digestive system

Question 1

proteolytic enzymes from the gastric juice

Answer 1

pepsin, lab ferment, gelatinase

Question 2

proteolytic enzymes from the pancreatic juice

Answer 2

trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, elastase

Question 3

the feces contains

Answer 3

rests resulted from digestion, vegetal cellulose fibers, desquamated cells from the mucosa, germs (non/pathogenic)

Question 4

tissue/mucosa at the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus (upper 1/3)

Answer 4

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

tissue/mucosa at the middle and lower 1/3 of the digestive tube

Answer 5

uni-stratified columnar epithelium

Question 6

connective tissue/submucosa in the entire digestive tube

Answer 6

loose connective tissue with blood vessels and vegetative nervous fibers

Question 7

muscular at the upper 1/3 of the digestive tube

Answer 7

striate muscular tissue

Question 8

muscular at the lower 1/3 of the digestive tube

Answer 8

smooth muscular tissue with two layers: internal (with circular fibers) and external (with longitudinal fibers)

Question 9

muscular at the stomach

Answer 9

3 layers: outer longitudinal, middle circular and inner oblique fibers

Question 10

muscular at the colon

Answer 10

external layer concentrates in 2-3 bands (teniae)

Question 11

muscular at the sphincters

Answer 11

circular fibers

Question 12

Adventitia at the pharynx, esophagus and terminal portion of the rectum

Answer 12

loose connective tissue

Question 13

Adventitia at the middle and lower third of the digestive tube (except the terminal portion of the rectum)

Answer 13

thick connective tissue

Question 14

sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach

Answer 14

cardia sphincter

Question 15

sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum

Answer 15

pyloric sphincter

Question 16

3 parts of the stomach

Answer 16

Fundus, body, antrum (and pyloric canal)

Question 17

parts of the small bowel

Answer 17

duodenum and free intestine (jejunum and ileum)

Question 18

parts of the large intestine

Answer 18

cecum (with appendix; right side),
ascending, transverse and descending + sigmoid colon)
rectum with anal orifice

Question 19

sphincter of the anal orifice

Answer 19

1. internal sphincter (smooth, vegetative controlled)

2. external sphincter (striated, voluntary controlled)

Question 20

protein metabolic function of the liver

Answer 20

synthesis of plasmatic proteins (albumin..) and amino acid

Question 21

carbohydrates metabolism of the liver

Answer 21

keeping constant the glycaemia by glycogen genesis (Aufbau) and gluconeogenesis (Abbau), Speicherung als Glykogen

Question 22

lipids metabolism of the liver

Answer 22

synthesis of the phospholipids and cholesterol, ketogenesis

Question 23

Otter functions of the liver

Answer 23

bile secretion, stores vitamines (A,D;B12,K) and iron (required for the synthesis of hemoglobin), hematopoietic function in the fetal period, regulating the acid-basal balance, ammonia into urea…

Question 24

antiseptic role present in the digestive system

Answer 24

salvia and HCL in the gastric juice,

Question 25

where takes the protein absorption place

Answer 25

at first part of small bowel through active and selective mechanisms at the internal pole and passive mechanism from their external pole to the blood

Question 26

where takes the carbohydrate absorption place

Answer 26

at the jejunum through passive mech and active ones (glucose requires energy with transporter)

Question 27

how functions the lipid absorption

Answer 27

pinocytosis, diffusion (glycerol!) and by complexes of hydro soluble mycelia (for insoluble fatty acids and cholesterol) with biliary salts (-> liposoluble vitamins also form complexes with the biliary salts!!)

Question 28

putrefaction in the transverse and sigmoid colon

Answer 28

decarboxylation and deamination of undigested protein compounds by the action of anaerobic bacterial flora - results ammoniac - to the liver -> neutralized as urea

Question 29

fecal matter consist of

Answer 29

90% food debris and 10% mucus, desquamous epithelia, leucocytes, bacteria

Question 30

cortical center of deglution

Answer 30

medullar centers of deglutition (remember: medullar respiratory centers nearby)

Question 31

nervous centers of salivary secretion

Answer 31

parasympathetic centers in the medulla oblongata and in the pons

Question 32

nervous centers of gastric secretion

Answer 32

medullar secretory center | transmitted via the vagal nerve

Question 33

humoral regulation of the gastric secretion

Answer 33

gastrin stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCL) | negative feedback

Question 34

humoral stimulation of the intestinal secretion

Answer 34

main Stimulating hormone is enterocrinin

Question 35

biliary lithiasis

Answer 35

defies the formation of calculi at the level of the gall bladder is more frequent in women, obese persons and persons with unbalanced diets is caused by a sedentary way of life, not following a meal schedule and endocrine factors

Question 36

enterocolitis

Answer 36

inflammation of the small bowel and large intestine mucosa | cause is infectious (bacterial or rarer viral)

Question 37

in the liver the amino acids

Answer 37

are decarboxylazed | are oxidative deaminated

Question 38

causes of constipation

Answer 38

pregnancy sedentary way of life inadequate ingestion of liquids old age