endocrine system

Question 1

hormones of the adenohypohysis of the pituitary gland

Answer 1

somatropin hormone (STH) and tropic glandular hormones (adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH)
thyrotrope hormone (TSH)
gonadotropic hormone  
folicullostimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin (PRL)

Question 2

function of the somatropin hormone

Answer 2

growth of entire body (cell development, synthesis of proteins, lipids oxidation)
hyperglycemic role
- hypersecretion prior to puberty: gigantism
- after puberty: acromegaly (excrementies, face bones, lips, viscera)
- hyposecretion: pituatry dwarfism (infantilism)

Question 3

hormones of the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland

Answer 3

Speicherung des antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin) and oxytocin (beides vom ANTERIOR hypothalamus gebildet)

Question 4

function of the ADH/vasopressin

Answer 4

volume of the extracellular fluids in the body; stimulation of water absorption at renal level antidiuretic effect: reducing the loss of water in urine; large dose -> vasoconstriction = high blood pressure; causes hyperglycemia; stimulates the intestinal peristalsis

Question 5

function of oxytocin

Answer 5

contractions of the pregnant uterus + lactation

Question 6

hormones of the thyroid gland

Answer 6

thyroxin (T4) + triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 7

function of T4 and T3

Answer 7

calorigenic effect (increase of basal membrane), cellular growth, protein catabolism

• hyposecretion: in children thyroid dwarfism, endemic goiter, myxedema
• hypersecretion: Basedows disease (exophthalmia)

Question 8

hormones of the parathyroid gland

Answer 8

parathormone and Calcitonin (regulation only made humorally)

Question 9

function of the parathormone

Answer 9

increase of the calcemia (high Ca), reducing the phosphatemia (low P) and osseous demineralizing (osteoclasts)

Question 10

function of the Calcitonin

Answer 10

reducing the calcemia (low Ca), increasing the phosphatemia (high P), normal mineralization of the bones

Question 11

removal of the parathormone leads to

Answer 11

tetany (unvoluntary contraction of the muscles, sensitive, nervous, trophic and visceral disorders) due to the lack of calcium

Question 12

hormones of the CORTICAL adrenal

Answer 12

mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol) and sexual steroid hormones

Question 13

hormones of the MEDULLAR adrenal

Answer 13

adrenalin and norarenalin

Question 14

function of the aldosterol

Answer 14

mineral metabolism regulation: reabsorption of Na and K elimination at the distal tubules (high Na and low K; high blood pressure), acid-base-balance + osmotic pressure; hyposecretion: acidosis
- regulation of secretion: by ATCH and Renin

Question 15

function of glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Answer 15

glucogenesis (synthesis of cabohydrates); protein + lipid metabolism, antiflammatory role, stimulus: ACTH
over hypothalamic-pituatry-cortical-adrenal system

Question 16

Funktion of adrenalin

Answer 16

gylcogenoysis (decomposition of glucose), hyperglycemia (high Glucose concentration), mobilization of the fats, tachycardia, vasoconstriction
- stimulation of ARAS activity (cortical alert)

Question 17

hormones of the endocrine pancreas

Answer 17

insulin and glucagon

Question 18

function of insulin

Answer 18

depositing glucose as glycogen (lowering the glucose levels in the cells); carbohydrates into lipids, protein synthesis; regulation made by vagal parasympathetic impulses depending on the glycaemia

• hyposecretion: diabetes mellitus
  hyperglycemia (high levels of glucose in the blood)
  glycosuria (excretion of glucose in the urine)
  polyuria (excessive large production of urine)
  polydipsia (needs of large quantity of water)
  polyphagia (high consume of food with loss of weight)
• hypersecretion: hypoglecima (low levels of glucose)

Question 19

function of melatonin

Answer 19

secretion from the epiphysis, regulates the day and nigh-rhythm, inhibitory action on sexual glands + hypoglycemic role (acts on hypothalamus-pituatry axis)
- by light stimulation -> reduction of melatonin

Question 20

function of the thymus

Answer 20

lymphoid organ, involutes after puberty; thyme hormones: antidondatropin effects (inhibitory action on sexual glands); T-Lymphozytes are differentiated and specialized

Question 21

hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes

Answer 21

Cushing syndrome, generalized osteoporosis, reduction of the muscular mass and hyperglycemia

Question 22

adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticotropin (ACTH) has which function

Answer 22

stimulates the growth of the portico-adrenal glands,

hypersecretion => hypertrophy of the cortico-adrenal and hypersecreting of its hormones (metabolic disorders)

Question 23

the luteinizing hormone (LH) causes

Answer 23

the ovulation and appearance of the yellow body and in men stimulates the secretion of the androgen hormones

Question 24

the luteotropic hormone (LTH) or prolactin stimulates

Answer 24

the secretion of the yellow body and lactate secretion + no effects on men

Question 25

myxedema

Answer 25

caused by thyroid hyposecretion in adults resulting in reduction of the basal metabolism with dry thickened skin and hair loss affects the hydroelectrolytic balance causes edema and the increase of the blood volume, followed by the increase of the blood pressure

Question 26

Basedows diseases

Answer 26

thyroid hyperfunction mostly frequent in women increase of the basal metabolism, exophthalmia (in half of the cases), circulary disorders, irritability, hyperplasia (increased costume of food), loss of weight, increased size of the gland

Question 27

acromegaly

Answer 27

is caused by hypersecretion of somatotropin in adults (after puberty) manifests by the growth in thickness of the long bones and of the soft tissues

Question 28

gigantism

Answer 28

is caused by the hypersecretion of growth hormones in children (somatotropin) represents the excess growth of the entire body or only of certain segments

Question 29

thyroid dwarfism

Answer 29

infantile form of thyroid hypo secretion known als cretinism late physical development, facial traits, abnormal development of the bones, psychical retard, low temperature, lethargy

Question 30

Recklinghausen disease

Answer 30

is caused by the dysfunction of the parathyroid glans troubles in the phosphor-calcic metabolism causes osseux demineralizing with hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria

Question 31

Cushing syndrome

Answer 31

hypersecretion of corticosteroids, is caused by adrenocortical tumors or by the hypersecretion of ACTH is described by the affection of the lipids, glucidic and protein metabolism

Question 32

Addisons disease

Answer 32

is caused by the inadequate secretion of both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids causes hypoglycemia, imbalance of the sodium and potassium balances, dehydration, hypotension, rapid weigh loss and marked asthenia