Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 424 > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 parts of the diencephalon?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. epithalamus
  3. subthalamus
  4. hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the thalamus include?

A
  • metathalamus

- medial + lateral geniculate bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the thalamus referred to as (functionally)?

A

the gateway to the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 3 Cs of the thalamus’s function?

A

Consciousness
Control
Cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The is the main structure of the thalamus?

A

internal medullary lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 3 major nuclear groups as divided by the internal medullary lamina?

A
  1. medial group
  2. lateral group
  3. anterior group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the Posterior group of the thalamus contain?

A
  • pulvinar
  • medial
  • later gniculate body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the anterior nuclear group do?

A
  • has heavily reciprocal connections with hypothalamus

- specifically mammillary bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where does the anterior nuclear group receive input from?

A

-hippocampus via Fornix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the anterior nuclear group connect to?

A

Cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of the anterior nuclear group?

A
  • limbic/emotional

- also memory (fornix heavily linked to hippocampus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do bilateral lesions of the anterior nuclear group lead to?

A

-memory iimpairments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

poor forming of new memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

poor recall of information from past years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the main nucleus of the medial nuclear group?

A

-mediodorsal nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the medial nuclear group connected to?

A

reciprocally connected with the prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where does the medial nuclear group receive input from?

A
  • subcortical structures that are involved in:
    1. the processing of signals related to emotional/affective behaviors (amygdala)
    2. the expression of motor behaviors (substantia nigra)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of the medial nuclear group?

A

control of emotion + complex behaviors (decision making + judgement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are 3 symptoms/results of bilateral Mediodorsal nucleus lesions?

A
  1. syndrome characterized by indifference, poor motivation
  2. lack of insight (unaware they have a problem
  3. apathy: indifference + incapacity to keep an ongoing activity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what used to be performed to relieve certain psychiatric conditions?

A
  • prefrontal lobotomy

- surgical interruption of the reciprocal connections between the MD and prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 3 most functionally significant groups of the lateral nuclear group?

A
  1. ventral posterior nucleus (VP)
  2. ventral lateral nucleus (VL)-cerebellum
  3. ventral anterior nucleus (VA) - basal ganglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the ventral posterior nucleus inferior for?

A

-for spinothalamic and medial meniscal systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the ventral posterior medial for?

A

-for trigeminal sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what do unilateral lesions of the VP lead to?

A

-contralateral loss of sensation on both the body and the face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where does the Ventral lateral nucleus receive input from?

A

-the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does the VL connect to?

A

-motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the function of the VL?

A

-motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are clinical signs of lesions to the VL?

A

-signs after stroke resemble cerebellar signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where does the ventral anterior nucleus receive input from?

A

basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does the VA connect to?

A

premotor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the function of the VA?

A

-motor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are clinical signs/symptoms of VA lesions?

A

-basal ganglia movement disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the 3 components of the posterior nuclear group?

A
  1. the pulvinar
  2. the lateral geniculate bodies
  3. the medial geniculate bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

where does the pulvinar receive input from?

A

superior colliculus and pretectum

35
Q

what is the pulvinar connected to?

A
  • lateral geniculate body

- connects reciprocally to extensive areas of parietal, occipital, and temporal cortices

36
Q

what is the function of the pulvinar?

A
  • visual functions

- related to eye movements in visual attention

37
Q

what is an example an effect of damage from the pulvinar?

A

-visual neglect

38
Q

what are 2 other things the pulvinar is involved in?

A
  • speech mechanisms + language

- pain mechanisms

39
Q

where does the lateral geniculate body receive input from?

A

optic tract

40
Q

what does the lateral geniculate body connect to?

A

the visual cortex

41
Q

what is the function of the lateral geniculate body?

A

vision

42
Q

where does the medial geniculate body receive input from?

A

-inferior colliculus

43
Q

what does the medial geniculate body connnect to?

A

the auditory cortex

44
Q

what is the function of the medial geniculate body?

A

hearing

45
Q

what can occur if the thalamic relay nuclei of the somatosensory auditory or visual pathways are damaged?

A
  • contralateral hemianethesia
  • hemihypoacusis
  • contralateral hemianopsia
46
Q

do voluntary or involuntary movements occur with thalamic pathology?

A

both

47
Q

what other kind of impairments can occur with thalamic pathology?

A

-memory (alcoholic-Korsakoff, Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome)

48
Q

what result from damage to the posterior and ventral thalamus?

A

-somatosensory changes

49
Q

what are the 5 symptoms/clinical signs of Thalamic Pain syndrome (damage to VPL and VPM)

A
  1. hemiansthesis
  2. astereognosis
  3. paroxysmal pain
  4. dysethesia
  5. hyperpathia
50
Q

what are 3 reasons that clinical signs of thalamic pain syndrome could take 2-3 weeks to develop

A
  1. few surviving/damaged neurons in injured left thalamus sending abnormal messages to cortex
  2. may be pathways not knkown about carrying info that bypasses somatosensory thalamus (VPL + VPM)
  3. peripheral stimuli to tissue receptors may trigger dual somatosensory messages
51
Q

7 main functions of the thalamus?

A
  1. regulating states of sleep + wake
  2. sensation + pain
  3. vision
  4. hearing
  5. support of motor systems
  6. learning + memory
  7. language + speech
52
Q

thalamic nuclei have storng reciprocal connections with ______

A

the cerebral cortex

53
Q

what can extensive bilateral damge tot he thalamus lead to?

A

-permanent coma

54
Q

what is they hypothalamus?

A

-ventral component of diencephalon surrounding 3rd ventricle

55
Q

is the hypothalamus often affected by stroke?

A

-rarely (rich in blood supply)

56
Q

what is the hypothalamus often affected by?

A
  • tumors
  • developmental disorders
  • infections
  • alcoholism
  • head trauma
57
Q

what is the hypothalamus’s key function?

A

-homeostasis (regulating + maintaining normal body function)

58
Q

what are 6 factors of homeostasis?

A
  1. body weight + body temp
  2. food, salt + water intake
  3. sexual cycles, orientation, onset of puberty
  4. circadian rhythms
  5. body growth
  6. stress response
59
Q

what are 6 areas of change that indicate alterations in endocrine and automic functions by the hypothalamus?

A
  1. appetite, weight + temp
  2. metabolism
  3. sexual behavior
  4. sleep cycles
  5. body growth
  6. mood
60
Q

what are the two function systems of the hypothalamus/pituitary gland?

A
  1. the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract (magnocellular neuroendocrine system) - Hypothalamus-Posterior Pituitary
  2. tubero-hypophysial tract (Parvocellular neuroendocrine system - Hypothalams-anterior pituitary
61
Q

what does the hypothalamohypophysial tract/Magnocellular neuroendocrine system connect?

A

-connects hypothalamus with neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

62
Q

what does the magnocellular neuroendocrine system constitute?

A

-nuceli of the hypothalamus that contain: vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin producing cells

63
Q

what does vasopressin/ADH do?

A
  • controls water balance

- retains water by distal tububles of the kidney

64
Q

what is the release of vasopressin/ADH controlled by?

A

-osmotic changes in blood

65
Q

where are osmoreceptors located?

A

-anterior periventricular region

66
Q

what does oxytocin act on?

A
  • uterine smooth muscles (uterine contractions during birth)

- myoepithelial cells of mammary gland (milk)

67
Q

what is oxytocin controlled by?

A

afferents from nipples to magnocellular nuclei

68
Q

What does interruption of the magnocellular neuroendocrine system?

A
  • diabetes insipidus
    1. polyuria
    2. low specific gravity
    3. no alteration in blood and urine glucose
69
Q

what does the parvocellular neuroendocrine system do?

A

connects hypothalmus with anterior pituitary

70
Q

what does GnRF and LHRF do?

A

controls release of LH and FSH

71
Q

what 2 hormones are essential for development of bones, connective tissue, viscera + reproductive organs

A

GH

prolactin

72
Q

result of too much GH (children)

A

gigantism

73
Q

result of too little GH (children)

A

dwarfism

74
Q

result of too much GH (adults)

A

Acromegaly

75
Q

what controls the release of prolactin?

A

PIF and dopamine

76
Q

what is TSH?

A

controls body’s metabolic rate, tempt, level of general activity

77
Q

too little TSH

A

hypothyroidism

78
Q

too much TSH

A

hyperthyroidism

79
Q

what does ACTH do?

A

release cortisol + corticosterone from adrenal cortex of kidney

80
Q

what is the result of too much cortisol

A

cushing’s disease

81
Q

symptoms of cushing’s disease

A
  1. hypertension
  2. truncal obesity
  3. diabetes
82
Q

what is the result of too little ACTH

A

addisoin’s disease

83
Q

symptoms of addison’s disease

A
  1. weakness
  2. weight loss
  3. increased skin pigmentation
  4. hypotension
  5. hypoglycemia
84
Q

pituitary tumor signs are:

A
  1. oversecretion of pituitary hormones

2. inadequate secretion of hormones

PSYC 424 (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions