7b. Trauma, Tumors, Epilepsy Flashcards
diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
-caused by significant acceleration/deceleration injury
(EX: big fall, major car accident)
-stretching/tearing of structures along axes of brian
2 types of focal brain injuries
- contusions
2. hematomas (subdural + epidural)
some causes of diffuse axonal injury
- skull fracture
2. depressed fracture
what are 2 other types of focal axonal injuries
- coup
2. contra coup
what is one of the consequences of contusions?
orbitofrontal damage
what are 4 initial presentation features of a mild TBI
- initial loss of consciousness
- period of confusion
- headaches, neck ache, dizziness, nausea
- no focal findings
what are the features of a neural injury during a follow-up to a TBI
cognitive defecits
what are the features of a non neural injury during a followup to a TBI
- systemic deficits (head/neck ache, dizziness, poor sleep)
2. behavioral deficits
what is the typical recovery time for TBI
3 months
what is the recovery for severe TBI
-months, years, never
what is PPCS
post concussive syndome
-when mild TBI patients have symptoms at 1 year
what is the most concerning complication of brain injury?
-decompressive craniectomy
what is a seizure
- abnormal discharge of neurons
- brief abnormalities of the brain
what is epilepsy
recurrent seizures of unknown etiology
what are some causes of seizures
- genetic
- congenital abnormalities
- perinatal
- infections
- TBI
- tummors
- vascular
- toxic
- metabloic
what are 3 types of seizures for generalized epilepsy?
- tonic/clonic (grand mal)
- absence (petit mal)
- complex partial (Temporal lob-limbic)
what is a focal seizure
simple partial
features of generalized tonic-clonic seizure
- impaired consciousness
- collapse to floor
- tonic body extension, clonic jerking
- loss of bowel/bladder
- prolonged post ictal state
features of petit mal seizures
- impaired consciousness
- chewing movments
- no post ictal state
what is a normal (absence seizure)
- fixed stare
- 3/second eyeblinks
features of complex partial seizures
- impaired consciousness
- dreamy state, deja vu
- formed auditory hallucinations (music)
- formed visual hallucinations
- langauge disturbance
features of simple partial (Focal) seizures
- tingling
- twitching, head turning, grimacing
- flashes of light
- ringing, hisses, noises
- sweating, flushing
what is Jacksonian March?
when focal spreads to other parts
2 treatments of epilepsy
- anti epileptic meds
- act on Na channels
- decrease membrane excitability - surgery
what is a condition that triggers for seizures
mesial temporal sclerosis
what is a treatment for mesial temporal sclerosis?
amygdala - hippocampetcomy
what are 2 types of brain tumors
- primary
2. secondary
2 types of primary brain tumors
- intraparenchymal
- glioma - extraparenchymal
- meningioma
2 types of secondary tumors
- intra/extraparenchymal
- metastases
where are brain tumors in adults? kids?
adults: cerebral hemispheres
kids: brainstem + cerebellum
3 symptoms of brain tumors
- depends on location
- slowly progressive
- if cortex involved, seizures are common
where is metastasis often found?
watershed zones
what are 5 sources of primary tumors?
- lung
- colon
- breast
- melanoma
- kidney
consequences of a brain tumor
- brain swelling (edema)
- build up of pressure (herniation)
