Endocrine and Exocrine glands Flashcards by Esme Horsburgh

how do endocrine secretions enter through the bloodstream

via capillaries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what can happen to endocrine secretions once they have been synthesised

they can be stored or released

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are fenestrated capillaries

capillaries with more pores on them to make them leakier

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the patterns of endocrine secretion

chronic
acute
periodic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are chronic patterns of secretion

same time, same amounts, over the same period of time

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are acute patterns of secretion

depend on stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are episodic patterns of secretion

these follow certain episodes like at meal times

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the different regulations of hormone secretion

humoral, neuronal and hormonal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are humoral regulations of hormone secretion

blood borne molecules

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are neural regulations of hormone secretion

neurons stimulate hormone production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are hormonal regulations of hormone secretion

when hormone secretion stimulates another hormone to be secreted

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the different classes of hormones

proteins and polypeptides
steroids
derivates of the amino acid tyrosine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are examples of hormones that are proteins or polypeptides

pancreatic hormones and parathyroid hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which class of hormones are secreted by adrenal cortex, ovaries and placenta

steroid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which class of hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla and thyroid gland

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is thyroxin

the hormone that regulates metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what type of epithelium lines the thyroid gland

cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are c cells

these are clear cells that take up about 10% of the thyroid gland that produce calcitonin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is calcitonin

the hormone that regulates calcium levels

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is colloid

a fluid that fills the central cavity of the thyroid gland follicles that are involved in thyroid hormone production.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are parafollicular cells

the c cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are the cells of the thyroid gland

thyrocytes and parafollicular cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what do thyrocytes do

they synthesis thyroglobulin from which the t3 and t4 hormones are released

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the functional unit of the thyroid gland

the thyroid follicle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are thyroid follicles

these are follicles with a central lumen filled with colloid surrounded by c cells and thyrocytes

what is the endocrine control of the thyroid gland

hypothalamus produces thyrotropin releasing hormone leading to increased thyroid stimulating hormone being released from the pituitary gland leading to increased synthesis of the thyroid hormones

what are the arteries that supply the thyroid gland

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

what are the veins of the thyroid gland

the superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

what innervates the thyroid gland

cervical ganglion for sympathetic and recurrent laryngeal nerve for parasympathetic

what are the parathyroid glands

four lentil shaped glands which are located on the back of each lobe of the thyroid gland

what is the function of the parathyroid glands

participate in the regulation of blood calcium levels

what does the parathyroid gland produce

parathyroid hormone, which affects osteoclast cells

how does the parathyroid gland increase the calcium levels of the blood

secretion of PTH, osteoclast breaks down bone, minerals released, calcium levels increase

what is hyperparathyroidism

this is when too much parathyroid is released

why is osteoporosis more common in post menopausal people

the estrogen levels decrease so there is less inhibition of the osteoclasts meaning there is more break down of bone

what are the cells of the parathyroid gland

chief cells and oxyphil cells

what do chief cells do

synthesise and secrete parathyroid hormones

where are chief cells found in the body

the parathyroid gland

what are oxyphil cells

transitional forms of the chief cells that contain numerous mitochondria

function of oxyphil cells

unknown

what are exocrine glands

glands that secrete through ducts that are open directly on the epithelial surface

what are the two types of exocrine gland

unicellular and multicellular

what are an example of unicellular glands

mucous glands

what is an example of a multicellular gland

salivary sweat sebaceous pancreas

what are branched exocrine glands surrounded by

fibrous tissue capsules

what lines interlobar ducts

stratified columnar epithelium

what produces the secretions in exocrine glands

acini

what are the two types of sweat gland

apocrine and eccrine

what are eccrine sweat glands

secrete a watery product that cools the skin

what are apocrine sweat glands

these are found in armpits and secrete a more viscous odorous product

what are merocrine glands

these are exocrine glands that secrete their products to the surroundings without sacrificing their membrane

what are examples of merocrine glands

salivary pancreatic most of the sweat glands

what are holocrine glands

these are exocrine glands that release their secretions by bursting the entire cell

what is an example of a holocrine gland

sebaceous glands

which type of exocrine gland dies during secretion

holocrine

describe the nuclei of mucous acini

flat

describe the nuclei of serous acini

round

describe the exocrine pancreas

branched tubuloacinar gland with acinus as the functional unit. secretes pancreatic juice containing protease and amylase alongside bicarbonate

describe pancreatic cancer

this can affect the endocrine and exocrine portion of the pancreas

which organ is affected by cystic fibrosis

pancreas

describe cystic fibrosis

exocrine portion of the pancreas leads to secretions becoming thick and clogging the ducts of the pancreas. this can cause a decrease in secretion of enzymes.

what are the oral effects of diabetes mellitus

periodontitis, dry mouth, susceptibility to infection

what is hypofunction

reduced hormone release

what is hyperfunction

excessive hormone release

what is hormone resistance

diabetes mellitus

what does the thyroid gland require in order to produce thyroxin

iodine

what are the iodine containing hormones found within the thyroid gland

T3 and T4

what are the secretions of endocrine glands called

hormones

main two functions of endocrine glands

regulation of bodily functions maintain homeostasis

example of hormonal regulated secretion

hormones from the pituitary gland stimulating the testes

example of neural secretion

sympathetic nervous system stimulating adrenaline release

example of humoural secretion

glucose levels stimulating insulin secretion

what are the different structures of multicellular exocrine glands

simple tubular simple branched tubular coiled tubular simple acinar simple branched acinar compound tubular compound acinar comound tubuloacinar

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in the stomach and colon

simple tubular

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in the lower portion of the stomach

simple branched tubular

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in sebaceous glands

simple and branched acinar

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in mucous glands of the duodenum

compound tubular

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in mammary glands

compound acinar

which type of multicellular exocrine glands are found in the pancreas

compount tubuloacinar

describe serous unit structure

acinar, with a narrow lumen

describe the mucous unit structure

tubular with wide lumen

what is parenchyma

glandular tissue

what are interlobar septa

the lobes produced from the division of parenchyma by the septa

what are interlobar septa divided into

lobules

what divides interlobar septa into lobules

introlobular septa

what contract and squeeze secretions from the acini along the duct

myoepithelial cells

which epithelium lines interlobar ducts

stratified columnar

which epithelium lined interlobular ducts

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

which epithelium lines striated ducts

simple cuboidal and columnar

describe the process of merocrine glands

they have vesicles that contain secretory products that release the contents into the duct

describe the process of apocrine glands

the secretory products are stored in the cells and there are pinched off portions of the cell in the secretions

describe holocrine gland secretion

the cell is shed into the duct and releases secretory products

describe serous secretions

watery with enzymes

describe mucous secretions

mucins with hydrate to form mucous

what do the f cells of the islets of langerhans produce

pancreatic polypeptide

what is the most common endocrine disorder

diabetes mellitus

when can endocrine changes be seen

pregnancy menopause stress obesity

where are islets of langerhans most numerous in the pancreas

the tail

which gland produces melanin

pineal gland