The Abdomen - further reading

Question 1

how is the abdomen separated from the thorax above it

Answer 1

the diaphragm

Question 2

which structure is continuous with the abdomen

Answer 2

the pelvis

Question 3

which structures pass through the diaphragm to become part of the abdomen

Answer 3

aorta
oesophagus
inferior vena cava

Question 4

what is the pelvic inlet

Answer 4

arbitrary plane sloping down and forward through which run the small and large intestine, uterers and several vessels and nerves

Question 5

roughly describe the route of the nerves and vessels in the abdominal wall

Answer 5

run between the muscles to supply all the layers from the skin to the parietal peritoneum

Question 6

how do the abdominal wall muscles change

Answer 6

when they accomodate to volume changes of the abdominal and pelvic hollow organs, increase the intra abdominal pressure during forced expiration and straining and produce movements of the lumbar spine

Question 7

what do the upper abdominal organs move with

Answer 7

the diaphragm
in responses to change in body position

Question 8

does the peritoneum line the diaphragm

Answer 8

only its undersurface

Question 9

describe intraperitoneal organs

Answer 9

• almost completely covered in peritoneum
• sttached by double layers of peritoneum
• stomach, jejunum, ileum and liver

Question 10

what are some examples of mesenteries

Answer 10

mesentery of the small intestine and the falciform ligament of the liver

Question 11

what is the greater omentum

Answer 11

fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach

Question 12

do retroperitoneal structures have mesenteries

Answer 12

no

Question 13

where are retroperitoneal organs usually covered by peritoneum

Answer 13

they are only partially covered and it usually on the anterior surface

Question 14

what are the intraperitoneal organs

Answer 14

stomach jejunum ileum and liver

Question 15

what are the retroperitoneal organs

Answer 15

pancreas and kidneys

Question 16

which artery supplies the abdomen

Answer 16

the aorta

Question 17

describe the route of the aorta in supplying the abdomen

Answer 17

descends in the midline and bifurcates

Question 18

what forms the common iliac arteries that supply the legs and feet

Answer 18

the abdominal aorta

Question 19

how many branches does the aorta split into to supply the abdomen

Answer 19

three

Question 20

what are the three branches the aorta divides into the supply the abdomen

Answer 20

coeliac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

Question 21

what does the coeliac trunk supply

Answer 21

• stomach
• proximal duodenum
• liver
• gall bladder
• spleen
• part of the pancreas

Question 22

what does the superior mesenteric artery supply

Answer 22

• remainder of the pancreas, small intestine, large intestine as far as the transverse colon

Question 23

what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply

Answer 23

descending
sigmoid colon
rectum

Question 24

which branch of the aorta supplies the foregut

Answer 24

coeliac trunk

Question 25

which branch of the aorta supplies the midgut

Answer 25

superior mesenteric artery

Question 26

which branch of the aorta supplies the hindgut

Answer 26

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 27

which vessels supply the supraadrenal glands, kidneys, gonads and abdominal walls

Answer 27

paired branches arising from the aorta

Question 28

do both renal veins join the vena cava directly

Answer 28

no the left hand side is longer and receives blood from the suprarenal and gonodal veins too

Question 29

how is blood from the spleen stomach and intestines drained

Answer 29

via the portal venous system to the liver, and then the inferior vena cava by way of hepatic veins

Question 30

what are all the branches of the aorta

Answer 30

coeliac superior mesenteric inferior mesenteric renal gonodal bifurcates to common iliac, which branches to external and internal to go into the legs and form the femoral artery

Question 31

which artery supplies the spleen

Answer 31

coeliac trunk

Question 32

what are the branches of the vena cava

Answer 32

hepatic renal gonodal inferior vena cava the iliac and femoral portal splenic inferior mesenteric superior mesenteric

Question 33

describe the innervation of the abdominal viscera

Answer 33

autonomic, both sympathetic and parasympathetic plexuses around the blood vessels. particularly innervation is found around the aorta and its branches. thoracic splanchic nerves pierce the diaphragm close to its aortic opening parasympathetic fibres travel in the vagus nerve and supply the stomach, liver and biliary system, small intestine and proximal part of the large intestine distal portion of the colon is supplied by parasymapthetic nerves from the sacral segements of the spinal cords

Question 34

what supplies the distal portion of the colon

Answer 34

parasympathetic nerves from the sacral segments of the spinal cord

Question 35

what supplies the stomach, liver and biliary system, small intestine and proximal part of the large intestine

Answer 35

vagus nerve

Question 36

what are the thoracic splanchic nerves

Answer 36

branches of the thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk

Question 37

which muscles are found in the abdomen

Answer 37

external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominis rectus abdominis

Question 38

what is the rectus sheath

Answer 38

rectus abdominus is enclosed in a sheath formed by the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles. anterior wall of the sheath is anchored to the tendinous intersections, covering the entire length of the muscle

Question 39

what are the actions of the rectus abdominis

Answer 39

flex the lumbar spine

Question 40

what are the actions of the oblique muscles

Answer 40

lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk

Question 41

what are the collective actions of the abdominal muscles

Answer 41

increase the intra abdominal pressure and if the respiratory passages are open, the diaphragm is pushed upward as in forced expiration, sneezing and coughing

Question 42

when does increased abdominal pressure occur

Answer 42

with the airway closed when lifting heavy objects of during defecation, childbirth and vomiting

Question 43

what is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of

Answer 43

the left umbilical vein

Question 44

what is the deepest layer of the abdominal wall

Answer 44

parietal peritoneum

Question 45

what are the skin, muscles and parietal peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall innervated by

Answer 45

the lower six thoracic nerves and the first lumbar nerve

Question 46

what are the branches of the first lumbar nerve

Answer 46

iliohypogastric and iliolingual nerves

Question 47

describe the blood supply of the abdominal wall

Answer 47

superior and inferior epigastric arteries

Question 48

where is the round ligament of the liver contained

Answer 48

in a large fold of peritoneum, the falciform ligament, which attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and the diaphragm

Question 49

what are the retroperitoneal organs included as

Answer 49

ascending and descending colon kidneys uterers suprarenal glands most of the pancreas most of the duodenum

Question 50

which structures are found posterior to the peritoneum

Answer 50

aorta and its branches and the inferior vena cava

Question 51

which nerves innervate the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall

Answer 51

lower thoracic and first lumbar nerves

Question 52

which nerves innervate the peritoneum covering the periphery of the diaphragm

Answer 52

thoracic nerves

Question 53

which nerves innervate the peritoneum on the central part of the diaphragm

Answer 53

phrenic nerves

Question 54

what suspends most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 54

mesenteries

Question 55

what do mesenteries consist of

Answer 55

double layers of peritoneum containing the vessels and nerves of the intra peritoneal organs

Question 56

what are the omenta

Answer 56

the mesenteries of the stomach

Question 57

what connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

Answer 57

the lesser omentum

Question 58

what connects the upper part of the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen

Answer 58

gastrosplenic ligament

Question 59

which portion of the stomach curvature gives attachement to the greater omentum

Answer 59

major portion of the greater curvature

Question 60

describe the greater omentum

Answer 60

apron like fold of peritoneum with a free lower border that hands behind the anterior abdominal wall and in front of most of the small intestine

Question 61

what does the greater omentum attach to

Answer 61

superiorly, the transverse colon and the greater curvature of the stomach, on the left it merges with the gastrosplenic ligament