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Revision > GUMES nervous tissue > Flashcards

GUMES nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of cell found in the nervous system

A

neurons and glial cells

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2
Q

what are neurons

A

nerve cells

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3
Q

what are glial cells

A

supportive cells in the nervous system that do not function to conduct electrical impulses

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4
Q

what is the most abundant cell type in the nervous system

A

glial cells

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5
Q

what does the somatic nervous system divide into

A

somatic afferent and motor efferent

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6
Q

what are dendrites

A

where synapses occur, contain nissl bodies and usual organelles
receive electrical impulses which are processedin the cell body

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7
Q

what is the cell body of neurons

A

contains nucleus and nissl bodies but does not have centrioles as they do not divide

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8
Q

what are nissl bodies

A

clusters of free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

what do axons do

A

conduct the electrical signal toward the axon terminal

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10
Q

what is a nerve

A

a complex that can have many axons

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11
Q

how many axons can a neuron have

A

one

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12
Q

what is the function of astrocytes

A
  • form the blood brain barrier
  • scar tissue formation after brain injury
  • provide nutrients to neurons
  • maintain the chemical environment and take up excess neurotransmitter
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13
Q

what is the function of microglia

A

defence role as they are the macrophages of the cns
clear debris from dead cells

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14
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells

A

barrier function, produce cerebrospinal fluid
line brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord

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15
Q

what are the glial cells of the central nervous system

A

astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes

A

form the myelin sheath around neurons in the cns and provide structural support

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17
Q

what is the function of satellite cells

A

regulate the chemical environment and help in repair of the PNS
wrap around cell bodies in the PNS

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18
Q

what is the function of schwann cells

A

form a myelin sheath around neurons in PNS
wrap around the axon in a spiral manner

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19
Q

what are the glial cells of the peripheral nervous system

A

satellite cells and schwann cells

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20
Q

in what direction do sensory afferent nerves go

A

from receptors to the central nervous system

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21
Q

in what direction do motor efferent nerves go

A

away from the central nervous system to effectors

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22
Q

what are the types of motor efferents

A

somatic and visceral

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23
Q

what do somatic motor efferent nerves involve

A

voluntary muscle contraction

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24
Q

what do visceral motor efferent nerves involve

A

these constitute the autonomic nervous system as it is involuntary

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25
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

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26
Q

what are dermatomes

A

sensory spinal nerves

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27
Q

what are myotomes

A

motor spinal nerves

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28
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the cervical region

A

8

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29
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the thoracic region

A

12

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30
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the lumbar region

A

5

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31
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the sacral region

A

5

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32
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are in the coccygeal region

A

1

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33
Q

what is the organisation of white and grey matter in the spinal cord

A

white matter on the outside and grey matter on the inside

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34
Q

where does the spinal cord lie

A

within the vertebral canal

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35
Q

what are the meninges that cover the spinal cord

A

dura matter
arachnoid matter
pia matter

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36
Q

what does the dorsal horn of the spinal cord control

A

sensory

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37
Q

what does the ventral horn of the spinal cord control

A

motor

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38
Q

what is found within the white matter

A

myelinated axons

39
Q

what is found within the grey matter

A

axons and cell bodies, synapses

40
Q

how does nerve fibre number change as you go up the body

A

increases

41
Q

what is the arrangement of white and grey mattter in the brain

A

grey on the outside and white on the inside

42
Q

what protects the brain

A

the skull

43
Q

are meninges found in the brain

A

yes

44
Q

describe the layers of protection from scalp to brain

A
  • scalp
  • skull
  • periosteal dura mater
  • meningeal dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • subarachnoid space
  • pia mater
  • brain
45
Q

where is the thalamus in the brain

A

in the middle, above the pons

46
Q

where is the pons

A

next to cerebellum, above the medulla oblongata

47
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A

under the hypothalamus

48
Q

where is the hypothalamus

A

below the thalamus

49
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

50
Q

what makes up the brain stem

A

the mid brain and hind brain

51
Q

what is found in the forebrain

A

cerebrum and diencephalon

52
Q

what is the found in the hindbran

A

pons, medulla, cerebellum

53
Q

what is the cerebrum in control of

A

motor and sensory
language
memory
perceptions
emotion

54
Q

what is the diencephalon

A

the thalamus and the hypothalamus

55
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

relay sensory and motor signals

56
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

regulate homeostasis, hormones and emotions

57
Q

what does the midbrain do

A

control visual and auditory reflexes, and pain

58
Q

what does the medulla do

A

regulate breathing, heart rate, blood vessels

59
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

balance and posture

60
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
some glands like the adrenal gland

61
Q

where is the synapse on the sympathetic ganglion

A

on the sympathetic chain in thoracic 1 to lumbar 2 or on the adrenal medulla

62
Q

where is the synapse for parasympathetic ganglions

A

near the target organ

63
Q

which branch of the autonomic nervous system has slowing effects

A

parasympathetic

64
Q

which branch of the autonomic nervous system has fast effects

A

sympathetic

65
Q

what are the parasympathetic nerves

A
  • cranial
  • sacral
66
Q

what are the cranial nerves with parasympathetic ganglion

A

3, 7, 9 and 10
ie
- oculomotor
- facial
- glossopharyngeal
- vagus

67
Q

what does the facial nerve control parasympathetically

A

submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

68
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve control parasympathetically

A

the parotid gland

69
Q

what does the vagus nerve control parasympathetically

A

heart
gastrointestinal tract
bronchi

70
Q

what are the parasympathetic sacral nerves

A

S2, 3 and 4

71
Q

what do the S2, 3 and 4 nerves supply parasympathetically

A

the pelvic organs

72
Q

which section of the spinal cord has sympathetic control

A

thoraco to lumbar, from T1 to L2

73
Q

what is controlled by the thoraco lumbar region of the spinal cord

A

heart
blood vessels
bronchi
gastrointestinal tract
adrenal medulla

74
Q

what are the two receptors found on the autonomic nervous system

A

adrenergic and cholinergic

75
Q

describe the types adrenergic receptors

A

alpha one
beta one
beta two

76
Q

what does the alpha one adrenergic receptor function to do

A

smooth muscle contraction

77
Q

what does the beta one adrenergic receptor function to do

A

increase in rate and force of heart contraction

78
Q

what does the beta two adrenergic receptor function to do

A

smooth muscle relaxation

79
Q

what are the types of cholinergic receptors

A

muscarinic and nicotinic

80
Q

what do muscarinic cholinergic receptors do

A

post ganglionic atropine antagonist

81
Q

what does nicotine function to do

A

pre and post ganglionic synpases and the neuromuscular junction

82
Q

what is the effect of parasympathetic neurons on salivary glands

A

high volume and low viscosity (serous)

83
Q

which type of receptor is involved in the vasoconstriction of blood vessels

A

alpha one adrenergic receptors

84
Q

which receptor is involved in an increase in heart rate and force of contraction

A

beta one adrenergic

85
Q

what is polarisation

A

difference in voltage between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

86
Q

what is the average neuron membrane potential

A

-70

87
Q

describe the process of action potential generation

A
  • stimulus causes sodium channels to open
  • influx of sodim ions
  • depolarisation as threshold of -55 is reached
  • this triggers opening of voltage gated sodium channels across the axon of the nerve to create a wave of depolarisation
  • membrane potential reaches -35
  • this triggers sodium channels to close and voltage gated potassium channels to open
  • repolarisation
  • sodium potassium pump aids achievement of resting membrane potential
88
Q

what is the refractory period

A

the period where another action potential cant be generated

89
Q

when can a new action potential be generated

A

when the first is completed

90
Q

how does axon size affect impulses

A

larger axons have faster impulses because their larger plasma membrane has more ion channels

91
Q

are autonomic sensory nerves myelinated

A

not a lot, usually thin or nothing

92
Q

are alpha motor neurons myelinated

A

yes

93
Q

how does autonomic neuron cell differ to motor

A

autonomic is thinner

94
Q

how does neurotransmitter pass between synapses

A
  • action potential arrives at the axon terminal
  • voltage gated calcium channels open
  • calcium enters the cell
  • calcium signals to vesicles
  • vesciles move to the membrane
  • docked vesicles release neurotransmitter by exocytosis
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors
  • transmitter reuptake into presynaptic cell, transmitter destruction by enzymes

Revision (48 decks)

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