the analyzers Flashcards
the peripheral segment of the skin/cutaneous analyzer are
fine tactile, protopathic tactile, thermic and pain receptors
the fine tactile receptors of the skin are
corpuscles, Meissner and Merkel receptors (mechanical receptors)
the protopathic tactile receptors of the skin are
corpuscles, Golgi, Ruffini, Pacini (mechanical) and situated in the hypodermis
the thermic receptors of the skin are
corpuscles, Krause, Ruffini and free nervous terminations and situated in the dermis
the pain receptors of the skin are
free nervous terminations (algetic receptors) situated in the epidermis
the conductivity segements of the cutaneous analyzer
via the posterior (dorsal) column-medial lemniscus with thalamic-cortical path – at the medulla oblongata they are joined by the sensitive fibers of the trigeminal (CN V)
the central segment of the cutaneous analyzer is located
in the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe (somesthetic areas 3,1 and 2)
the peripheral segment of the kinesthetic analyzers (“proprioception”) is
formed by proprioceptors located in the muscles, tendons, aponeuroses…
3 forms of proprioceptors
Golgi tendinous organs (tension), pacinian corpuscles (pressure) and neuromuscular spindles
describe the neuromuscular spindle in detail
form groups of 2-10 intra-spindle fibers situated between the ordinary muscle fiber and parallel to those (may be attached to the tendons) - the motor innervation is represented by nervous fibers originating from the medullar motor neurons
conductivity segment of the kinesthetic analyzer
- the unconscious sensitive serve the reflex activity of the muscles tonic contraction (spinal cord functions)
- the conscious sensitivity is represtended by the cerebellar-cortical afferents (spinobulbar fasciculi)
the central segment of the kinesthetic analyzer
cortical sensitive motor areas delimitated by the central sulcus
the peripheral segment of the olfactory analyzer
formed by olfactory epithelium with receptor cells (sensitive bipolar neurons)
the conductivity segment of the olfactory analyzer
over the olfactory nerves with route up to the olfactory bulbs, they cross the cribriform plate of the ethmoid,
they snaps with the mitral cells – they split: contralateral bulb or the other olfactory pathway without the diencephalic relay
the central segment of the olfactory analyzer
olfactory paleo cortex (primary projection area of the olfactory afferents)
the peripheral segment of the gustatory analyzer
gustatory buds on the lingual mucosa (circumvallated papillae at the back, fungiform papillae at the top and the foliated papillae on the posterior edges)
the conductivity segment of the gustatory analzyer
sensitive branches of the CN VII, IX and X.
VII: first 2/3 of the tongue
IX: posterior third
X: rest until the epiglottis –> in the solitary nucleus of the medulla they are converging
the central segment of the gustatory analyzer
gustatory area at the basis of the ascending (post-central) parietal gyrus
the peripheral segment of the visual analyzer
the receptor is represented by the retina consisting of ten cellular layers with the photosensitive cells cones (fovea centralis; colors; iodposin) and Rods (periphery; weak light; Rhodopsin)
the conductivity segment of the visual analyzer
form the bipolar cells of the retina to the multipolar cells which form the optic nerves - cross in the optic chiasma –> optic tracts to the lateral metathalamic geniculate bodies (III, IV, VI CN detach from the geniculate bodies)
the central segment of the visual analyzer
occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres of the calcimine sulcus (primary optic area)
adjustment to the intensity of the light via the pupillary reaction (describe it)
- the parasympathetic innervates the circular muscles of the iris -> contraction of the pupil (myosis)
- the sympathetic innervates the radial muscles of the iris -> dilation of the pupil (mydriasis)
adjustment to the intensity of the light via the photochemical adjustment (describe it)
- light-> photosensitive pigments decrease in quantity (excitability threshold is growing)
- dark -> increase in quantity (e.t. goes lower)
the accommodation of the eye
- ciliary circular muscle is loosened, the suspensor ligament is tensed (radial muscles) -> crystalline flattened = distance vision (via sympatheticus)
- ciliary circular muscle contraction, suspensor ligament relaxes -> crytalline bombing out = close vision (parasympathetic)
the peripheral segment of the acoustic analyzer
in cochlear duct the organ of Corti (ciliated sensorial cells connected with neurons from the spiral ganglion of Corti)
the conductivity segment of the acoustic analyzer
first neuron in the spiral organ of corti -> cochlear branch of the CN VIII -> cochlear nuclei of the medulla -> two ascending fascicule of the lateral lemnisci -> middle geniculate bodies of the metathalamus
central segment of the acoustic analyzer
superior temporal gyrus
the peripheral segment of the vestibular analyzer
3 ampullary crests (=dynamic balance) and maculae (utricle and saccule; =static balance)
the conductivity segment of the vestibular analyzer
Protoneurons in Scarpas ganglions -> vestibular branch of vestibulochlear nerve (VIII) -> medulla oblongata -> main fasciculus -> thalamus
the central segment of the vestibular analyzer
superior temporal gyrus ot ascending parietal gyrus (not well defined)
layers of the epidermis
stratified keratinized epithelial tissue; out of basal, polyhedral, granular and corneous membrane (with melanocytes); no vascularization!!
describe the derma
thick connective tissue; out of the papillary layer (with dermic papillae) and chorion (collagen, reticulin and elastic fibers)
describe the hypodermis
lax connective tissue; adipocytes in lobules; it stores triglyceride; with vascularization
layers of the eyeball
fibrous tunica (sclera), vascular tunica (choroid) and nervous tunica (retina)
Describe the sclera (fibrous tunica
connective formation, the eyeball extrinsic musculature inserts on it; presents anterior the cornea and posterior crossed by the optical nerve
describe the choroid (vascular tunica)
richly pigmented and vascularized; does not adhere to the retina; formed of the choroid: ciliary body, iris and intrinsic musculature
the epidermis is
stratified keratinized epithelial tissue
1. stratum basale 2. spinosum 3. granular and 4. corneous
melanocytes in the basal layer
the derma is
thick connective tissue
papillary and deep layer (collagen, reticulin and elastic fibers)
the hypodermic is
lax connective tissue
groups of adipocytes organized in lobules
stores triglyceride
Reflexes of the proprioception
articular mechanism (angles of the joints) and tendinous mechanism (tension of the muscle)
vascular tunica (choroid) of the eye
is Pigmentes and vascularized
forms the ciliary body and the iris and the smooth muscles with circular and radial fibers
myopia is
near-sightedness
longer axis
produces an clear image in front of the retina
hypermetropia
wide-sightedness
shorter acxis
image behind the retina
presbyopia
reduction of crystalline elasticity and of contractibility of the ciliary muscles
astigmatism
flaws of the cornea area or the crystalline
corrected with cylindrical lenses
the bony labyrinth of the inner ear compromises the
osseous vestibule, osseous semicircular canal and the osseous cochlea
the outer ear is formed by the
pinna, fibrocartilaginous formation and the external hearing duct
