The Abdomen - further reading Flashcards
how is the abdomen separated from the thorax above it
the diaphragm
which structure is continuous with the abdomen
the pelvis
which structures pass through the diaphragm to become part of the abdomen
aorta
oesophagus
inferior vena cava
what is the pelvic inlet
arbitrary plane sloping down and forward through which run the small and large intestine, uterers and several vessels and nerves
roughly describe the route of the nerves and vessels in the abdominal wall
run between the muscles to supply all the layers from the skin to the parietal peritoneum
how do the abdominal wall muscles change
when they accomodate to volume changes of the abdominal and pelvic hollow organs, increase the intra abdominal pressure during forced expiration and straining and produce movements of the lumbar spine
what do the upper abdominal organs move with
the diaphragm
in responses to change in body position
does the peritoneum line the diaphragm
only its undersurface
describe intraperitoneal organs
- almost completely covered in peritoneum
- sttached by double layers of peritoneum
- stomach, jejunum, ileum and liver
what are some examples of mesenteries
mesentery of the small intestine and the falciform ligament of the liver
what is the greater omentum
fold of peritoneum that hangs down from the stomach
do retroperitoneal structures have mesenteries
no
where are retroperitoneal organs usually covered by peritoneum
they are only partially covered and it usually on the anterior surface
what are the intraperitoneal organs
stomach jejunum ileum and liver
what are the retroperitoneal organs
pancreas and kidneys
which artery supplies the abdomen
the aorta
describe the route of the aorta in supplying the abdomen
descends in the midline and bifurcates
what forms the common iliac arteries that supply the legs and feet
the abdominal aorta
how many branches does the aorta split into to supply the abdomen
three
what are the three branches the aorta divides into the supply the abdomen
coeliac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
what does the coeliac trunk supply
- stomach
- proximal duodenum
- liver
- gall bladder
- spleen
- part of the pancreas
what does the superior mesenteric artery supply
- remainder of the pancreas, small intestine, large intestine as far as the transverse colon
what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply
descending
sigmoid colon
rectum
which branch of the aorta supplies the foregut
coeliac trunk
which branch of the aorta supplies the midgut
superior mesenteric artery
which branch of the aorta supplies the hindgut
inferior mesenteric artery
which vessels supply the supraadrenal glands, kidneys, gonads and abdominal walls
paired branches arising from the aorta
do both renal veins join the vena cava directly
no the left hand side is longer and receives blood from the suprarenal and gonodal veins too
how is blood from the spleen stomach and intestines drained
via the portal venous system to the liver, and then the inferior vena cava by way of hepatic veins
what are all the branches of the aorta
coeliac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
renal
gonodal
bifurcates to common iliac, which branches to external and internal to go into the legs and form the femoral artery
which artery supplies the spleen
coeliac trunk
what are the branches of the vena cava
hepatic
renal
gonodal
inferior vena cava
the iliac and femoral
portal
splenic
inferior mesenteric
superior mesenteric
describe the innervation of the abdominal viscera
autonomic, both sympathetic and parasympathetic plexuses around the blood vessels. particularly innervation is found around the aorta and its branches.
thoracic splanchic nerves pierce the diaphragm close to its aortic opening
parasympathetic fibres travel in the vagus nerve and supply the stomach, liver and biliary system, small intestine and proximal part of the large intestine
distal portion of the colon is supplied by parasymapthetic nerves from the sacral segements of the spinal cords
what supplies the distal portion of the colon
parasympathetic nerves from the sacral segments of the spinal cord
what supplies the stomach, liver and biliary system, small intestine and proximal part of the large intestine
vagus nerve
what are the thoracic splanchic nerves
branches of the thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk
which muscles are found in the abdomen
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
what is the rectus sheath
rectus abdominus is enclosed in a sheath formed by the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal muscles. anterior wall of the sheath is anchored to the tendinous intersections, covering the entire length of the muscle
what are the actions of the rectus abdominis
flex the lumbar spine
what are the actions of the oblique muscles
lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk
what are the collective actions of the abdominal muscles
increase the intra abdominal pressure and if the respiratory passages are open, the diaphragm is pushed upward as in forced expiration, sneezing and coughing
when does increased abdominal pressure occur
with the airway closed when lifting heavy objects of during defecation, childbirth and vomiting
what is the round ligament of the liver a remnant of
the left umbilical vein
what is the deepest layer of the abdominal wall
parietal peritoneum
what are the skin, muscles and parietal peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall innervated by
the lower six thoracic nerves and the first lumbar nerve
what are the branches of the first lumbar nerve
iliohypogastric and iliolingual nerves
describe the blood supply of the abdominal wall
superior and inferior epigastric arteries
where is the round ligament of the liver contained
in a large fold of peritoneum, the falciform ligament, which attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and the diaphragm
what are the retroperitoneal organs included as
ascending and descending colon
kidneys
uterers
suprarenal glands
most of the pancreas
most of the duodenum
which structures are found posterior to the peritoneum
aorta and its branches and the inferior vena cava
which nerves innervate the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal wall
lower thoracic and first lumbar nerves
which nerves innervate the peritoneum covering the periphery of the diaphragm
thoracic nerves
which nerves innervate the peritoneum on the central part of the diaphragm
phrenic nerves
what suspends most of the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
mesenteries
what do mesenteries consist of
double layers of peritoneum containing the vessels and nerves of the intra peritoneal organs
what are the omenta
the mesenteries of the stomach
what connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
the lesser omentum
what connects the upper part of the greater curvature of the stomach to the spleen
gastrosplenic ligament
which portion of the stomach curvature gives attachement to the greater omentum
major portion of the greater curvature
describe the greater omentum
apron like fold of peritoneum with a free lower border that hands behind the anterior abdominal wall and in front of most of the small intestine
what does the greater omentum attach to
superiorly, the transverse colon and the greater curvature of the stomach,
on the left it merges with the gastrosplenic ligament
