8a. parkinson's disease

Question 1

2 main classes of basal ganglia disorders

Answer 1

1. hypokinetic (parkinson’s)

2. hyperkinetic (huntington’s hemiballismus, athetosis)

Question 2

what are some causes of parkinson’s (besides ideopathic)

Answer 2

1. manganese intoxication
2. drugs
3. dementia
4. multiple cerebral infarcts
5. genetics

Question 3

what are 4 features of parkinson’s

Answer 3

1. resting tremor
2. bradykinesia
3. cogwheel rigidity
4. loss of righting reflexes

Question 4

what type of tremor is associated with parkinsons?

Answer 4

resting (pill rolling)

-improves with purposeful movement

Question 5

what are 4 other symptoms of parkinsons

Answer 5

1. hypophonic speech
2. micrographia
3. freezing
4. cognitive initially intact, but could become impaired

Question 6

what area is associated with parkinson’s?

Answer 6

substantia nigra 
(decrease in dopamine)

Question 7

what are 3 treatments for Parkinson’s?

Answer 7

1. L-DOPA to restore dopamine levels
2. lesion of GPi
3. high frequency stimulation

Question 8

what type of disease is Huntington’s?

Answer 8

hyperkinetic disorder

Question 9

what part of the brain is associated with huntington’s

Answer 9

Caudate

Question 10

what are 7 features of huntington’s

Answer 10

1. onset around 40 years
2. progresses over 10-15 years
3. much less common than Parkinson’s
4. autosomal dominant inheritance
5. behavioral changes
6. abnormal movements
7. dementia

Question 11

Huntington’s involves degeneration of neurons in the ________, ie no ____

Answer 11

caudate, GABA

Question 12

4 features of hemiballismus

Answer 12

1. onset at any age
2. always due to stroke
3. damage in subthalamic nucleus of Luy’s
4. severe contralateral flinging movements

Question 13

wha are other hyperkinetic disorders?

Answer 13

• athetosis
• tourette
• dystonia