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admission exam > skeletal muscles > Flashcards

skeletal muscles Flashcards

1
Q

the bones are formed by 2 different processes

A

membrane or cartilage ossifaction

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2
Q

describe the membrane ossification

A

in connective membrane; formation of the cranial vault bones, face and clavicle body;

  • protein stage: transformation in osteoblasts; secrete collagen and ossein; pre-osseus substance
  • mineral stage: impregnation with salts of Ca and P -> transformation into osseous substance; turn into osteocytes
  • the reshuffling stage: osteoclasts - desdruction and shaping
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3
Q

describe the cartilage ossification

A

formation of limbs bones and of the basis of the cranium;

  • the destruction: multiplying the cartilaginous cells and destroy themselves and leave empty spaces- filled with connective tissue
  • the ossification stage: turn into osteoblasts; secrete ossein; become osteocytes
  • the reshuffling stage: formation of the secondary bone
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4
Q

the growth in length of the bones

A

growth cartilages between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of the long bones; chondral genesis and osteogenesis

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5
Q

the growth in thickness of the bones

A

activity of the internal layer of the periosteum (membrane officiation)

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6
Q

osseus repair

A

growth cartilages and periosteum stop their activity - fracture -> periosteum reactivates; forming callus

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7
Q

the Skeleton of the head consists of

A

neurocranium and visceral cranium

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8
Q

the neurocranium is made of

A

temporal (2) and parietal (2) and uneven bones (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital

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9
Q

the visceral cranium is made of

A

maxillary, jaw, zygomatic, nasal and lacrimal bones

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10
Q

the Skeleton of the trunk compromises

A

backbone, ribs and sternum

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11
Q

backbone made of

A 
cervical region: 7 vertebrae
thoracic region: 12 
lumbar region: 5
sacral region: 5
coccyx: 4-5
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12
Q

the ribs are made of

A

12 pairs: real ones (1-7), false ribs (8,9,10) and floating ribs (11,12)

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13
Q

the sternum is made of

A

manubrium, body and xiohoid process

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14
Q

the skeleton of the upper limbs compromises

A

scapular girdle and free limb

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15
Q

the scapular girdle is formed of

A

scapula and clavicle

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16
Q

free limb compromises

A

humerus, radius and ulna, the carpal bones, the metacarpal bones and the phalanges

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17
Q

the Skelton of the lower limbs compromises

A

pelvic region and free limb

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18
Q

pelvic region formed by

A

coccygeal bones (ileum, ischium, pubis), sacrum and coccyx

19
Q

free limb compromising

A

femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal, metatarsal and phalanges

20
Q

Contraction of the muscles

A

Ca release of the sarcoplasmatic reticule favors the formation of the actomyosin, the aerobic oxidation in the Krebs cycle splits of the ATP (ATP=ADP+P+energy); myosin heads bind on actin and causes the contraction; reparation and reintroduction with consume of the Ca

21
Q

types of muscular contraction

A

the isometric cont: length remains constant but tension changes; produces heat (postural)
the isotonic cont: tension stays constant, but length varies; achieves work (skeletal muscles)
the auxotonic cont: length and tension varies

22
Q

describe the Fix joints

A

or synarthrosis;
do not allow movement
united by connective fibrous/cartilaginous
z.B. bones of the cranial activity
do not have a articular cavity
divided in amphidiar-throsis and arthrodia

23
Q

describe the mobile joints

A

or diarthrosis;
movements of flexion, extension, abdurction or rotation
bones do not enter in contact directly
bones heads present hyaline articular cartilages (articular cavity: synovial liquid)

24
Q

describe the semi-mobile joints

A

or amphidiar-throsis;
allow for reduced mobility
articular surfaces being almost flat

25
Q

motor innervation of the muscles

A

motor neurons fibers from the anterior medullar columns reach the muscle fibers (the motor nervous fiber and the innervated muscle present a miter unit)

26
Q

properties of the muscles

A

elasticity, plasticity, excitability and contractilty

27
Q

action of the flexor muscles

A

reduce the angle of a joint

28
Q

action of the extensor muscles

A

increase the joint angle by bringing the segments in normal anatomic position

29
Q

action of the supinator muscles

A

rotate the hand to front

30
Q

action of the pronator muscles

A

rotate the hand to backwards

31
Q

cutaneous muscles are

A

muscles with one fixed end on the tengument

32
Q

the skeletal striate muscle is made of

A

muscular body (muscular tissue, connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves) and tendons

33
Q

the muscular fatigue is caused by

A

reduction of muscular labor capacity
decrease of the energetic efficiency, accumulation of lactic acid, exhaust of the chemical mediators at the level of the motor plates and lack of 02

34
Q

a sprain is

A

a torn ligament
caused by the elogantion of the component ligaments of a joint
various degrees of severity

35
Q

contortions

A

dislocation of the component ligaments of a joint

most vulnerable joints: knee and shoulder

36
Q

bone marrow is

A

is situated in the vertebral duct
+ formed of grey matter disposed in the centre as columns
and white matter disposed at the periphery as cords

37
Q

astasia

A

is a orthostatic disorder

inability to stand up upright on their own

38
Q

oxygen debt

A

lasting muscular effort
cellular mitochondrial breathing intensifies (for energy production)
needed 02 is produced by glucose oxidation (anaerobically)
–> accumulation of lactic acid (toxic)

39
Q

smooth muscles are of 2 types

A
  • elastic type in large arteries
    elastic tension favors return to initial size and position
  • viscous type from the stomach lining
    tension of dissension decreases in time
40
Q

hypoxia

A

oxygen deficiency

trained by hyperpnoea, vasodilatation…

41
Q

abductors

A

pull a segment from the median position

42
Q

adductors

A

bring closer a segment to the median position

43
Q

structure of the sarcomere

A

the H strip is placed in the middle of the dark disc (myosin)
the Z strip are placed on the sides and crossed by clear actin fibers (thin fibers)

admission exam (16 decks)

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