tool. Is used to rotate the material for shaping, sanding or polishing. It is also used as holding jig for fluting, roughing and drilling holes.

Wood Lathe

Wood Lathe when thedriven pulley is ____ than the driving pulley, the speed is increased.

smaller

Wood Lathe \_\_\_ is used in roughing out cylinders and in turning concave surfaces on spindles. The blade is concave convex in cross section with a rounded beveled cutting edge. The common sizes are 10mm to 20mm.

Gouge

Wood Lathe \_\_\_ is a flat turning chisel used in smoothing cylinders, rounding edges making V shape canal and shoulder cuts. it is also used for shearing or scrapping wood.

Skew Chisel

Wood Lathe \_\_\_ is a flat scraping chisel used in roughing and shaping concave surfaces. The end is rounded with a single bevel of about 30d.

Round Nose

Wood Lathe \_\_\_\_ is a flat scraping chisel used to make flat straight cuts. It appears like a standard wood chisel in shape but has a thicker and longer blade.

Square Nose

Wood Lathe Is a flat scraping chisel used to make V cuts. The point cutting edge is beveled at 30d.

Diamond pOint

Wood Lathe \_\_\_\_ is a scraping chisel used to make deep narrow cuts and deep cuts for sizing when shaping the profiles.

Parting Tool

Masonry Tools \_\_\_\_ tools are those necessary in the process of fpreparing, arranging, forming laying and shaping of bricks, masonry blocks and stones.

Roughing up tools

Masonry Tools (Rough Tools) is also known as Axe Hammer used in two different ways. To serve as a chisel and the hammer for driving nails and other rough work in masonry.

Mason's axe or hammer

Masonry Tools (Rough Tools) is another type of combination hammer used for dressing and cutting bricks, stones, or concrete blocks plus other driving operations.

Brick Hammer

Masonry Tools (Rough Tools) Is a hammer wherein the head is composed of group of thin chisels used in dressing stone or concrete.

Patent Hammer

Masonry Tools (Rough Tools) is a tool with sharp pointed steel pikes also usedi n dressing concrete.

Crandall (texturing hammer)

Masonry Tools (Rough Tools) \_\_\_ is a crosshead hammer with one side formed like a wedge intended for various striking need in masonry work.

Cross Peen Hammer

Masonry Tools (Rough Tools) \_\_\_\_ is a common tool for carpentry and masonry work used for dressing or cutting stone, concrete, metal and other materials with the aid of hammer.

Cold Chisel

Masonry Tools (Rough Tools) \_\_ is used for boring or drilling holes on hard surfaces such as rock, stone or concrete.

Star Drill

Masonry Tools (Rough Tools) is a tool similar in apppearance with the cold chisel including its services but has a wide blade edge.

Bolster aka Blocking Chisel

Masonry Tools (Rough Tools) is a very useful tool made of steel bar used in demolition of work and in pulling off large nails.

Wrecking Bar

\_\_\_ are flat tools with handle at the back usually made of wood.

Floats

Float is used to smooth or make textured surface on cement or plaster.

Common Float

Float is used to smooth freshly placed concrete.

Bull Float

Float is used to roughen the surface of plaster to provide key for the next coat.

Devil or Nail Float

Float is used in plastering to produce a fine grained texture in sand finishes.

CArpet Float

Float is used for finishing corners and other intricate plastering work.

Angle Float

Are flat hand tools used for applying, spreading and shaping plaster/mortar to produce a relatively smooth finish on concrete surface in the final stages of plastering.

Trowel

Trowel is similar in appearance as the ordinary float but with a steel blade.

Ordinary Trowel

Trowel is a kind of trowel used in pointing or removing and laying mortar in masonry joints.

Pointing Trowel

Trowel is a trowel with an offset blade used to pick up or spread mortar.

Brick Trowel

Trowel is a small trowel used to spread mortar on bricks and tiles before it is laid

Buttering trowel

Trowel is a finishing trowel used on the edges of fresh concrete or plaster to form a rounded corner.

Edger

Trowel is a trowel where its sides has a box-like appearance especially used for working corner angles.

MArgin Trowel

Miscellaneous Masonry Tools is a basic construction tool used in many of the dirty work of concrete mixing and plastering.

Spade

Miscellaneous Masonry Tools in the absence of buggy or in a narrow crowded space where buggy or wheelbarrow could not serve effectively in delivering fresh concrete, this will do.

Pail

Miscellaneous Masonry Tools Mixing mortar for block laying, pastering and other small mixing operations where done by hand on a mixing board.

Mixing Board

Miscellaneous Masonry Tools is a very useful tool by mason to obtain a fine texture conccrete plaster. It is also useful in various tile work operations and cleaning.

Rubber or Plastic Foam

Miscellaneous Masonry Tools is another tool used by mason similar in function as the rubger foam for finishing touches.

Painters Brush

Miscellaneous Masonry Tools is used for guiding and marking vertical and horizontal lines. Cord is very useful in laying out building lines on the ground, bricks, CHB and tile laying.

Plastic or Nylon cord

Miscellaneous Masonry Tools A wooden stick with straight edge used by mason to check the horizontal and vertical alignment of concrete and plaster.

Aligning Stick

\_\_\_\_ is defined as equipment used to raise or lower heavy articles. In buildign construction, some form of hoist is almost necessary in placing structural members to its final position.

Hoist

Electric Wire Hoist

Differential Chain Hoist

Hoisting Definition of Terms is the fastening of the rope to one another or to a ring, thimble, etc.

Bend

Wire Rope Thimble

Hoisting Definition of Terms To make fast the end of the tackle fall at the conclusion of a hoisting operation.

Belay

Hoisting Definition of Terms Is the loose part of a rope between two fixed ends.

Bight

Hoisting Definition of Terms is to heave or pull on a rope.

Haul

Hoisting Definition of Terms is fastening of a rope simply by winding it without knotting around some object.

Hitch

Hoisting Definition of Terms is the process of fastening one part of a rope to another part of the sme by interlocking then drawing the loop tight.

Knot

Hoisting Definition of Terms is to twist strands together as in making a rope.

Lay

Hoisting Definition of Terms Securing the loose end of a rope to some fixed object.

Make Fast

Hoisting Definition of Terms is a long tapered steel used to inlay or separate the rop strands for splicing.

Marlin Spike

Hoisting Definition of Terms is to wrap with canvas, cloth or leather to resist chafing.

Parceled

Hoisting Definition of Terms is to lash with a chord wounding tightly and continuously around the object.

Seize

Hoisting Definition of Terms is to connect rope ends together by inlaying each strands then plaiting both up together making one continuous rope.

Splice

Hoisting Definition of Terms means two or more layers of yards twisted together.

Strand

means to stretch or draw tight.

Taut

Hoisting Definition of Terms means fibers twisted together.

Yard

is a mechanical device used for lifting heavy weight.

Pulley

The combination of ropes and pulleys to gain mechanical advantages in lifting load is called ___ and \_\_\_

block and tackle

Slings

Hook and thimble

Block and Tackle

Worm Gear Hoist

\_\_\_\_ is that fibrous substance which composes the trunk and branches of a tree that lies between the pitch and the bark.

Wood

Technically, wood is known as \_\_\_

xtlem

\_\_\_ is defined as the lignified water conducting, strengthening and storage tissues of branches, stem and roots of trees.

Wood

In proportion to weight, ___ is stronger than other materials.

Wood

Wood is __ in winter and ___ in summer

warm cold

\_\_\_ is the genral term used with respect to the ability of wood in resisting stress and strain.

Strength

Physical properties of Wood wood is resistant to ____ along the fibers.

Compression

Physical properties of Wood \_\_\_\_ or the ability to resist bending stress as in floor joists, beams and rafters supporting heavy load.

Stiffness

Physical properties of Wood \_\_\_\_\_\_ or the ability to resist lengthwise stresses.

Strength in tension

Physical properties of Wood \_\_\_\_ or the ability of the fibers to resist rupture along or across the grain.

Shearing Strength

\_\_\_\_\_ is an important factor affecting the strength of wood. To a certain extent, strength increases with the degree of wood seasoning.

Moisture

\_\_\_\_ and other defects in wood materially affect the strength more particularly the size, character and location of the knots or defects.

Knots

Knots In cross bending strength, knots on the ___ portion of the beam do not detract from the strength as when they are located on the ___ portion of the beam.

upper lower

\_\_\_\_ of wood is another imporant consisderation because heavy woods are genrally stronger than lighter wood.

Weight

Wood is expressed as resistance to indentation or to the saw or axe across the grain.

Hardness

Wood ability to split

cleavability

Wood \_\_\_ is the resistance of wood to split along the grains.

Cleavability

Wood The line of least resistance to splittig is along the ___ because the wood rays are in this direction

radius

Wood Wood splits much miore easily when ___ because moisture softens the fibers and reduces adhesion across the grain.

Wet

The ___ content of wood influences flexibility to a considerable degree. ___ refers to the combined strength, shock resitance and pliability or flexibility of wood.

moisture toughness

\_\_\_\_ as applied to wood means the ability to resist decay or simply the length of its life under a given condition.

DUrability,

Wood There is no direct relation between the ___ and ____ properties of wood and its durability.

physical and mechanical

The darker the hearthwood, the more ___ is the wood.

Durable

Causes of Wood Discoloration:

Resins Gums Tannin

Content of wood from barks and tissues, used as leather and ink.

Tannin

\_\_\_ is often a means of identifying wood.

Color

\_\_\_\_\_ turns wood to darker shade.

Oxidation

Specifically, it means the substance that gives away electrons is oxidized. When iron reacts with oxygen it forms a chemical called rust because it has been oxidized(the iron has lost some electrons) and the oxygen has been reduced (the oxygen has gained some electrons). Oxidation is the opposite of reduction.

Wood which are classified as good lumber for building constructions are those that grows larger by the addition of a new layer on the outer surface each year identified by botanists as \_\_\_\_

Oxogens

Wood Density \_\_\_\_\_ known as conifers or evergreen \_\_\_\_\_ Is genrally decidous with broad leaves

Softwood hardwood

Types of Grain means that the fibers in a board run roughly parallel with the vertical axis of the log from which it was sawn.

Straight Grain

Types of Grain In boards with ____ grain, the wood fibers run at varying and irregular directions from the vertical axis of the log, such as around knots.

Irregular Grain

Types of Grain results when an otherwise straight-grained log isnt sawn along its verttical axis.

Diagonal Grain

Types of Grain A tree that somehow grew twisted produces a log and subsequent boards with ___ grain, where the fibers follow a spiral course with either a left or right hand twist.

Spiral Grain

Types of Grain comes from trees whose fibers in each growth layer tended to align in opposite directions.

INterlocked Grain

Types of Grain When the direction of the wood fibers constantly changes, the board has ___ grain.

Wavy grain

is defined as the harvesting of the tree crops consisting of a sequence of operations.

Logging

Logging: \_\_ the term used when logs are moved to an assembly area loaded to transport equipment then carried out of the forest to the sawmill.

Skidding

Logging: \_\_\_\_ is the process of sawing into smaller pieces after the removal of branches.

Bucking

Logging: sequence of operation:

Cutting of tree then, Skidding then, Bucking

is the tern used when the log is dragged and carried down to an assembly area.

Skidded

When the logs are delivered throug hthe cable or a nelium filled balloon.

Yarded

is the term applied to the opration perfomed in preparing wood for commercial purposes.

Lumbering

Sawing Historical record shows that the first saw invented for cutting logs into lumber sizzes started about ___ BC

1500BC

Sawing The early ____ introduced the first frame saw, a device that holds a long straight saw in the center of an elongated frame.

Roman Builders

Frame Saw

Sawing History introduces the water powered straight saw and the steam powered circular saw that started during the early _______ in Europe.

Industrical Revolution

The Band Saw is a continuous steel band running on wheels introduced in the ________ in 1869.

United States

Sawing History The modern _____ is no more than a motor driven version of the old Roman frame saw using several blades instead of one.

sash gang or gang saw

Sawing History log cutting saws, the principal one employed for almost the entire history of logging industry was the \_\_\_\_\_.

Circular Saw

Sawing History The ____ saw was in demand from the smallest to the largest sawmills being the thinnest blade and fastest saw. Some sawmills used band saw with teeth on both sodes so the logs maybe cut in either direction while passing.

Band Saw

Two Methods of Log Sawing Emplyed are

Plain or Bastard Sawing Quarter or Rift Sawing

The ____ sawing is by cutting the logs entirely through the diameter with a parallel chord tangential to the annual rings.

Plain or Bastard Sawing.

Types of Quarter Sawn log sawing

Radial Tangential Quarter Tangential Combined Radial and Tangential

\_\_\_\_\_ sawed lumber is less affected by moisture changes, less warping and shows special grain effects. has better abrasion and wear resistance but more expensive, and more wood is wasted

Quarter Sawn Lumber

Comments of Log Sawing to obtain cuts of the highest quality is most commonly practiced in the sawing of ___ lumber.

Hardwood

Process of Log Sawing

After the Log is cut, the sslab and board fall on a conveyor and conveyed to an edger and end trimmer, sides and ends of the board are squared then the board is graded then finally stacked for drying or shipment

is a planed lumber having at least one smooth side.

Surfaced or Dressed Lumber

are planed or dressed lumber of which the number connotes the smooth sides. ____ means smooth on two sides and ____ on four sides

S2s s4s

\_\_\_\_ is a kind of rough lumber cut tangent to the annual rings of wood running the full length of the log and containing at least one flat surface.

Slab

is a piece of lumber five inches or larger in its smallest dimension.

Timber

Is a wide piece of lumber from 2 to 5 inches thick.

Plank

is a piece of lumber less than 1 1/2" thick and at least 4 inches wide

Board

is a thick piece of lumber.

Flitch

When the annual rings are small, the grain marking which separates the adhacent rings is said to be \_\_\_\_\_\_

Fine Grain, when large it is called Coarse Grain

When the directions of the wood fibers are nearly parallel with the sides and edges of the board, it is said to be \_\_\_\_\_\_. When the lumber is taken from a crooked tree, it is classified as ___ or \_\_\_.

Straight grained crooked grained

is the term applied to wood after it was sawed or sliced into boards, planks, sticks, etc. for commercial purposes.

Lumber

is the term applied to newly sawed lumber.

Rough Lumber

Defects in Wood are radial cracks priginating at the heart of the logs.

Heart Shakes

Defects in Wood are cracks or breaks across the annual rings of timber during its growth caused by excessive bending of the tree due to wind.

Wind Shakes or Cup Shakes

Defects in Wood Is composed of several heart shakes radiating from the center of the log in a star-like manner.

Star Shakes

Defects in Wood usually occurs at the starting point of a limb or branch of the wood.

Knots

Defects in Wood is the presence of moisture in seasond wood caused by fungi.

Dry Rot

Defects in Wood Usually takes place sometime in the growth of trees caused by water saturation.

Wet Rot

means drying of lumber. Trees when fallen or cut down contains moisture in their cell layers.

Seasoning

Wood The moisture has to be expelled thoroughly to \_\_\_\_\_\_.

preserve the lumber from shrinkage or decay.

The water contained in a frreshly cut wood constitute about _____ to more than ____ of its weight. The removal of much of this moisture is accomplished by way of seasoning also known as \_\_\_\_\_.

1//3 2/3 conditioning or curing

Wood Experiment results showed that timber that were immersed in water immediately after cutting, is less subject to _____ and \_\_\_.

Split and Decay

Wood Water reduces warping but makes the wood ___ and less \_\_\_.

brittle and less elastic

Salt water was also used as \_\_\_\_\_.

Wood preservative

\_\_\_\_ is the number one enemy of wood.

Moisture

Two methods of seasoning wood

Natural or Air Seasoning Artificial Seasoning

one of the best methods of seasoning lumber although the period involved is relatively longer.

Natural or Air Seasoning

Natural Seasoning Lumber is piled vertically outdoor inclined at about ___ degrees.

10 degrees

\_\_\_\_\_ seasoning is the process adopted for quick drying of wood. Under this method, lumber are stacked inside a drying kiln and then subjected to steam and hot air under pressure. are considered inferior in quality

Artificial Seasoning

Why lumber has spacer in natural seasoning?

Tp maximize air to prevemt fungus, insects from living in.

Artificial Seasoning MEthods

Forced Air Drying Kiln Drying Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying

Artificial Seasoning MEthods Fans are used to booster the circulation of air a preparatory process to kiln drying

Forced Air Drying

Artificial Seasoning MEthods Under this process, the lumber is dried in a specially built room or chamber wherein temperature and humidity as well as the circulation of air is under control.

Kiln Drying

Artificial Seasoning MEthods Is a very fast method of drying lumber using a radio frequency dielectric heat. Drying throug this process may only last for 24hours as compared to that of natural air seasoning and other methods.

Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying

Wood does not decay naturally through age nor will it decay if it is?

kept constantly dry or continously submerged in water.

Common Causes of Decay in Wood

Moisture and dryness Fungi annd Molds Insect and Worms Heat and Confined Air

Preservation of Wood is accomplished by coating the wood with preservative chemicals that will penetrate into the fibers.

External Processing

Preservation of Wood A chemcial compound is impregnated at a specified pressure to permeate the wood thoroughly.

Internal Processing

a dark brown oil distilled from coal tar and used as a wood preservative. It contains a number of phenols, cresols, and other organic compounds. a colorless, pungent, oily liquid, containing creosol and other compounds, distilled from wood tar and used as an antiseptic.

Creasote Oil

is a chemical compound that is constituted of zinc and chlorine. It is a granular crystalline powder that is also highly hygroscopic in nature. It is soluble in many mediums, like water, alcohol, glycerol, and ether. It is strongly deliquescent (water-absorbing) and is utilized as a drying agent and as a flux.

Zinc Chloride

is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation. can be produced from coal, wood, petroleum, or peat. was used as seal for roofing shingles and tar paper and to seal the hulls of ships and boats.

Tar Oil

Common External non-pressure preservative for Wood:

tar oils carbolineum spiritine solignum

is an oily, water-insoluble, flammable, dark brown mixture from coal tar components,[1] smelling of tar. It contains among other things anthracene and phenol. Because of its rot-resisting and disinfecting effect, it was used over many years for the preservation of wooden structures such as railroad ties, telephone poles, cabins, etc

Carbolineum

is a wood preservative fluid which penetrates into the wood and remains there as an active barrier against wood-rot, wood borers, termites and fungal decay. It kills fungi and wood borers and preserves against future attack.

Solignum

External preservative is effective if the wood to be treated is ______ and ___ to absorb a sufficient quantity of the chemicals.

absolutely dry well seasoned

External Preservatuve All tar oil products should be applied \_\_

hot

One Cubic Meter of wood is equal to \_\_\_\_\_

423.67 bd.ft

Weight of: Sand

1950 kg/m3

Weight of: Gravel

2000kg / m3

Weight of: Soil

1600 kg / m3

Weight of: Concrete

2400kg / m3

Weight of: wood

500 kg / m3

Weight of: Steel

7850 kg / m3

Weight of: 10mm bar per meter

.617kg / meter

Weight of: 12mm bar

.888kg per meter

Weight of: 16mm bar

1.58 kg / meter

Comments on the Measuring of Wood The thickness and width of lumber is in inches while the length is in feet of even length. In short, ___ number is unknown in the language of lumber in terms of length.

odd number

Comments on the Measuring of Wood Lumber of nominal sizes from 2 x 2" and lower are no longer computed in board foot, but in \_\_\_\_.

linear foot

Comments on the Measuring of Wood In Buying lumber in flitch sizes, the thickness and the width are measured at their ___ portion. The length is in feet of ___ length.

narrowest even

Comments on the Measuring of Wood In measuring length of the flitch, the scaler only measure good lumber. Those with defects are either totally discarded or measured separately computed at a lower price. This process is called \_\_\_\_

Scale Reduction

Bd ft in a round log.

Bd = ((D-4)² x L)/16 D = smaller diamter of the log in inches L = length of the log in feet 4 and 16 are constant for slab reduction

Find Board foot in Logs where smallest diamter is 24" and Length is 18 ft

Different Types of Plywood

Softwood Hardwood Plywood Exterior or Marine Plywood

Different Types of Plywood The most common type for structural use.

Soft Plywood

Different Types of Plywood is commonly specified for paneling and finishing work. usually only one face contain hard wood finished.

hardwood plywood

Different Types of Plywood is waterproof plywood manufactured for interior exterior finishes and other marine uses.

Exterior or marine plywood

Commercial Purposed Wood pressed made from wood chips eploded into fibers under high pressured steam equally strong in all directions but brittle in character light to dark brown in color.

hardboard

Commercial Purposed Wood is manufactured from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes, strands, shavings, slivers, etc. bound together and pressed into sheets and other molded shapes.equal strength in all directions not brittle, resist warping.

Particle Board

In ereecting Solid Wood Column, Correction is done through the use of _____ or a ___ gradually twisted until the post alignment is in vertical position.

bar clamp or a rope

Wood Girders may be:

Built up Solid

\_\_\_ is that part of the floor system that support the floor boards and secured by bridging.

Floor Joists

\_\_\_ is that part of a house that rest horizontally uppon the foundation. anchord bolts to the foundation wall or beam

Sill aka Wood Plate

\_\_\_ is a short transverse joists that supports the end of the cut off joist at a stair well hole.

Header

\_\_\_ is a supporting joist which carries an end portion of a header.

Trimmer

ledger means

patungan

refers to the toungue and groove board most common of wood flooring materials. thicness of this wood board is from 3/4" to 1 inch width that ranges from 4 to 6 inches.

Flooring

Roof is the simplest form of roof system consisting of one single slope.

Shed or Lean to Roof

Roof is the most common type and economical form of roof made of triangular sections consisting of two slopes meeting at the center of the ridge.

Gable or Pitch Roof

Roof is the development of the shed type made into a series of lean to roof covering one building Common used on factories where extra lighting is required through the window on the vertical side.

Saw Tooth Roof

Roof is a modification of a gable or a hip and valley roof.

Double Gable Roof

Roof is a combination of hip roof and an intersecting gable roof forming a T or L shaped building. has a variety of modifications

Hip and Valley Roof

is aRoof modification of the hip roof wherein the four straight sides are sloping towards the center terminating at a point.

Pyramid roof

Roof Is a modification of the gable roof with each side having two slopes.

Gambrel Roof

where the sides of the roof slope steeply from each side of the building towards the center forming a flat deck on top.

Mansard Roof

Roof is a pyramid form having steep sides sloping to the center.

Ogee Roof

Roof is a modification of the mansard roof where the sides are concave.

French or Concave mansard roof

Roofis a hemispherical form of roof usually used on observatory buildings.

Dome

Roof is a steep roof of circular section that tapers uniformly from the circular base to a central point.

Conical Roof or spire

Roof is a two shed roof where the slope meet at thecenter of the building.

Butterfly Roof

are rafters extended at right angle from the plate or girts to the ridge.

Common Rafters

are rafters laid diagonally from the corner of a plate or girts to the ridge.

Hip Rafters

is any rafters which does not extend from the plate or girts to the ridge.

Valley Rafters

is the frame between the hip rafters and the girts.

Jack Rafters

\_\_\_ jack is the frame between the hip rafters and girts.

Hip Jack

\_\_\_\_ jack the frame between the ridge and the valley rafters.

Valley Jack

\_\_\_ jack Those frames between the hip and the valley rafters.

Cripple Jack

\_\_\_ rafters are rafters placed on a octagonal shaped plate at the central apex or ridge pole.

Octagonal Rafters

is a built up frame employed on a long span roof unsupported by intermediate columns or partitions. series of trinagles

Truss

is that structural member that supports the rafters or truss of a building.

Girts

Is the ties between rafters on opposite sides of tthe roof.

Collar Beam

Howe Truss

Belgian Truss

Fink Truss

pratt truss

scissor truss

cambered Fink Truss

warren truss

flat howe truss

flat pratt truss

sawtooth truss

is the structural member of a roof system placed on top of the rafters where the roofing materials are fastened.

Purlins

Conditions in Making INtermediate Joints Unless steel strap and gusset plates with bolts are employed, wood joint should not be used to counteract ____ forces.

Tension Forces

Conditions in Making INtermediate Joints For structures with smaller stresses, wood connections shall be provided with ___ or __ at the strut to the adjoining member using dowels, lag screw or nails.

dapping or notching

Conditions in Making INtermediate Joints Metal bearing plate bolted connections or ____ shall be specified for structures with large stresses.

Bearing Blocks

Conditions in Making INtermediate Joints When a strut is at right angle with the top chord, a 20mm dowel or 16mm ____ should be used to hold the strut securely in place.

lag screw

Steel S-shaped bearing plate should be the same width as the \_\_\_.

Top chord

\_\_\_\_\_ is a hard wood with the same thickness as the top chord.

Butt Block

is a solid block covering the whole width of the top chord cast at hoeles not less then 16mm thick provided with a lug into the top chord.

Cast Iron solid bearing Block

Cast Iron Bearing Block with web should have a minimum thickness of \_\_\_\_.

20mm

Center Hoint of Howe Truss This type of joint is provided with a _____ at the center intermediate joint.

Center Joint of Howe Truss

is the process of joining two pieces of materials in their longitudinal direction in order to transmit stresses from one member to the other.

Splicing

is simply joining one member to the other.

Lapping

is joining two ends using two side blocks sometimes called splice pads.

Fishing

is cutting away the opposite sides of two members then lap-jointed to obtain a continuous piece of uniform thickness.

Scarfing or Half lap

\_\_\_\_\_wood is a stress rated product of timber produced in laminating plant from selected wood. The grains of the wood are mostly longitudinal parallel with each other. Securely laminated

Glued Laminated Wood

Lumber intended for lamination do not exceed __ centimeters in thickness. when bending to a radius a nominal thickness of 2 centimeters is used.

5 cm

Nails either rectangular in shape directly cut from a metal strip or with circular cross section which were cut cirectly from wire called \_\_\_\_

common wire nails

Note if nails are driven parallel with the grain, the lateral resistance is decreased by \_\_\_\_

25% to 30%

is the most popular hardware materials for fastening timber joints under light or heavy stresses.

Bolt

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are mostly used for lateral connections in glue-laminated or heavy timber construction. They transmit forces through single shear (two members) or double shear (three members) connections. They develop moderately high lateral strength through an interaction of wood bearing and bolt bending.

Bolts, drift bolts, and pins

are round or square iron or steel with or without thread or point of specified length

Drift Bolts and Dowels

is thicker and shorter than the drift bolt only to prevent lateral displacement of the connected parts. Either iron or wood pin extended but not through the member of the structure to be connected.

Dowel

disadvantage of using dowels in laminated wood

does not provide a rigid joint difficult to replace totally damaged when repail calls

is used to fasten large pieces of timber under heavy stresses. diameter is 6mm to 25mm length from 4 - 30cm is preferred where bolts are difficult to install.

Lag Screw

\_\_\_ scew is used to avoid splitting and injury to the wood and to obtain better fitting and ease of disassembling when necessary Should not be spaced less than 3 cm across the grain and not less than 5 cm parallel with the grain.

Wood Screw

\_\_\_ key is made of a piece of hardwood rectangular cross section inserted between two lapping pieces of lumber to prevent sliding of the adhacent member. could be parallel with or inclined.

Wooden Key

is used under the head and nut of bolt to prevent the head and the nut from damaging the timber when tightening the bolt. thickness should not be less than 1/2 of the bolt diameter plus 1.5mm

Plate Washer

Shear pin is made of either ____ or \_\_\_

wood, steel bars or GI pipe

\_\_\_ means the union of two or more smooth or even surfaces admitting two or more pieces of timber to a closed fitting or junction.

Joint

is the art of joint making. advanced branch of carpentry requires special skill

Joinery

Corner Joint is either __ or \_\_\_

Square or miter

\_\_\_\_ is defined as a space in timber joint hollowed out to receive a tenon or the like.

Mortise

is a prjection to be inserted into a socket or mortise in another timber to make a joint.

Tenon joint

\_\_\_ joint is defined as partially housed tapered mortise and tenon joint.

Dovetail joint

\_\_\_ stringer is commonly used in most modern and contemporary building designs.

Cut Stringer

\_\_\_ stringer is used for a very rough work.

Cleated Stringer

\_\_ stringer is adopted on a fine work and is usually made at the mill. The risers and treads are held in the rabbets by wedges set in by glue.

Rabbet stringer

foundation design is primarily based on the result of \_\_\_\_

Site investigations

\_\_\_ refers to the process of determing the surface and sub-surface conditions of the soil.

Site Investigations

The most suitable means of determining the underground soil condition is by \_\_\_\_.

Drilling

\_\_\_\_ test provides a visual identification of the soil strata underlying the area by literally penetrating into the earth. Subsurface materials are identified in place or from samples.

Boring Test

\_\_\_\_ Boring, is the simpest device for boring a hole in the ground.

Auger Boring

Helical Auger

Iwan Auger

Soil Boring This method is similar to the process of installing an underground water pump where the casing pipe is cleared with soil by means of a wash pipe delivering high pressure water.

Wash Boring method

Soil Boring It has a truck driving rig much deeper with wash boring method, this up to 60 meters.

Hollow Stem Auger Boring

A percussion drilling is sometimes called \_\_\_\_\_

cable tool drilling

If the penetrometer is pushed steadily into the soil, the procedure is called \_\_\_\_\_, when driven into the soil it is called \_\_\_\_\_

Static Penetration Test Dynamic Penetration Test

Penetrometer \_\_\_\_ test is preferred for cohesive soils while ____ test is recommended for very hard deposits.

Static penetration Dynamic penetration

A 60d cone with a base area of 10 sq. cm is attached to the bottom of rod protected by a casing at a rate of 2 cm per second. The cone being pushed by the rod into the ground is slightly larger than the pipe to minimize friction.

Dutch Cone Penetration

The ____ penetration test is the most rapid and economical method recently adopted.

Dutc hCone Penetration Test

For shear testing clay soil Consist of four vertical rectanuglar blades bolted at right angles to a vertical shaft. vane is pushed into the soil and twisted until the soil is ruptured in a cylindrical form.

Vane Shear Test

NBCP on load test To determine the safe bearing capacity of the soil, it maybe tested by loading an area not less than ____ per ton or less than twice the maximum bearing capacity desired for use.

18 sq.m per ton

When doing a load test procedure, the pit width should be atleast ___ times the area of the loading plate with a general dimension of 30 x 30 cm or 30 x 60cm set on a leveled bottom of the pit.

5 times the area

are wooden sticks used as posts harpened at one end and driven into the ground to serve as boundaries.

Stake

are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake to serves as the horizontal plane where the building technical measurements are established. installed horizontally to an elevation parallel with the ground floor line.

Batter Boards

\_\_\_\_ is the instrument used in relocating and establishing all reference point, lines and boundaries of the construction.

Level Transit

is a transparent plastic tube having a diameter of 1/4 to 1/2 filled with water used to establish horizontal lines.

Plastic water hose

is any medium of maerial such as steel wire, cotton, plastic or nylon chord used for connecting established point or lines in the batter board.

String or Chord

\_\_\_\_\_ excavation includes wall footing, independent or sisolated footings and combined fotting The biggest percentage of works in the field of construction.

Shallow Excavation

Deep Excavation Elements of nature refer to the \_\_\_\_, while man made restriction refers to \_\_\_\_\_\_.

weather conditions laws that regulate all activities within the area of construction.

Deep Excavation Excavations that are extended below the water table usually demand ___ of the site prior to or during the construction period.

Drainage

"Defray"

Magbayad

NBCP Code Before commencing the excavation, the person making or causing the excavation to be made shall notify in ___ the owner of the adjoining buildigns not less than ___ days before such excavation is to be made and that, the adjoining building will be protected by him.

writing 10 days

NBCP The ___ of the adjoining properties shall be given access to the excavation for the purpose of verifying if their properties are sufficiently protected

owners same is true with the owner, he or she mush permit access for the adjoining property.

NBCP If the necessary consent is not accorded to the person making the excavation, then it shall be the duty of ____ to protect his buildign or structure,

person refusing such permission

Settlement however could be minimized by proper application of \_\_- and \_\_.

Sheeting and Bracing

if the excavation will not extend beyond the depth of ____ meters, the common practice is to drive vertical planks called sheeting around the property line of the proposed excavation.

3.50 meters

The sheeting and bracing must be strong enough and capable of resisting __ pressure.

Lateral

The depth of the sheeting must be maintained at all times ____ of the hole as the excavations are permitted to advance too far before the installation of the next set of support.

Below the Bottom

Three Major Types of Bracing in Excavation:

Crosslot (means there's a strut end to end, for narrow excavation only) Rakers (there's a rake or slanted bracing) Tiebacks (embedded to the earth, good for flexibility of site working)

The sheeting must be supported by a horizontal beam caled \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Wales

If the excavation is too wide for the strut to be exnted across the entire width (crosslot), the wales must be supported by inclined struts called \_\_\_

Rakers

\_\_\_\_ of the bracing or struts is the most effective way of preventing lateral movement of the earth.

Pre-stressing

The use of timber sheeting on excavation that exceeds 4 to 5 meters deep is generally uneconomical, thus ____ piles are instead driven along the property line of excavation.

Steel Sheet piles

Steel sheet piles are driven down to a ___ length below the bed of the excavation to prevent local heaves.

meter

H-Pile is driven along the propertly line of the excavation spaced at _____ meters eliminating the use of steel piles. H piles are sometimes called \_\_\_\_\_, it is installed with their flange ___ with the side of the excavation.

1.2 to 2.5 soldier pile parallel

"KRUPP Steel"

Largest company in europe providing steeel

Excavation in Sand it is advisable therefore, to __ the water table before starting the excavation. This will minimize if not avoid the subsidence being the nature of the sand.

Lower

Excavation in Sand Ditches are cut at the bottom of the excavation leading the water to a ______ at a lower elevation. The water is then drained to storm drain or canal using water pump.

Sump Pit

Excavation in Sand Inadequate pumping will only lead to ____ and instability of the excavation base.

Sand Boils

Excavation in Sand Result of tests conducted showed that settlement of adjacent ground in large excavations do not exceed about ___ of teh depth of the cut.

.5%

Excavation in Sand properly supported by sheeting and bracing called:

Shoring

Excavation in Clay If the lateral pressure is so great thatmetal sheeting could not withstand, the use of ____ is the last resource.

Steel Piles

is the process of providing temporary supports to the structure or ground during the excavation.

Shoring or Sheeting and bracing

\_\_\_\_ refers to the horizontal displacement of vein or stratum.

Heave

\_\_\_ is the property of sinking down to lower level.

Subsidence

Is the sinking or lowering of materials or structure.

settlement

Is the opration of providing a permanent foundation in place of an inadequate footing.

Underpinning

Back Filling The most stable filling materials for building site are ___ sannd.

Well Graded Sand

Back Filling This procedure although still widely used should not be permitted.

Flooded with water in an attempt to compact it.

Back FillingIf there is no alternative material except the swelling clay for filling, it is better to compactthe materials somewhat with more __ than at the optimum moisture content because the effect of swelling is more damaging than those of shrinkage.

Water

Back Filling The addition of ___ may also be beneficial in improving the workability of clay and silts. The principal effect of lime is To reduce the free water in the soil by hydration It also reduces the plasticity of clay.

Lime

Therefore, whosever heareth these saying of mine and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man, which built his house upon a rock. And the rain descend, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon the house, and it fell not: for it was founded upon the rock:

Matthew 7: 24-25

Gelogy and soil mechanis confirmed the ___ foundation bed to be the most stable medium where to lay the footing of a structure.

Rock

Babylonian Empire cosntructed ____ foundation from out of the sun-dried and burned bricks on top of a flat molded earth that was filled up and raised from ____ meters high.

raft or mat 1.5 to 4.5m

The Greeks has extensively used ____ blocks as foundation tie together with metal band.

Marble Blocks

The introduction of the __ footing in the year 1880 resolved the problem of foundation weight.

Grillage Footing

The improved grillage fotting made of steel rail embedded in concrete was introduced in Chicago by ___ in the year 1891

John Root

The advent of reinforced concrete in the early part of ____ superseded all these kinds of footing due to the advantages it offer in all aspect of building construction.

1890

Soil as Foundation Loads that are being carried by the steel, concrete and wood had to be transmitted to the ground, but it needs a tranfer device called \_\_\_\_\_\_

foundation

\_\_\_\_ foundation is a special kind of foundation representing a special application of soil mechanic principles of a combination mat-caisson foundation.

Floating Foundation

This type of foundation is adopted as a means to reduce differential settlement between adjacent areas.

Mat or Raft Foundation

\_\_\_\_ foundation is intended to transmit structural loads through the upper zone of poor soill to a depth where the earth is capable of providing the desired support.

Pile and pier Foundation

\_\_\_ are slender foundation units driven into place.

Piles

\_\_\_\_ are formed in place by excavating an opening to the desired depth where concrete is poured.

Pier Units

\_\_\_ is a structural box or chamber that is sunk in place or built in place by excavating systematically below the bottom of the unit that descends to the final depth.

Caisson

\_\_ Caisson maybe the box or pile type. The top and bottom are open durring installation. When in place, the bottom maybe sealed with concrete if needed to keep out of water.

Open Caisson

\_\_\_\_\_\_ Caisson has the top and side sealed and used compressed air to prevent water and soil from entering the lower chamber.

Pneumatic Caisson

\_\_\_ is a structural member of small cross-sectional area with reasonable length driven down into the ground by means of hammer or vibratory generators.

Pile

\_\_ piles does not have the capability to withstand high stresses cause by ahrd driving which requires a desirable penetration on a highly resistive layer.

Timber

Piles to be driven by steam hammer at 15,000 ft pound energy should not exceed _____ blows per inch penetration to prevent breakage or brooming of the pile head.

three to four blows

Timber Piles The normal resistance of pile is from __ to ___ blows per inch that is commonly specified.

6 - 8 blows

Timber piles are durable when driven \_\_\_\_\_. However, even if treated with creosote chemical, the life span of timber piles above the water level will only last for a period of about ____ years.

driven below the normal water level. 40 years

Timber piles penetrated by salt water may deteriorate due to marine organisms called ___ and \_\_\_

teredo (worm, penetrating to wood esp boat wood and limnoria ( worm, penetrating to large wood, 400 worms per sq inch

Wood is best preserved if treated with \_\_\_\_.

Creosote oil

Remedy wooden piles deterioration.

NO theres no remedy

Pile Driving Pointed tips sometimes cause the pile to drive out o the vertical position that in most cases, ___ tip is preferred.

Square Tip

Pile Driving The ____ is attached to the hammer base to reduce the impact stress and ata the same time prolong the life span of teh hammer.

Pile Cushion

Driving Pile Head-broom. Head Failure due to driving impact could be prevented by ________ before the driving operation.

Bonding the pile head before driving operation

The hammer cushion is classified into two different types: The soft type cushion is sometimes made of __ and \_\_\_

wood and asbestos

The hammer cushion is classified into two different types: The hard type cushion contains \_\_\_\_\_

Alternating disk of aluminum and micarta.

The ____ elements does not only protect the top of the pile as well as the hammer gfrom high stresses but also deliver significant influence on the wave stresses that is being developed in the process of pile driving.

Pile Cushion

"MICARTA"

Brand name for fabric, canvas, paper atlpa

Range of Skin Friction for Various Soil (kg per sq. m) Silt and Soft mud Sand and Gravel

240 -480 kg/m2 2930 kg/m2

Driving Equipment In 1845, ___ introduced the first modern steam pile driving machine designed as drop hammer for wood piles and modified later as handle single acting hammer.

Nasmyth

Driving Equipment The bottom of the guide suspended from a standard lifting crane, connected at the base of the crane boom by means of the horizontal member called \_\_\_.

spotter see bottom of the picture

The Spotter is adjustable to permit a ____ position of driving piles and the hammer is axially guided by steel rail incorporated in the guides.

Plumb position

Pile Driving Definition of Terms refers to the entire driving unit.

Hammer

Pile Driving Definition of Terms The moving weight that strikes the pile.

Ram

Pile Driving Definition of Terms use steam or compressed air to raise the hammer ram to a position ready for driving. The ram is then released to drop on top of the piles.

Single Acting Hammer

Pile Driving Definition of Terms Uses steam or compressed air to raise the ram to position for driving and also accelerate the downward thrust of the ram.

Double acting Hammer

Pile Driving Definition of Terms another category similar in operation as the double acting hammer.

Differential acting hammer

Pile Driving Definition of Terms is a self contained self activated units located within an enclosed cylinder. Initially, the ram is mechanically raised to the top of the cylinder and then released for its fall.

Diesel Hammer

\_\_\_\_\_ hammer - simple rely on the weight of the heavy ram for driving piles.

Single acting hammer

one advantage of the double acting diesel hammer against the single acting hammer is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

greater opration speed and the higher number of blows delivered per unit of time.

\_\_\_\_ ram is used to drive a long and heavy piles.

Heavy

The ____ consists of a pair of counter rotating weights that are synchronized so as the lateral components of the trusts always counteract or cancel each other effect. Creates an up and down pulsation or vibrations. Considered the most effective in installing piles in sand and salty sand soils.

Vibratory driver

\_\_\_\_\_ refers to the procedure of driving an H steel pile or similar section into the earth to break up some obstacles before installign the pile.

Spudding

\_\_\_\_\_ is the process of drilling a hole with a diameter approximately the same size as the pile through a very hard soil. This is done To avoid pile damage if driven down to a very hard soil Protection against possible damage to adjacent structures from driving vibrations. Applied when piles are installed in a clay soil to prevent ground heave.

Pre drilling

Is one technique using a powerful stream of water directed below the tip of a long pipe penetrating sandy soil to wash ahead of the pile to assist it in advancing through the sand.

Jetting

Concrete and Pipe Piles is a concrete cased inside a metal shell form left under ground.

Case Pile

Concrete and Pipe Piles is a reinforced concrete pile minus the metal casing or shell thereby reducing the cost of construction.

Uncased Pile

Raymond Armco Cobi Franki Monotube These are all (maybe) developer, or person or engr who discovered the technique.

Metal Piles Is excellent in penetrating into hard rocks or any hard materials with ease in driving and working time.

H - Pile

Metal Piles Is suitable materials for piles on sliding banks or in deep water.

Box Pile

Metal Pile is grouped into 3 rails and welding together at the head and base to form a unit pile.

Rail Pile

pile spacing principles.

Too close pile spacing is therefore is not preferred, wider spacing is much more preferrable

Piles intended to serve a marine structure that are exposed to receive wave action should be spaced at a minimum of ___ times its diameter apart to reduce counter current whirlpool and abrasion.

5 times

Driving piles through Obstruction \_\_\_ pile is also used before driving timber or concrete pile.

Pilot Pile An I beam, H pile or mandrel serves the purposed as pilot pile to penetate the obstruction.

Creep

A material elongating because of constant load (eg. Loaded Rope

Recommended Foundation for: Compact sand deposit to great depth

Spread Footing

Recommended Foundation for: Firm clay or firm silt and clay

Spread Footing depth below zone where shrinkage expansion due to change in water content could occur

Recommended Foundation for: Firm clay soft clay (so great depth)

Spread Footing Deep Foundation (Depth below zone where shrinkage expansion due to change in water content could occur

Recommended Foundation for: Loose sand to great depth

Mat Foundation Driven Piles (Dpeth greater than frost or erosion depth)

Recommended Foundation for: Soft clay, but firmness increasing with depth to very great depth

Friction Piles Mat Foundation

Recommended Foundation for: Soft Clay

Deep Foundation, Piles piers, Caissons bearing directly on in the rock

This art of building has its origin as early as ____ BC from the land of mesopotamia, china and egypt as manifested by some stone edifice still existing today.

4000bC

Later, in the new development of masonry construction, ___ were widely used by the Mayans, Aztecs, Inca and other early Americans in their construction of public buildings, monuments and buildings chiefly used for religious rites.

Dry Stones

The use of mortar was introduced by the ___ who also perfected the technique of using asonry facing on a core of concrete and rubbles.

Romans

is relatively strong under compression, but weak under tension.

Stone

Ashlar Stone Masonry Finished.

Broken Bond Random Pattern Random Course Broken Range

generally consists of irregular stones with good face for the wall surface. The gaps between stones are filled with small or broken stone and cement mortarl.

Rubble Stone

are manufactured from clay and other materials processed into a workable consistency molded to sizes and fired in a kiln to make them strong, durable and attractive

Bricks

Bricks Classification are made from clay called ordinary commercial bricks.

Common Bricks

Bricks Classification Are made from clay material used on exposed exterior and interior masonry walls and other archtiectural applications where the size, color and texture of bricks are given especially importance.

Face Bricks

Bricks Classification Are made from clay or non clay materials with alumina and silica used in furnace construction where resistance totemperature as high as 178d C is required.

Calcium Silicated Bicks

most widely used masonry material for all types of construction such as walls, partitions, dividers, fences. etc. Resembling large bricks that are molded from sand and cement.

Concrete Hollow Blocks, CHB

Two Core Stretcher Block

Two core corner

Standard Block

Half Block

Beam Block

Two Core single end block

Bolivian

Corinthian

Italia

Luz

Roman

Persian

The Aggregates component is about ___ of the total mass of concrete.

75%

Four kinds of Coarse Aggregate:

Limestone Igneous Rocks (eg. Basalts, granite) Sandstone, quartzites Rock - eg. opal and chert - composed mainly of amorphous silicon dioxide

Opal

Basalt

Conditions for maimum size of coarse aggregate: It should not be larger than ___ of the narrowest dimension of the forms or __ of the depth of the slab nor __ of the minimum distance between the reinforcing bars.

1/5 1/3 3/4

The chemical reaction between ____ and ____ is the principal action in thechemistry of concrete.

Portland cement and water

Is the degree of wetness or slump of the concrete mixture. It varies directly with the amount of water in the mixture.

Consistency

is the ease with which fresh concrete can be molded or deformed without segregation.

Plasticity

is the capacity of concrete to move or flow, particularly during vibration.

Mobility

The freezing of water in the pores of concrete causes it to expand about __ in volume. Pressure caused by expansion of freezing water maybe sufficient to damage the gel structure and cause deterioration of the concrete,

Concrete Chemical Resistance \_\_\_\_ hardens the surface of concrete by chemical action and makes it more impervious to chemical attack.

Magnesium fluorosilicate

MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE

MAGNESIUM FLUOROSILICATE gives basic aqueous solutions. Reacts with acids. Does not usually react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents.

Light Weight Concrete is used for insulation purposes. Its unit weight would rarely exceed 50 pounds per cubic foot or 800 kg per cubic meter

Low density concrete

Light Weight Concrete Has a unit weight of 360 to 960kg per cubic meter with a compressive strength of 70 to 176 kg per square cm common used to fill light gauge steel floor panels.

moderate strength concrete

Light Weight Concrete has similarity in characteristics with that of medium stone concrete. It weights 90 to 120 lbs per ft3, used in buildings, roads, bridges etc

Structural Concrete

\_\_\_\_ Concrete is an structural concrete. It weighs from 145 to 152 lbs per ft 3

Medium stone concrete

\_\_\_\_\_ concrete is used as shield against gamma rays reactor and other similar structures. Couter weight for lift bridges. Concrete are cement, heavy iron ores, crushed rock, steel scraps, punching or shot as fine aggregate.

Heavy Weight Concrete

\_\_\_\_a ggregates weighs 200 to 300 lbs per ft3

Heavy Rock

\_\_\_ is added to high density ores. It weighs 5000kg per m3

Iron Punching

In 1918, \_\_\_\_, an American scientist researcher, discovered the ratio of the amount of water to the amount of cement in the concrete mixture (water cement ratio) is related to the strength and quality of the concrete.

Duff A Abrams

In 1940, it was found out that the durability of concrete could be increased ___ times by the use of small amount of air entraiing agent (admixture) in a concrete mixture.

ten

Water cement ratio is best determined by the ___ method.

Trial Batch method

Concete that is intended to be watertight shall have a maximum water cement ratio of ___ for exposure to sea water.

.48

Test of COncrete The ___ has the right to order the testing of any material used in concrete construction to determine if the concrete conforms to the quality as specified.

Building Official

\_\_\_\_ test is the process applied in determinng the strength of concrete

Compression Test r = 15cm h = 30cm

Compression Test procedures After 24 hours, start curing in a moist atmosphere at ____ temperature.

21 dC

Test should be done at ___ and __ days period

7 and 28 at 7th day, the concrete must attain its half strength (eg. 1500 psi for 3000 psi conrete)

The ACI Building Code on Mixing Concrete The mixer shall be rotated at a speed recommended by the manufacturer and mixing shall be continued for at least ___ minutes after all materials are in the drum.

1 1/2 minutes

Ready mix concrete is mixed by either:

Mobile mixers stationary mixers hand mixing

ready mix concrete mixer cement and aggregates are loaded in a mobile mixer at the batching plant and then mixing operation is done on its way to the job site

Mobile mixing

ready mix concrete mixer The concrete is mixed before it is loaded inside the truck mixer where the concrete is only agitated. Also refers to the mixer installed on site where batches of cement and aggregates are mixed and delivered to the forms.

Stationary Mixer

A good conccrete mix proportions are as follows \_\_kg of water \_\_ kg of cement \_\_ kg of sand \_\_ kg of gravel

1/2 water 1 cement 2 sand 3 gravel

Concrete should be discharged from the truck within ____ gours after the water is poured to the batch.

1 1/2 hrs

\_\_\_\_ means the sepration of sand and stone from the matrix or paste resulting to an inferior quality concrete.

Segragation

Curing of Concrete The inisital setting of concrete will start at about ___ hours after the concrete has been mixed.

2 - 3 hrs

Curing of COncrete \_\_\_% of concrete strength is reached at the end of the first week, while \_\_\_% could be lost through premature drying. Thus concrete must be moistened at all times within the curing period.

70% 30%

Protection of concrete from loss of surface moisture is ___ days when ordinary Portland cement is used and __ days for an early high strength Portland Cement

7 days 3 days

Methods applied in curing surface concrete

covering with burlap that is wet cover the slab with wet sand or wet saw dust cover the slap with wet sraw continous sprinkling of water avoid early removal of forms

Reinforced Concrete Classification is when the unsupported height of the column is not greater than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.

Short Column

Reinforced Concrete Classification is when the unsupported height of the column is more than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section

Long Column

The importance of knowing if the column is short or long is a basic requirement in determing the \_\_\_\_\_\_. This is where the Engineer start his structural design.

slenderness or stiffness ratio of the column

a tubular steel column filled with concrete and used as a supporting member in a building.

Lally Column

Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical or longitudinal bars held in position by lateral reinforcement called \_\_\_

lateral ties

ACi Code on Lateral Ties so provides that: All non prestressed bars for tied column shall be enclosed by lateral ties of at least ___ bar size for longitudinal bars no. ___ or smaller and at least no __ size for no. 11, 14 and 18 and bundled longitudinal bars. The spacing of the ties shall not exceed ___ longitudinal bar diameter or the\_\_\_ dimension of the column,

no. 3 no. 10 no. 4 16 least

ACI Code states The tie shall be so arranged that every corner and the ___ longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of the tie having an inclined angle of not more than ___ degrees and no bar shall be father apart than \_\_cm clear on their side from such a laterally supported bar.

alternate 235 degress 15cm

ACI Code further states that. The Cross sectional area of the vertical reinforcement shall not be less than __ nor more than __ times the gross area of the column section.

.01 .09 times

If rebars are too congested for aggregates to penetrate in: use _____ as an alternative

Bundled Bars

The idea of using bundled bars is to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

accommodate the required area of steel bars in the column and at the same time provide enough space for the concrete.

\_\_\_\_\_ failure is more distrous than beam failure.

Lateral Ties

Failure of Tied Column The failure of a tied column is by ___ and \_\_\_, outward along an inclined plane where vertical bars fail by buckling outward between lateral ties.

crushing and shearing

Pouring of concrete at higher elevation is one cause of \_\_\_\_\_

Segragation of particles

Concreting of columns after block laying of wlls is more effective than \_\_\_\_\_

column first than walls or column and walls simultaneously.

\_\_\_ is the term given to a circular concrete core with vertical or longitudinal bars enclosed by spirals.

Spiral Column

The vertical reinforcement is provided with evenly spaced ____ spiral held firmly in position by at least ____ vertical bar spacing.

continuous three

thus type of column is stronger than the tied column and is preferred for a slender (long) column in carrying heavy load

Spiral Column

The sign of spiral column failure is advanced by the \_\_\_\_, due to excessive load. Occurs only when the spirals yield or bursts.

spaling off of the shell \*protective covering)

The tied column that fails abruptly, the spiral column with heavy spirals shows a \_\_\_\_\_\_.

gradual and ductile failure

The spiral reinforcements shall have a minimum size diamter of \_\_\_

10mm dia

The clear spacing between the spirals should not be more than ___ cm or less than \_\_cm

7. 5 2. 5

The area of main reinforcement to the gross column area shall not be less than __ or more than \_\_\_

.01 .08

Spiral Reinforcement The maximum number of vertica lbars should not be less than ___ pieces of __ steel bar diameter.

6 16mm

ACI Buildign Code At least __ spacers shall be used for spirals less than 50cm diameter, __ for spirals 50cm to 75cm in diamter and __ spacers for morethan 75cm diamter.

2 3 4 spacers

ACI Buildign Code When bigger size of steel bar is used for spiral such as 16mm or larger, ___ spacers shall be used for a spiral having 60cm or less in diamter and ___ spacers to a spiral having more than 60cm diameter,

three four

Spiral Anchorage and Spacing The anchorage of spiral reinforcement should be provided with ___ extra turn of spiral bar or wire at each end of the spiral unit.

1 1/2

Spiral Anchorage and Spacing When splicer is necessary for special bars, it should be tension lap splicer with __ bar diameters as maxium length but in no cases shall be less than ____ cm or welded.

48 bar diamters

ACI Code Where beams or brackets are not present on all sides of the column, ties shall extend above the terminal of the spiral to the \_\_\_\_\_\_. In a column with a capital, the spiral should extend to a plane at which the diameter or width of the capital is ____ that of the column,

bottom of the slab or drop panel twice

\_\_\_ column is another type of column where strutural steel is embedded into the concrete core of a spiral column,

Composite Column

\_\_\_\_ column is a column with structural steel encased in cocrete of at least 7cm thick reinforced with wire mesh surrounding the column at a distance of \_\_cm inside the outer surface of the cocnrete covering.

Combined Column 3

Combined Column The wire mesh is attached to the structal steel by \_\_\_\_. The forms are similar to that of the tied olumn construction.

Weld

\_\_\_\_ column is a fabricated post made of steel pipe provided with a plain flat steel bar or palte which hold a girder, beam or girt. The Steel pipe is sometimes filled with groud or concrete

Lally Column

Material and Structure Relationship The combination of different types of building materials making it into a building part is called \_\_\_\_\_

Buildign Struture

Consist of wind pressure and suctions, earthquake, rainwater on flat roof, floot, snow and forces caused bytemperature differentials.

Environmental Load

is the effect of external forces that acts upon the structure causing the adhacent sections of a member to slip from each other

Shear

is the cohesive power of the maerials that consist an attmpt to pull it apart in the direction of tis fiber.

Strength

is the maximum unt of stress developed at any time before rupturing

Ultimate Strength

\_\_\_ is the dtendency of a force to cause rotations about a ceratin point of axis.

Moment

is a kind of alteation or deformation produced by the stresses.

Strain

is an internal action set up between the adjacent molecule of the body when acted upon by forces or combination of forces that produces strain. refers to the pressure of load, weight and some other adverse forces or influences.

Stress

A-\_\_\_ of a building refers to the beam, girder and floor slab.

Floor System

The ____ carries both live and dead load.

Flor Slab

\_\_\_\_ beam. It refers to a single span beam supported at its end without a restraint at the support.

Simple Beam, Simply Supported Beam

Restraint means a _____ or anchorage at the support.

Rigid connection

Is a term applied to a beam that rest on more than two support.

Continuous Beam

\_\_\_ beam refers to a beam with two span with or without restraint at the twto extreme ends.

Semi Continous Beam

\_\_\_\_\_ beam is supported on one end and the other end projecting beyond the support or wall..

Cantilever Beam

Main reinforcement of Cantilever Beam is at the \_\_\_\_\_\_

top

Type of Beam When the floor slab and beams are poured with concrete simultaneously to produce a monolithic structure where the portion of the slab at both sides of thebeam serves as flanges

T -Beam

T Beam The beam below the slab serves as the web member and is sometimes called \_\_\_\_

Stem

Illustrate positive and negative bending of beam

\_\_\_\_ moment is the tendency of a force to cause rotation about a certain point of axis.

Bending Moment

The positive bending exist when the beam bends \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

downward between its support where the upper portion of the beam above the neutral axis is compressed while the lower portion is stretched at the opposite directions.

When the area of the concrete and steel are just enough to carry both the compression and the tension forces simultaneuously, the design is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Balanced Reinforcement or Balance Beam

Bldg Code on Balance Reinforcement States The cross sectional area of steel reinforcement shall be equal to ___ times the cross sectional product of the width and the depth of thebeam.

.005

reinforcements are placed in the portion of the beam where ___ stresses develop.

Tension

Bend up Reinforcing Bars - Reinforcing bars are bent up on or near the ______ extended to the top of the beam across the support towards the adjacent span.

Inflection Points

Inflection Point This is usually located at a distance about ____ length of beam from the face of the support.

1/5 tp 1/4

Location of Cut Bars The upper portion of the beam across the supports extended to the required length of about ____ the beam span from the face of the support. also placed at the bottom center of the beam span where positive moment developed.

1/3

Spacing of Reinforcing Steel Bars in Beams The minimum clear distance between the main reinforcing bars should not be less than ___ times the minimum size of the coarse agregate

1 1/2

Requirements on the Splicing of reinforcement. \_\_\_\_ shall not be used for bars larger than no. 11 or 35mm steels bars.

Lapping

Lapping splice of bundled bars shall be based on the lap splice length required for ____ of the same size and such individual splicing within the bundle shall not overlap each other.

Individual Bars

Requirements on the splicing of reinforcment If the splice of joints under maximum stress coult not be avoided, ot should be \_\_\_\_.

Staggered

Are allowed to splice rebars?

No, except permitted by engr or indicated in drawing or specs

Steel bars shall be bent ___ unless otherwise permitted by the supervising Engineer. No bar partially embedded in concrete shall be ___ bent, except as shown on the plans, specified or permitted by the engineer.

Cold field

ACI Code provides that Verybay shall be continued at least a distnace equal to the _____ or __ bar diamter whichever is larger beyond the point at which it is theoretically no longer required to resist stress.

effective depth of the beam 12

ACI Code provides that At least ___ of the positive moment steel, ___ in continuous spsan must be continued uninterrupted along the same face of the beam with a distance of at least ___ cm into the supports.

1/3 1/4 15cm

AACI Code provides thatt least 1/3 of the total reinforments provided for negative moment at the support must be extended beyond the extreme position of the point of inflction with a distance not less than ___ of the clear span or ____ or __ bar diameter whichever is greater.

1/16 depth of the beam 12 bar diamter

ACI

American Concrete Institute

former name of ACI

NACU National Association of Cement Users

Beam Reinforcement for Compression This type of beam is called _____ where closed stirrups are used to hold the reinforcement together in position space not more than 16 times the reinforcing bar diameter or 48 tie diamter.

Double Reinforcement Beam

\_\_\_ reinforcement is the same as the stirrups.

Web

The web reinforcement or stirrups is not only intended to hold the reinforcement and provide support, but alsto to resist ____ and \_\_\_.

Torsion and Shear

ACI Code on T-Beam Design The effective flange width shall not exceed ___ the span of the beam

1/4

ACI Code on T-Beam Design The overhang width on either side of the web shall not exceed ___ times the thickness of the slab or ___ of the clear distance.

8 times 1/2

ACI Code on T-Beam Design The principal reinforcement in the slab of T-beam flange shall be ____ with the beam, ___ reinforcement is necessary for the slab.

Parallel Transverse

ACI Code on T-Beam Design The reinforcement spacing shall not exceed __ times the thickness of the slab nor __ cm.

5 times 45cm

Is it advisable to apply spacing of rebar in t beam to rib floor.

Hell no

Beam Failure \_\_\_ failure means the slipping of the steel bar inside the concrete when excessive load is applied on the structure.

Bond Failure

Beam Failure Failure due to _____ means lack of web reinforcement (stirrups), while positive and negative bending is due to inadequate reinforcement.

shear

Minimum Slab Thickness Ratio

Simply Supported = 1/20 One end Continous = 1/24 Both ends continuous = 1/28 Cantilever = 1/10 eg. 350 x 1/28 where 350 is length and 1/28 is both end continous

placement of Reinforcing Bars in a one wy slab The bending moment at the center of a fully continuous slab is said to be \_\_\_

equal

placement of Reinforcing Bars in a one wy slab To have equal amount of steel bars that will resist both the positive and negative bending of the slab, steel reinforcements are bent up alternately at the inflection point equal to ___ of the span from the face of the supporting beam extended over the support to ___ distance of the adhacent span.

1/5 1/4

Slab Reinforcements additional bar perpendicular with the main reinforcement is provided to serve as \_\_\_\_\_

Temperature Barks

ACI Code on Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement In no case shall these reinforcement be placed farther apart than __ times the slab thickness or more than ___ cm.

5 times 45cm

ACI Code on the thickness of slab provides that: Thickness of the slab shall not be less than ___ nor less than the perimeter of the slab sivided by \_\_\_. The spacing of the reinforcement shall not be more than _ times tha slab thickness and the ratio of reinforcement shall be at least .0025

10cm 180 3 times

Placement of Steel Bars. Where no bend bars are used in slab reinforcement, straight bars are used for both the top and the bottom reinforcement. The bottom bars are extended at least __ cm into the supporting beams or walls. Top bars are extended up to __ span of the adjacent panels. For a discontinuous floor edges, to pbars should be hooked

15cm 1/4 span

Accumulation of Fine partitcles at the surface of concrete.

Laitance

Construction joints ACI Construction joints in floors shall be located near the __ of the spans of the slabs, beam or girders, unless a beam intersects a girder at this point, in which the joint in the girders shall be offset a distance equal to twice the width of the beam.

Middle

Ribbled Floor Slab \_\_\_ is a lightweight floor material. It provides a flush ceiling finish.

Gypsum Tile Filler

ACI COde provides that The maximum span of ribbed floor slab should not be more than ___ times the total depth of slab and rib combined.

24 times

Ribbed Floor Slab \_\_\_\_ is generally in the form of domes enclosed on four sides. This sometimes calle ____ construction.

Metal Tile Filler Tin Pan

Flat Slab When the column design is not provided with capital, a straight flat udnerneath is provided in the slab throughout the system called ____ construction.

Flat Plate

Concret Joist Floor Construction ACI The joist ribs shall be at least ____ side, spaced not more than ____ clear and a depth not more than ____ times their minimum width.

10cm 75cm 3 1/2

Reinforced Concrete Stairways A trnasverse steel consisting of one bar per tread is employed to assist in the distribution of the load and at the same instance serve as a ____ reinforcement.

Temperature.

Reinforced Concrete Stairways Where conditions permit, the intermediate slab maybe supported directly by the ___ on the building.

Walls

Stairs dimension the Code The minimum width of any stair slab and the minimum dimensions of any landing shall be \_\_\_\_

110cm

Stairs dimension the Code The minimum height of a straight flight between landing is \_\_\_\_cm, except those serving as an exit from place of assembly where a maximum height of 240 cm is normally specified.

360cm

This type of girder is named after the AASHTO

AASHTO Bridge Girder a concrete with the shape of I beam

AASHTO

Association of American State Highway and Transportation Officials

Prestressed COncrete The actual development of prestressed concrete maybe accredited to _____ and ____ of France; \_\_\_\_ of Germany and ____ of Belgium

E Freysinet and Y Guyon E Hoyer G Magnel

Prestressed COncrete In 1923, ______ introduced the circular prestressing of cylindrical tank and pipes.

MH Hewitt

Prestressed COncrete in 1950, ____ introduced many types of prestressed concrete structure design in the UNited States.

TY Line

Prestressed COncrete The basic principle in prestressing concrete is to let the ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Steel reinforcemenet counteract tension forces. and concrete to resist compression stresses

Pre Stressed Concrete Under this process, the steel is preheated by means of electric power which is anchored against the opposite end of the concrete beam. The cooling process produces prestress force through strained contraction.

Thermal Pre Stressing

Pre Stressed Concrete Is the use of expanding cement strained by the steel strand or by fixed abutments producing prestressed force.

Volumetric Expansion

The ACI Code on metal reinforcement for Prestressed concrete Wire and strand for tendons in prestressed concrete shall conform to the specifications for uncoated Seven-Wire stress relieved strand for prestressed cocnrete (\_\_\_\_\_) or specifications for Uncoated Stress-Relieved Wire for Prestressed Concrete (\_\_\_\_\_).

ASTM A416 ASTM A421

\_\_\_\_ should be provided when required for end bearing or for distribution of concentrated prestressing forces.

End Blocks

Prestressed COncrete Lateral Reinforcement except for walls All prestress steel should be enclosed by spirals or closed lateral ties at least ____ diamter in size. The spacing of the ties should not exceed __ times the tie diamter or the least dimension of the column.

10mm dia 48 times

Prestressed Concrete Wehre beams or brackets provide encclosure on all sides of the columns, the ties maybe terminated not more than ___ cm below the lowest reinforcement in such beams or brackets.

7cm

Used in post tension, a cable protected by wax and covered by full length plastic sleeve.

Unbonded Tenon

, is a device for measuring force, torque, or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (RPM).

A dynamometer or "dyno" for short

Measuring the Prestressing FOrce:

Measuring Tendon Elongation Measurig Jack Pressure Use a Calibrated Dynamometer

Use of Grout in tiles?

To seal and prevent penetration of moisture to substrate, therefore grout may use as sealer.

Calcium Chloride

with its minimum amount, it can help to hasten the curing of concrete.

Grout for Bonded Tendons The proportioning of grouting materials shall be based on the result of the tests on fresh and hardened grout prior to beginning work. The water content shall be minimum necessary for proper placement but in no case be more than ____ the content of cement by weight/

50%

Grout for Bonded Tendons The temperature of members at the time of grouting must be above ___ and shall be maintained at this temperature for at least __ hours.

32dC 48 hours

Grout for Bonded Tendons Ducts for grouted or unbonded tendons shall be mortar tight and non reactive with concrete, tendons or filler materials. To facilitate grout injection, the inside diameter of the ducts shall be at least ___ mm larger than the diameter of the post tensioning tendon or large enough to produce an internal area at least ___ the gross area of the prestressing steel.

7mm twice

Common Shapes of Prestressed Structures \_\_\_ is considered the most widely used section for prestressed construction with a flat surface having a width that ranges from 120 to 240 cm wide.

Double Tee

Common Shapes of Prestressed Structures

Double Tee Single Tee I section Channel Slab Inverted Tee Section

Common Shapes of Prestressed Structures \_\_ provides a bearing ledge to carry precast deck members having a perpendicular direction of the span.

Inverted Tee Section

Coupler in prestressed tendons

A fitting to connect ducts and where grount vent is located

Early Failure of Prestressed Concrete Prestressing of concrete could be effective when \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

very high strength steel is used.

Experiments showed that high strength steel has only about \_\_\_\_% stress loss as compared to 100% loss in a beam using ordinary steel.

15%

Prestressing stel isusually in the form of individual wire strand cable made up of _____ and alloy steel Bars.

Seven Wires

Steel is __ times stronger than concrete in carrying compression load and ___ times stronger in resistng tensile stresses.

10x 100x

A large number of steel bars is _____ in minimizing crack width than afew number of larger bars having the same total cross sectional area. Likewise, __ are minimized through the use of deformed bars.

more effective cracks

No. 2 Bar is

1/4"dia bar

ASTM Philippine Standard (tensile strength in psi) Grade 60 Intermediate Grade 40 Structural Grade

90000 psi 70000 psi 55000psi

Steel Bars identification N for A for R for

Billet Axis Rail

Metal and Bending Specification Deformed Billet - Steel bars for concrete reinforcement shall be in accordance with the provsion of ASTM \_\_\_\_.

A615

ASTM A615

Deformed Billet

A616

Rail Steel Deformed Bars

A617

Axis Deformed Bars

A614

Bars and Rod

A82

Plain Wire

A185

Welden Plain Wire Fabric

Bar Spacing The minimum clear distances between the adjacent steel bars shall not be less than the normal diameter of the bars or 25mm for columns. This requirement was increased to \_\_\_\_\_\_

1 1/2 bar diameter or 4 cm

Bar Spacing Where beam reinforcement are placed in two or more layers, the clear distance between layers must be not less than ____ and the bars in the upper layer should be placed directly above those in the bottom.

25mm or 1inc

Bar Spacing In walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, the principal reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart then \_\_\_\_\_

three times the wall or slab thickness not more than 45cm

Bar Spacing The clear distance between pre -tensioning steel at each end of the member shall not be less than __ times the diameter of individual nor __ times the diameter of the strands.

4 3

Bar Spacing The clear spacing between spirals shall not eceed __ or less than -\_cm.

7.5cm 2,5cnm

In splicing metal reinforcement under compression load, the Code further specified that "the compressive splice shall not be less than __ cm.

30cm

ACI Code on bar cutting and bending points states Every bar shall be continued to at least a distance to the effective depth of the beam or _____ whichever is larger.

12 bar diamter

ACI Code on bar cutting and bending points states At least ___ of the positive moment of steel (bottom bars) shall be continued uninterrupted along the same face of the beam to a distance of at least __ cm into the support.

1/3 15cm

ACI Code on bar cutting and bending points states At least 1/3 of the negative moment (top reinforcing bars) shall be extended beyond the extreme position not less than 1/16 of the clear beam whichever is greater.

is the product of rolled mill used as structural members represented by the shapes of their cross sections.

Sections or Shapes

Steel Sections refers to those commonly used with higher demand

Regular Section

Steel Sections Are those frequently used and rolled only upon demand or special arrangement.

Special Sections

Steel Sections Are available in various sizes specified under ASTM A and or ASTM A36 for building and bridges.

Plate and Bars

The channel section is identified as C15 x 20 which means

C as channel 15 = depth 15" 20 = weight in lbs per foot

Betlehem Steel Company

Wide flange section is more efficient that the standard I-beam with respect to \_\_\_\_\_

bending resistance

\_\_\_ piles is suitable for pile driving on dep exacation, but it is much more suitable than I-beam for columns.

H-Bearing Piels

The ____ is another structural steel in a form of ltter Z. It is not commonly used in buildign construction except in the fabrication of stel windows and other frames.

Zee Section

ASTM A7

for steel bridges and buildings

ASTM A373

Structural steel for welding

ASTM A36

Structural steel

ASTM 440

High Strength Structural steel

is the line parallel with the length of a member wherein the rivets are placed or the normal distance between the gage line and the edge of a member.

Gauge line

Pitch of the rivets is from ___ distance between adjacent rivets, wheteher they fall on the same or differet lines.

center to center

The minimum pitch between the center of rivet holes shall not be less than __ cm for a 25mm rivets and pitch should not be less than ___ times the diameter of the rivets.

9cm 3 times

Edge Distance of Rivets The maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the neares tedge should be ___ times the thickness of the plate but shall not exceed 15cm.

12 times

Truss members are usually built up of two angles provided with gusset plate and separate the two angles. These angles act as one unit by the use of rivets connecting the members placed at intervavls between the ends of teh members.

Stitch Rivets

\_\_are called threaded fasteners

Botls

High Strength Bolts High strength bolts are made of _____ steel used for years in building construction.

ASTM A325

High Strength Bolts

\_\_\_\_ Connection - when high strength bolts are used, tensile stresses are set up in the shank of the bolts. The frictions between the connecting plates resist the tension and compression load.

Friction Type Connection

\_\_\_\_ Connection - Where theends of the plates are in bearing against rivets, the shank of the rivets resist the shear.

Bearing Type Connection

Connection of Structural Members The Column base plate spreads the column load over the foundation in various sizes where the length is in meter and the thickness is by increment of \_\_\_\_

12mm

Column Splices in Steel, is normally designed at ___ or more above the floor level.

60cm

Connection of Structural Members Column Splices The splice plate however does not resist ___ laod but only serves to hold the column sections in the right position.

Compression

Connection of Structural Members Column Splicing Where the upper column is smaller in the width than the suporting column, ___ are used. If the different in width is so big, a ____ is used instead.

filler plates horizontal plate.

Connection of Structural Members \_\_\_\_ plate is provided for any beam or girder that rest on masonry wall or pier in order to provide an angle bearing area and to attain a uniform distribution of the beam load.

Bear Bearing Plate

Connection of Structural Members \_\_\_ connections are used without stiffeners for beam with smaller reactions.

Seated Connections

Connection of Structural Members Beam to Girder Connection - Beam is connected to the girder by using ____ attached to the web of the beam fastened either by ribets bolts or weld.

Beam to Girder Connection

A ___ is a beam made of steel paltes and angles either ribeted or welded together forming an I-section.

Plate Girder

Plate Girder When the web of I section consist of two separated steel plates, it is called \_\_\_\_\_

Box girder

Plate Girder The axial vertical palte is called the \_\_\_

Web Plate

Principles behind a built up plate are: Web Plate resist ___ stresses The flange made up angles cover plates and 1/6 of the web area resist \_\_\_\_\_\_ The stiffness prevent ___ of the web plates.

shearing tension and compression buckling

Web Plates and Intermediate Stiffeners A minimum thickness of web plate is ___ mm for interior and ___ mm for exterior locations.

10mm 6mm

\_\_\_\_ Joist is considered lightweigh structure to support floor and panel between main support.

Open Web Steel Joist

is a beam placed on top of the rafters or top chord that extends from truss to truss which carry and transfer the roof load to the truss at the panel points.

Purlin

\_\_\_ is that portion of the roof supported by each purlin.

Roof Panel

Refers to a steel bar usually 16mm or 20mm diameter rodattached at the center or end points of the span of the purlins.

Sag Rod

Weld Connections The weld that is commonly used in buildng construction is the ___ weld.

Fillet Weld

The ___ mm fillet weld is considered the minimum size and the __ mm weld is the most economical that could be made by one pass of te lectrode.

5mm 8mm

\_\_\_ welding is the most acceptable and preferred connection for structural steel members.

Arc Welding

\_\_\_ is the term used to indicate the depth from the original surface of the base metal to the point at which fusion ceases.

Penetration

is the term used when the structural members are welded in a shop and delivered to the construction site.

Shop Weld

In connecting two overlapping plates by means of weld, holes are made in one of the two plates then plugged and finally, slot welds are made at the entire area of the hold or slot.

Plug and Slot weld

Plain sheet has a standard width of \_\_\_\_\_

90 x 240cm

The thickness of GI sheet is measured in terms of gauge ranging from __ to \_\_\_. The higher the number, the thinner is the sheet.

no 24 to no 30

GI Sheet Slide Lapping. Side lapping corrugations:

1 1/2 corrugation

Location of Roof Nails or Rivets

Every other corrugation

Roof Gutter - is ordinarily made of galvanized plain sheet gauge no \_\_\_. Gutter is either concealed or exposed type in various forms and designs..

No. 24

\_\_\_ roof is made of plain sheets laid on a tongue and groove well seasoned board overlapped pointed to each other.

Batten Roof

The resisting capability of teh form depends upon the manner how it is supported by a framework called \_\_\_\_

staging or scaffolding

\_\_\_\_ unit form is considered economical as far as the material is concrete. The same form is being used on different sections that involve labor. The disadvantage is the delay and labor cost.

The Layer Unit Form

\_\_\_\_ unit form has a disadvantage of cost by buying the entire materials for the full unit of the work. ON the other hand, it has the advantage of one labor assembling cost, one setting of mixing and pouring and the shortest time involved.

Full unit form

is more substantial framework progressively built up as tall building rise up.

Staging

Staging One tragic incident that happened was the construction of the ____ in Manila where several lives including the supervising Engineer were buried in cement and rubbles when the forms and scaffolding swayed and ram down in total collapse.

Film Palace in Metro Manial

Manila Film Center The structure was designed by **architect Froilan Hong** where its edifice is supported on more than nine hundred piles which reaches to the bed-rock about 120 feet below. The Manila Film Center served as the main theater for the First Manila InternationalFilm Festival (MIFF) January 18–29, 1982.

In making scaffolding, all horizontal members must be carefully selected from wood of ___ grain, free from shakes or know and decay.

Straight Grain

ACI Code on Conduits and Pipes embedment Conduits and other pipes to be incorporated in the concrete tructure shall not with their fittings displace more than ___ of the area of the cross section of a column on which stress is calculated or which it is requried for the fire protection.

ACI Code on Conduits and PIpes Embedment Such sleeves, conduit, or pipes may be consideered as replacing structurally in compression the dispalced concrete, provided that they are not exposed to rusting or other deterioration are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard schedule\_\_\_\_ steel pipe having a nominal inside diamter not over ___ centimeters and are lesss then thee diameter on center.

Schedule 40 5 cm

EMbedment pipes or conduits other than those merely passing throug shall not be larger in outside dimension than __ the thickness of slab, wall or beam in which they are embedded. nor shall they be spaced closer than __ diamters or widths on center nor so located as to impair significantly the strength of the construction.

1/3 three

\_\_\_ pipes or conduits shall not be embedded in sutructural concrete unless effectively coated.

Aluminum Pipes

Pipes containing liquid gas or vapor may be embedded in structural concrete under the following conditions: The temperature of the liquid, gas or vapor that will pas the pipe shall not exceed \_\_\_

132dC

Pipes containing liquid gas or vapor may be embedded in structural concrete under the following conditions: The maximum pressure of any piping or fittings shall be ___ above atmospheric pressure.

1380 kPa

Pipes containing liquid gas or vapor may be embedded in structural concrete under the following conditions: The concrete covering of the pipes and fittings shall not be less than ___ for concrete surface exposed to weather or in contact with the ground, or ___ for concrete surface not exposed directly with the ground water.

38mm 20mm

Pipe embedment in concrete The piping and fitting connections shall be assembled by means of welding, bracing, solder sweating, or other equally satisfactory method. ___ connections should not be allowed.

Screwed

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ isa synergy of five companies under its aegis – Philippine Steel Coating Corporation, Philmetal Products Incorporated, Steelframe Philippines Incorporated, Philsteel Ventures Incorporated, and Steel Corporation of the Philippines. In essence, it is the force that galvanizes the five companies together. Orchestrating and planning every move. As well as defining the different yet vital role each company plays in the organization. Allowing a coherent, concerted effort by the five companies to work together towards achieving a common goal – to help raise the Filipino’s quality of life by helping raise the quality of Philippine steel products to world-class standards.

Philsteel Holdings

Go on! Kaya mo yan!