skeletal muscles Flashcards
the bones are formed by 2 different processes
membrane or cartilage ossifaction
describe the membrane ossification
in connective membrane; formation of the cranial vault bones, face and clavicle body;
- protein stage: transformation in osteoblasts; secrete collagen and ossein; pre-osseus substance
- mineral stage: impregnation with salts of Ca and P -> transformation into osseous substance; turn into osteocytes
- the reshuffling stage: osteoclasts - desdruction and shaping
describe the cartilage ossification
formation of limbs bones and of the basis of the cranium;
- the destruction: multiplying the cartilaginous cells and destroy themselves and leave empty spaces- filled with connective tissue
- the ossification stage: turn into osteoblasts; secrete ossein; become osteocytes
- the reshuffling stage: formation of the secondary bone
the growth in length of the bones
growth cartilages between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of the long bones; chondral genesis and osteogenesis
the growth in thickness of the bones
activity of the internal layer of the periosteum (membrane officiation)
osseus repair
growth cartilages and periosteum stop their activity - fracture -> periosteum reactivates; forming callus
the Skeleton of the head consists of
neurocranium and visceral cranium
the neurocranium is made of
temporal (2) and parietal (2) and uneven bones (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital
the visceral cranium is made of
maxillary, jaw, zygomatic, nasal and lacrimal bones
the Skeleton of the trunk compromises
backbone, ribs and sternum
backbone made of
cervical region: 7 vertebrae thoracic region: 12 lumbar region: 5 sacral region: 5 coccyx: 4-5
the ribs are made of
12 pairs: real ones (1-7), false ribs (8,9,10) and floating ribs (11,12)
the sternum is made of
manubrium, body and xiohoid process
the skeleton of the upper limbs compromises
scapular girdle and free limb
the scapular girdle is formed of
scapula and clavicle
free limb compromises
humerus, radius and ulna, the carpal bones, the metacarpal bones and the phalanges
the Skelton of the lower limbs compromises
pelvic region and free limb
pelvic region formed by
coccygeal bones (ileum, ischium, pubis), sacrum and coccyx
free limb compromising
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal and phalanges
Contraction of the muscles
Ca release of the sarcoplasmatic reticule favors the formation of the actomyosin, the aerobic oxidation in the Krebs cycle splits of the ATP (ATP=ADP+P+energy); myosin heads bind on actin and causes the contraction; reparation and reintroduction with consume of the Ca
types of muscular contraction
the isometric cont: length remains constant but tension changes; produces heat (postural)
the isotonic cont: tension stays constant, but length varies; achieves work (skeletal muscles)
the auxotonic cont: length and tension varies
describe the Fix joints
or synarthrosis;
do not allow movement
united by connective fibrous/cartilaginous
z.B. bones of the cranial activity
do not have a articular cavity
divided in amphidiar-throsis and arthrodia
describe the mobile joints
or diarthrosis;
movements of flexion, extension, abdurction or rotation
bones do not enter in contact directly
bones heads present hyaline articular cartilages (articular cavity: synovial liquid)
describe the semi-mobile joints
or amphidiar-throsis;
allow for reduced mobility
articular surfaces being almost flat
