Brain Stem + Cerebellum

Question 1

what is the significance of the cerebellum’s somatotopy?

Answer 1

• disorders affecting the midline cerebellum = affect primarily trunk musculature and cause problems in balance and equilibrium
• disorders affecting lateral sides = motor problems in extremities

Question 2

what is the result of the many crossings of the midline of the cerebellum?

Answer 2

-one side of the cerebellum affects the ipsilateral side of the body

Question 3

what does damage to the cerebellum cause?

Answer 3

cerebellar signs on ipsilateral side of the body

Question 4

what does damage to structures receiving crossed projections from/to cerebellum cause?

Answer 4

cerebellar signs on contralateral side of the body

Question 5

what are the lateral hemispheres involved in?

Answer 5

planning and programming of voluntary movements

Question 6

what are the medial hemispheres involved in?

Answer 6

adjusting limb movements

Question 7

what are the vermis and flocculus involved in?

Answer 7

posture, equilibrium eye movement

Question 8

what is one of the most studied phenomena of motor learning in the cerebellum?

Answer 8

conditioned blink response

Question 9

what is the conditioned blink response?

Answer 9

-puff of air directed at rabbits cornea elicits a reflux blink

Question 10

what cognitive functions does the cerebellar have?

Answer 10

• executive function
• spatial recognition
• linguistic processing

Question 11

connections between the medial parts of the cerebellum + limbic cortex play a role in what?

Answer 11

-affective and autonomic functions

Question 12

what is PBA?

Answer 12

-inappropriate outburst of laughter + crying

Question 13

what are clinical problems related to the vermis and flocculus?

Answer 13

• vestibular signs

- potential problems with control of eye movements

Question 14

what is the result of lesions of lateral hemispheres?

Answer 14

-problems in movement of extremities (cerebellar signs)

Question 15

what are the 5 components of the basal ganglia

Answer 15

1. the caudate nucleus
2. putamen
3. globus pallidus
4. subthalamic nucleus
5. the substantia niagra

Question 16

what is the function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 16

-prepare the starting and stopping of voluntary motions by means of direct + indirect pathways

Question 17

direct pathways

Answer 17

initiation (excitation)

Question 18

indirect pathways

Answer 18

stopping (inhibition)

Question 19

what are the 2 types of movement disorders?

Answer 19

1. hyperkinetic

2. hypokinetic

Question 20

what are the 2 parts of the substania nigra?

Answer 20

1. pars compacta (dopamine projections)

2. pars reticulata (GABA)

Question 21

what is Parkinsin’s Disease caused by?

Answer 21

degeneration of pars compacta

Question 22

what are the 3 char. of parkinsons?

Answer 22

1. muscle rigidity
2. bradykinesia
3. resting tremor

Question 23

what are 3 hyperkinetic movement disorders?

Answer 23

1. huntington’s disease
2. hemiballismus
3. athetosis

Question 24

what does no caudate result in

Answer 24

huntington’s

Question 25

what is hemiballismus

Answer 25

severe contralateral flinging movements

Question 26

what causes hemmiballismus?

Answer 26

a stroke