respiratory system

Question 1

the nutritive vascularization of the lungs

Answer 1

by bronchial arteries; they branch out of the thoracic area, bringing to the lungs oxygenated blood
from the bronchial veins - leading the blood with Co2 to the superior vena cava

Question 2

the functional vascularization of the lungs

Answer 2

is the small circulation; from the right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> blood gives Co2 and receives O2 -> pulmonary veins going to the left atrium

Question 3

Describe the act of inspiration

Answer 3

an active motor act;
with the respiratory muscles: lungs dilate passively due to the force of adhesion of the pleurae and so the pressure of the pulmonary air becomes lower than the atmospheric one
contraction of the external intercostal, super-costal muscles and of the diaphragm

Question 4

describe the act of expiration

Answer 4

is a passive process;
respiratorys muscles relaxation -> the pressure inside the lungs increases and the air is expulsed
by internal inter-costal, right abdominal etc.

Question 5

the frequency of the respiratory movements at rest is

Answer 5

of 16 breath/min in men and 18 breath/min in women

Question 6

transportation of Co2 and O2 through the blood

Answer 6

Co2 dissolved as bicarbonates of Na and K, as carbonates and as carbamates (carboxyhemoglobin)
02 in free form or the combination with the hemoglobin, resulting in H2Co3 (HCo3-)

Question 7

cellular tissue respiration by 2 processes:

Answer 7

by diffusion or redox reactions

Question 8

The chemical redox reaction of the cellular tissue respiration is performed in stages

Answer 8

1. the anaerobic degradation of glucose in the cytoplasm and oxidation of the fatty acids in the mitochondria
2. decarboxylation in the Krebs cycle from mitochondria with release of Co2, H2o and H+
3. the transfer of H+ in the electron transporting chainunti molecular O2
4. ADP phosphorylation and electron transporte produce energy ATP
   (with the help of the enzymes dehydrogenase and oxidase in the mitochondria)

Question 9

ventilatory debt represents

Answer 9

the quantity of air passing through the lungs in one minute

the product of the current volume and the respiratory frequency -> in normal conditions: 8l/min

Question 10

the nervous regulation of the breathing

Answer 10

the primary inspiratory and expiratory centers located in the medulla
and the apneustic and pneumotaxi centers located in the pons

Question 11

Funktion of the apneustic and pneumotaxi centers

Answer 11

the apneustic centre has continuous excitatory action on the inspiratory action
By inspiration -> Impules with inhibitory effect on the inspiratory and apneustic centers

Question 12

humoral regulation of the breathing by

Answer 12

Co2 concentration -> acts directly at the respiratory centers
reduction of 02 concentration -> weaker stimulation of the respiratory centers by reflex mechanisms through the chemoreceptors and of the carotid sinus and aortic cross

Question 13

the extra pulmonary air ways are the

Answer 13

nasal Gosse, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea and the main bronchi

Question 14

the total pulmonary capacity (TPC)

Answer 14

5000mL

is the sum of the vital capacity and residual volume

Question 15

the vital capacity consists of

Answer 15

current volume, reserve inspiratory volume and the reserve expiratory volume
is in total 3500mL

Question 16

The reserve inspiratory volume (RIV) is

Answer 16

a supplementary air volume which my be inhaled over the current volume
is about 1500mL

Question 17

the reserve expiratory volume (REV) is

Answer 17

a supplementary amount of air which my be exhaled after a forced exhalation, after exhaling a current volume
is about 1500 mL

Question 18

the residual volume is

Answer 18

the air volume that remains in the lungs even after a forced exhalation
is about 1500 mL

Question 19

the pleural pressure is

Answer 19

the pressure form the space between the visceral pleura and the parietal one
fluctuates with the breathing phases

Question 20

the alveolar pressure is

Answer 20

the pressure from the interior of the pulmonary alveoli+

in a state of rest when the glottis is open, the air does not circulate between the lungs and the atmosphere

Question 21

number of lobes and segments of the lungs

Answer 21

right lobes: 3 (10 segments)

left lobes: 2 (9 segments)

Question 22

pulmonary haematosis

Answer 22

is the oxygenation of the blood at the level of the alveolar capillaries
at the alvelar-capillary membrane

Question 23

emphysema

Answer 23

a complex pulmonary process, which is obstructive and destructive
consequence of overlong smoking
(alveoli are damaged)

Question 24

influenza

Answer 24

acute respiratory viral infection
caused by the influenza virus
contagious disease with seasonal charakter

Question 25

asthenia is

Answer 25

pathological reduction of the capacity of physical and psychical effort
fatigue

Question 26

the alveolar-capillary membrane compromises the

Answer 26

pulmonary interstice
alveolar epithelium
surfacant
capillary endothelium 
alveolar basal membrane (fibro-elastic)
capillary basal membrane