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embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ampula of the fallopian tube

A

the area where the fertilisation occurs

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2
Q

what is cleavage

A

this is when the zygote undergoes proliferation from one cell to sixteen

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3
Q

what is the marula

A

the hollow ball of 16 + cells formed after cleavage. the cells surround the outer edge of the circle, leaving a cavity in the middle

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4
Q

what are the cells of the marula called

A

blastomeres

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5
Q

what is blastulation

A

the process of when the marula becomes the blastocyst

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6
Q

what is the structure of the blastocyst

A

an outer cell mass, and inner cell mass that is compacted to one side, and an empty cavity with fluid in it

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7
Q

what does the outer cell mass of the blastocyst become

A

the trophoblast

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8
Q

what does the inner cell mass of the blastocyst become

A

the embryoblast

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9
Q

what does the trophoblast differentiate to become

A

cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast

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10
Q

what does the cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast develop into

A

the placenta

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11
Q

how does the blastocyst enter the uterus and stay there

A

as cleavage is occuring, the structure slowly moves along the fallopian tube and then into the uterine canal, and with the use of integrins and selectins it is able to hook onto the endometrium

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12
Q

what is the cytotrophoblast

A

these are the well defined cell margins of the trophoblasts

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13
Q

what happens to the cytotrophoblast

A

it begins to proliferate and distintigrate the cell membrane of the blastocyst to form a fluid from the nuclei and cytoplasm of the cells.

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14
Q

what is the synctium

A

pool of fluid containing the nuclei and fused cytoplasm of the cytotrophoblast cells

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15
Q

what is the synctiotrophoblast

A

the protrusion from the blastocyst created by the cytotrophoblast that contains the nuclei and cytoplasm of the cells. no well defined cell borders

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16
Q

what does the syncitiotrophoblast release

A

hydrolytic enzymes into the uterine lining

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17
Q

what does the syncitiotrophoblast become confluent with

A

the maternal blood vessels, and this allows the embryo to receive nutrients and oxygen from the mother - this is the development of the placenta

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18
Q

what is produced by the syncitiotrophoblast to prevent the endometrial lining from shedding, which in turn allows the embryo to continue living

A

beta human chorionic gonadotropin

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19
Q

what does beta human chorionic gonadotropin do

A

stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone

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20
Q

what happens if progesterone levels drop

A

the blood vessels of the uterine lining start spasming, and they then rupture. the cells in the lining become nectrotic and shed

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21
Q

what does shedding of the uterine lining cause

A

shedding of the embryo

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22
Q

what is the bilaminar disc

A

this is formed from the embryoblast, and composes of two layers sandwhiched together. the top layer is epiblast and the lower is hypoblast. above the epiblast is the amniotic cavity, and below the epiblast is the yolk sac

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23
Q

what is the function of the yolk sac

A

help with red blood cell production and provide nutrients

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24
Q

what is the prochordal plate

A

this is where the epiblast and hypoblast are connected, and provides orientation of the anatomy as it is located at the cranial aspect of the embryo

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25
which aspect of the embryo is furthest from the prochordal plate
the caudal aspect
26
what is the caudal aspect of the embryo
the tail
27
what is the name of the membrane by the caudal aspect of the embryo and what does it develop into
the cloacal membrane which becomes the butthole
28
what is the name of the membrane by the cranial aspect of the embryo and what does it develop into
the buccopharyngeal membrane which develops into the mouth
29
what is the primitive streak
a thickening of the epiblast layer of the bilaminar disc
30
what is the primitive node
a knob like structure toward the top of the primitive streak
31
what happens to the primitve streak
the cells in the centre begin to die
32
what does the primitive streak become when the cells die
the primitive groove
33
what does the primitive node become when the centre cells die
the primitive pit
34
what does the primitive groove secrete
fibroblast growth factor 8,
35
what does FGF8 do
move laterally from the primitive groove to the epiblast cells and binds to the receptor to trigger intracellular process
36
what is the intracellular process triggered from the binding of FGF8 to FGF-R on the epiblast cells
SNAIL-1 is secreted
37
what is SNAIL-1
a protein that inhibits the formation of E-cadherins
38
what do E-cadherins do
they stick cells together
39
what does the secretion of SNAIL-1 mean
the cells are no longer stuck together and they can migrate
40
what is epithelial migration
the movement of the epiblast cells
41
where do the epiblast cells migrate to
they migrate toward the primitive streak, and move down to the hypoblast layer to replace it, forming the endoderm
42
what does the hypoblast become
the endoderm
43
what happens after the formation of the endoderm
more epiblast cells are stimulated to move through the primitive groove and down and then forward, which forms the mesoderm
44
what is the trilaminar disc
the product of the migration of epiblast cells to form the endoderm and mesoderm
45
what is the process called when the bilaminar disc becomes the trilaminar disc
gastrulation
46
what is gastrulation
the change from bilaminar disc to trilaminar disc
47
what happens following gastrulation
more growth factor is released and the cells migrate through the primitive pit to the prochordal plate to form the notochord
48
where in the trilaminer disc is there no mesoderm
the notochord the cloacal plate the prochordal plate
49
in which direction does the notochord go
cranially
50
what is the adult remnant of the notochord
the nucleus pulposus of invertebrate discs, found between the vertebrae
51
what does the notochord do
release growth factors and proteins to stimulate the ectodermal cells to proliferate and thicken
52
what does the thickening of the ectoderm result in
formation of the neural plate
53
what happens to the neural plate
the central portion forms a divot, which creates a groove known as the neural groove. the top of the groove curves inward creating neural folds, which eventually meet and fuse to form the neural tube which buds underneath the ectoderm to lie in between the mesoderm
54
why are neural folds important
they contain neural crest cells
55
where are neural crest cells found
surrounding the edge of the neural tube
56
describe the inital structure of the neural tube and what happens to it
either end has pores - anterior and posterior neural pores. they need follate to close, and should usually be closed between day 24 and 28.
57
what causes spinal bifida
improper closing of the neural pores
58
what acronym can be used to remember the derivisions of the the neural crest cells
CRESTCELL
59
what do the neural crest cells derive into
C - chromaffin R - rostral tissues E - enteric nervous system S - satellite and schwann cells T - nervous tissue C - carotid bodies E - endocardial cushions L - ligh skin/dark skin ie melanocytes L - leptomeninges
60
where are chromaffin cells found
the adrenal medulla
61
what are the rostral tissues
all the connective tissue, bone and muscle of the head and neck
62
what are the neural tissues formed from neural crest cells
spinal nerves and ganglia
63
what are carotid bodies important for
measuring concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide
64
what are the leptomeninges of the brain
pia mater and arachnoid mater
65
what does the surface ectoderm become
epithelial tissue like epidermis, nails, hair, sweat glands, oral cavity and ear canal
66
what does the ectoderm become
- neural tube, neural crest cells, cranial nerve ganglia - olfactory epithelium - lens of the eye - inner ear
67
what is the inner ear important for
hearing and balance
68
what is the lens of the eye important for
near and long vision by changing shape to refract the light differently
69
what is the olfactory epithelium
the epithelial lining of the roof of the nasal cavity
70
what acronym can be used to remember the derivisions of the ectoderm
ECTODERM
71
breakdown the ECTODERM acronym
E - epithelial tissue C - central nervous system T - the lens O - olfactory epithelium and the lens D - damn crest cells E - eyes - the retina R - anterior pituitary gland M - melatonin from the pineal gland
72
what triggers the specialisation of the mesoderm
the notochord
73
what does the notochord release to trigger the specialisation of the mesoderm
growth factors and sonic the hedgehog hormone
74
what does the mesoderm specialise into
- paroxial mesoderm - intermediate mesoderm - lateral plate mesoderm
75
describe the development of the paroxial mesoderm
develops a cavity in the centre to form segments called somites, which form a cavity of their own called somatocoelie which extends to break the somites into the dermatomyotome and the sclerotome
76
what does the dermatomyotome develop into
the dermatome and the myotome
77
what does the dermatome do
it migrates and surrounds the neural tube to form the spinal meninges, dermis and subcutaneous tissue
78
what does the myotome do
makes skeletal muscle of the trunk, back and limbs
79
what does the sclerotome develop into
the vertebrae, intervertebral discs and the ribs
80
what does the intermediate mesoderm develop into
- renal system and ureters - gonads
81
what does the lateral plate mesoderm divide into
somatic and splanchnic layers
82
what does the somatic lateral plate do
makes the parietal layer of the body cavities
83
what does the visceral lateral plate do
make the visceral layer of the body cavities
84
name the derivisions of the splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm
- adrenal cortex - lymph nodes - spleen - smooth muscle of the GIT - CVS - myeloid stem cells - lymphoid stem cells - erthyroid stem cells
85
name the derivisions of the somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm
sternum cartilage and bone of the limbs
86
what are the areas of the sternum
the menubrium xyphoid process body
87
what does the endoderm form
the gut tube, which is connected to the yolk sac and has three regions.
88
what are the regions of the gut tube
foregut midgut hindgut
89
what forms the gut tube
craniocaudal folding of the endoderm
90
which region of the gut tube is the cranial portion
the foregut
91
what do the endodermal cells of the gut tube collect and form
buds that form accessory organs to the GIT
92
what does the first bud of the gut tube form
respiratory tract
93
what does the second bud of the gut tube form
hepatic - liver and gall bladder
94
what does the third bud of the gut tube form
the pancreas
95
what does the foregut form
- pharynx - oesophagus - stomach - first two parts of the duodenum
96
what does the midgut form
- the second two parts of the duodenum - jujenum - ileum - caecum - ascending colon - proximal two thirds of the transverse colon
97
what does the pectinate line divide
the anal canal into ectoderm derived portion and endoderm derived portion
98
which section of the anal canal is derived from the ectoderm
the third below the pectinate line
99
what does the hindgut develop into
- distal third of the transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - rectum and anal canal
100
what does the buccopharyngeal membrane of the trilaminar disc develop into
the primitive pharynx, which forms the pharyngeal apparatus
101
what forms from the pharyngeal apparatus
four pouches
102
what does the first pouch of the pharyngeal apparatus form
the middle ear and the eustachian tube
103
what does the second pouch of the pharyngeal apparatus form
the tonsils
104
what does the third and fourth pouch of the pharyngeal apparatus form
the superior and inferior parathyroid glands, and the parafollicular cells
105
what does the cloacal membrane of the trilaminar disc break down to form
the anal canal and the urethra

Revision (48 decks)

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