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admission exam > the analyzers > Flashcards

the analyzers Flashcards

1
Q

the peripheral segment of the skin/cutaneous analyzer are

A

fine tactile, protopathic tactile, thermic and pain receptors

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2
Q

the fine tactile receptors of the skin are

A

corpuscles, Meissner and Merkel receptors (mechanical receptors)

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3
Q

the protopathic tactile receptors of the skin are

A

corpuscles, Golgi, Ruffini, Pacini (mechanical) and situated in the hypodermis

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4
Q

the thermic receptors of the skin are

A

corpuscles, Krause, Ruffini and free nervous terminations and situated in the dermis

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5
Q

the pain receptors of the skin are

A

free nervous terminations (algetic receptors) situated in the epidermis

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6
Q

the conductivity segements of the cutaneous analyzer

A

via the posterior (dorsal) column-medial lemniscus with thalamic-cortical path – at the medulla oblongata they are joined by the sensitive fibers of the trigeminal (CN V)

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7
Q

the central segment of the cutaneous analyzer is located

A

in the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe (somesthetic areas 3,1 and 2)

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8
Q

the peripheral segment of the kinesthetic analyzers (“proprioception”) is

A

formed by proprioceptors located in the muscles, tendons, aponeuroses…

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9
Q

3 forms of proprioceptors

A

Golgi tendinous organs (tension), pacinian corpuscles (pressure) and neuromuscular spindles

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10
Q

describe the neuromuscular spindle in detail

A

form groups of 2-10 intra-spindle fibers situated between the ordinary muscle fiber and parallel to those (may be attached to the tendons) - the motor innervation is represented by nervous fibers originating from the medullar motor neurons

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11
Q

conductivity segment of the kinesthetic analyzer

A
  • the unconscious sensitive serve the reflex activity of the muscles tonic contraction (spinal cord functions)
  • the conscious sensitivity is represtended by the cerebellar-cortical afferents (spinobulbar fasciculi)
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12
Q

the central segment of the kinesthetic analyzer

A

cortical sensitive motor areas delimitated by the central sulcus

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13
Q

the peripheral segment of the olfactory analyzer

A

formed by olfactory epithelium with receptor cells (sensitive bipolar neurons)

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14
Q

the conductivity segment of the olfactory analyzer

A

over the olfactory nerves with route up to the olfactory bulbs, they cross the cribriform plate of the ethmoid,
they snaps with the mitral cells – they split: contralateral bulb or the other olfactory pathway without the diencephalic relay

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15
Q

the central segment of the olfactory analyzer

A

olfactory paleo cortex (primary projection area of the olfactory afferents)

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16
Q

the peripheral segment of the gustatory analyzer

A

gustatory buds on the lingual mucosa (circumvallated papillae at the back, fungiform papillae at the top and the foliated papillae on the posterior edges)

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17
Q

the conductivity segment of the gustatory analzyer

A

sensitive branches of the CN VII, IX and X.
VII: first 2/3 of the tongue
IX: posterior third
X: rest until the epiglottis –> in the solitary nucleus of the medulla they are converging

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18
Q

the central segment of the gustatory analyzer

A

gustatory area at the basis of the ascending (post-central) parietal gyrus

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19
Q

the peripheral segment of the visual analyzer

A

the receptor is represented by the retina consisting of ten cellular layers with the photosensitive cells cones (fovea centralis; colors; iodposin) and Rods (periphery; weak light; Rhodopsin)

20
Q

the conductivity segment of the visual analyzer

A

form the bipolar cells of the retina to the multipolar cells which form the optic nerves - cross in the optic chiasma –> optic tracts to the lateral metathalamic geniculate bodies (III, IV, VI CN detach from the geniculate bodies)

21
Q

the central segment of the visual analyzer

A

occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres of the calcimine sulcus (primary optic area)

22
Q

adjustment to the intensity of the light via the pupillary reaction (describe it)

A
  • the parasympathetic innervates the circular muscles of the iris -> contraction of the pupil (myosis)
  • the sympathetic innervates the radial muscles of the iris -> dilation of the pupil (mydriasis)
23
Q

adjustment to the intensity of the light via the photochemical adjustment (describe it)

A
  • light-> photosensitive pigments decrease in quantity (excitability threshold is growing)
  • dark -> increase in quantity (e.t. goes lower)
24
Q

the accommodation of the eye

A
  • ciliary circular muscle is loosened, the suspensor ligament is tensed (radial muscles) -> crystalline flattened = distance vision (via sympatheticus)
  • ciliary circular muscle contraction, suspensor ligament relaxes -> crytalline bombing out = close vision (parasympathetic)
25
Q

the peripheral segment of the acoustic analyzer

A

in cochlear duct the organ of Corti (ciliated sensorial cells connected with neurons from the spiral ganglion of Corti)

26
Q

the conductivity segment of the acoustic analyzer

A

first neuron in the spiral organ of corti -> cochlear branch of the CN VIII -> cochlear nuclei of the medulla -> two ascending fascicule of the lateral lemnisci -> middle geniculate bodies of the metathalamus

27
Q

central segment of the acoustic analyzer

A

superior temporal gyrus

28
Q

the peripheral segment of the vestibular analyzer

A

3 ampullary crests (=dynamic balance) and maculae (utricle and saccule; =static balance)

29
Q

the conductivity segment of the vestibular analyzer

A

Protoneurons in Scarpas ganglions -> vestibular branch of vestibulochlear nerve (VIII) -> medulla oblongata -> main fasciculus -> thalamus

30
Q

the central segment of the vestibular analyzer

A

superior temporal gyrus ot ascending parietal gyrus (not well defined)

31
Q

layers of the epidermis

A

stratified keratinized epithelial tissue; out of basal, polyhedral, granular and corneous membrane (with melanocytes); no vascularization!!

32
Q

describe the derma

A

thick connective tissue; out of the papillary layer (with dermic papillae) and chorion (collagen, reticulin and elastic fibers)

33
Q

describe the hypodermis

A

lax connective tissue; adipocytes in lobules; it stores triglyceride; with vascularization

34
Q

layers of the eyeball

A

fibrous tunica (sclera), vascular tunica (choroid) and nervous tunica (retina)

35
Q

Describe the sclera (fibrous tunica

A

connective formation, the eyeball extrinsic musculature inserts on it; presents anterior the cornea and posterior crossed by the optical nerve

36
Q

describe the choroid (vascular tunica)

A

richly pigmented and vascularized; does not adhere to the retina; formed of the choroid: ciliary body, iris and intrinsic musculature

37
Q

the epidermis is

A

stratified keratinized epithelial tissue
1. stratum basale 2. spinosum 3. granular and 4. corneous
melanocytes in the basal layer

38
Q

the derma is

A

thick connective tissue

papillary and deep layer (collagen, reticulin and elastic fibers)

39
Q

the hypodermic is

A

lax connective tissue
groups of adipocytes organized in lobules
stores triglyceride

40
Q

Reflexes of the proprioception

A

articular mechanism (angles of the joints) and tendinous mechanism (tension of the muscle)

41
Q

vascular tunica (choroid) of the eye

A

is Pigmentes and vascularized

forms the ciliary body and the iris and the smooth muscles with circular and radial fibers

42
Q

myopia is

A

near-sightedness
longer axis
produces an clear image in front of the retina

43
Q

hypermetropia

A

wide-sightedness
shorter acxis
image behind the retina

44
Q

presbyopia

A

reduction of crystalline elasticity and of contractibility of the ciliary muscles

45
Q

astigmatism

A

flaws of the cornea area or the crystalline

corrected with cylindrical lenses

46
Q

the bony labyrinth of the inner ear compromises the

A

osseous vestibule, osseous semicircular canal and the osseous cochlea

47
Q

the outer ear is formed by the

A

pinna, fibrocartilaginous formation and the external hearing duct

admission exam (16 decks)

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