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U2 Psychology of Personality > Textbook Part 1 > Flashcards

Textbook Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

difference between personality psychology and developmental psychology

A

personality; study diff in traits, motives and other personality variables, eager to detect continuity
developmental; focuses on children and detecting change

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2
Q

define theory of personality development

A

mixes personality and developmental psychology and more (cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary bio, etc)

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3
Q

three layers of personality

A

actor (traits)
agent (personal concerns)
author (life narrative)

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4
Q

what is the real and authentic human life

A

social life and thus we are social actors

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5
Q

what is style temperment

A

how we behave (traits)

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6
Q

what is it to be an agent

A

the articulate and pursue goals

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7
Q

are traits and motives the same

A

no, how we ACT NOW may say little about what we WANT for the FUTURE

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8
Q

what is a key feature of identity construction

A

emerging in early adulthood– the exploration of various ideological and occupational options and the subsequent commitment to long-term life values and goals

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9
Q

in its full form what is personality

A

a developing configuration of psychological individuality that expresses a person’s recognizable uniqueness wherein life stories are layered over salient goals and values, which are layered over dispositional traits

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10
Q

what time period does each stage focus on

A

social actor– present
motivated agent– present and future
autobiographical author– past present future

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11
Q

explain the nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality

A

nomothetic; scene aims to produce general laws applicable to all persons
ideographic– focus is on the particular dynamics of the individual case

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12
Q

which is more accurate, nomothetic or idiographic approach

A

personality is a mix of both, there are unique people with generalities that can be applied to all

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13
Q

what distinguishes us from others in nature

A 
cognitive power (intelligence)
social nature
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14
Q

what part of the human is responsible for governing conscious thought, panning and decision making

A

neocortex

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15
Q

what is involved with the complexity of social life

A

neocortex (theorized)

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16
Q

is there a correlation between the neocortex and size of group an organism typically lives

A

yes some evidence in primates

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17
Q

how might eusociality have started and what was subsequent

A

with bipedalism
then fire used for domestic use not only to appease hunger but to form social bonds
then formation of campsites where divisions of labour were needed and it became a nest of sorts (home)

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18
Q

what is an argument for the key catalyst for development of complex social undertakings

A

shared intentionality

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19
Q

wha is shared intentionality

A

if I want to work together with you in order to accomplish a task, I am greatly advantaged, as are you, by MY ability to anticipate and comprehend YOUR intentions

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20
Q

why might humans participate in altruism if it doesn’t help them personally

A

kin selection

reciprocal altruism

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21
Q

what is kin selection

A

the idea that individuals may show altruism towards those with whom they share a significant allotment of genes

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22
Q

what is reciprocal altruism

A

helping other individual humans typically meant helping other members of YOUR GROUP. Those same group members might be positioned to return the favour sometime down the road and thus it may enhance your survival and overall reproductive chances (inclusive fitness)

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23
Q

explain the idea of multilevel selection

A

controversial idea of the ultra social behaviour of humans (contrast to altruism theories)
theory that selfish people may beat out cooperating altruists IN the group but groups of cooperating altruists may been out groups of selfish individuals when the groups complete against each other

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24
Q

define group identification

A

people naturally identify with social groups and experience the groups triumphs and set backs as if they were their own

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25
Q

group identification may be expressed how

A

in ridiculous ways such as minimal group paradigm

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26
Q

what is minimal group paradigm

A

even the smaller of similarities, people will want to identify with the group (if you were born AM instead of PM)

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27
Q

what is a social identity

A

when you identify with a group you adopt their goals and attitudes, this is a social identity
it influences your own thoughts and actions

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28
Q

how do you create an effective whole out of a bunch of dissimilar parts?

A

you do it though cultural practices– the culture of a human group makes the group members more similar to each other than they would otherwise be

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29
Q

Jonathan Haidt argues that human being evolved to hold strong moral intuitions regarding what

A 
physical harm
fairness and reciprocity 
respect for legitimate authority 
loyalty to in-groups 
purity or sanctity
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30
Q

why do humans like religion so muchalty to in-groups

purity or sanctity

A

the shared beliefs and feelings of kinship endangered by religion help to persuade individuals to subordinate their immediate self interests of the group.

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31
Q

what is the primal conundrum

A

getting along and getting ahead in social groups

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32
Q

what is the socioanalystlc theory of personality

A

humans are biologically wired to live in social groups that are variously organized into status hierarchies. Group living provided our evolutionary ancestors with advantages in cooperative ventures such as defence against predators
therefore humans are mandated by nature to seek social acceptance and social status

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33
Q

why is gossip actually a good thing for reputation

A

people worried about what is being said about them behind their back so it keeps their actions in check
promotes cooperation in groups

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34
Q

how many beings can humans have connections with

A

about 150 at a time

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35
Q

what is a routine

A

what social actors enact
a reestablished pattern of action which is unfolded during a performance and which may be presented or played through on other occasions

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36
Q

what isa personal front

A

each actor brings a unique manner or style of acting to the routine

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37
Q

do infants have much awareness of themselves as actors

A

not really

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38
Q

do infants express actions of social actors

A

yes
they are social actors long before they realize it– they are social actors because that is what we, the social audience, observe them to be
they appear to display general emotions

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39
Q

research suggests that babies of depressed mothers eventually do what

A

stop trying to engage their mothers as they know they will not get a response

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40
Q

in the first 2 years of life, a social actor’s emotional development plays out against the backdrop of what

A

an evolving attachment relationship

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41
Q

at what age do babies start to show facial expressions of fear or anxiety around strangers

A

6-7

this is stranger anxiety

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42
Q

what is separation anxiety

A

negative emotions when separated from primary caregivers

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43
Q

what is the working model

A

changes, sets expectations about how experiences of love and trust transpire (for example)

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44
Q

when does self awareness develop

A

around age 2

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45
Q

when does the send of ‘I’ emger

A

end of age 2 ish

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46
Q

does a child fully grasp the idea of self

A

is aware that they are an actor on the social stage but may fail to realize that the actor CONTINUES to be me… not until about age 3-4 that the child consolidates a clear sense of self as a continuous social actor extended in time and across successive social scenes

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47
Q

what is performance of emotions

A

how the infant expresses and regulates the feelings that well up inside

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48
Q

emotions come in what two categories

A

negative and positive

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49
Q

children high in positive emotionality appear how

A

to enjoy and seek out social interaction

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50
Q

how are children of the lower end of positive emotionally perceived

A

shy, reserved and socially lethargic

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51
Q

is positive emotionality always observed in a positive manner

A

no

because they are eager for social rewards, if they don’t get it they may exhibit anger and even aggression

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52
Q

some of the same brain processes involved with positive emotion are also implicated where

A

in human sociality

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53
Q

what is the Behavioural Approach System (BAS)

A

across much of the brain, motivates the individual to approach potentially rewarding situations, which themselves are often social in nature and to experience the positive emotion that is associated with the pursuit and attainment of rewards

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54
Q

Behavioural Approach System (BAS) is involved in releasing what chemical

A

dopamine

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55
Q

does consummation trump anticipation for dopamine

A

not necessarily

it is more about WANTING it than getting it

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56
Q

BAS and its attending dopaminergic circuitry may work in concerting with what

A

a second broad system in the brain sometimes called the opioid system

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57
Q

explain the opioid system

A

releases endogenous neuropeptides such as beta-endorphin when the organism achieves rewards, producing feelings of joy and pleasure.

58
Q

If BAS is about WANTING rewards (and therefore approaching and seeking them out), what is the opioid system

A

more involved in LIKING that actor experience once they have achieved the desired reward

59
Q

extraversion is fundamentally about what

A

seeking and enjoying rewards (BAS and opioid system) especially social rewards

60
Q

do those high in E show high positive only in social situations

A

no, also non-social situations

61
Q

consistent variations in E are associated with important diff in what

A 
social behaviour
emotion regulation
learning and memory
vocational interests and identity
various indices of risk and psychopathology
62
Q

what are some negatives about being high in E

A

sometimes fail to take negative feedback thus not learning from their mistakes
also modestly associated with certain risky behaviour (gambling and alcoholism)

63
Q

extraversion’s prom evolutionary function is what

A

to attract and hold the attention of other social actors

64
Q

what was george bush high in

A

extraversion

65
Q

is negative emotionality the polar opposite of positive emotionality

A

no it is simply different
a social actor who scores low on the temperament dimension of positive emotionality does not necessarily experience more negative emotions; he simply experiences less positive emotion

66
Q

negative emotionality divides into what 2 regions

A

1- emotional fearfulness
behavioural inhibition

2- irritability and strong response to frustration

67
Q

what is another name for negative emotionality

A

neuroticism (N)

68
Q

what is a strong risk factor for mental illness

A

N

69
Q

what is the opposite of N

A

emotional stability

70
Q

fear is the primary emotion for what system

A

fight-flight-freeze (FFF)

71
Q

what does the FFF play an important role in

A

developmental and expression of negative emotionality

72
Q

as fear links to the FFFS, anxiety is related to what

A

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

73
Q

explain behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

functions to alter the actor to potential threats associated with uncertainty and conflict in the environment, especially conflict about whether to approach or avoid particular stimuli, situations, people, events

74
Q

key brain structure implicated in the experience of both fear and anxiety is what

A

amygdala

75
Q

people who score high in N may suffer from what

A

an overreactive BIS

76
Q

is anxiety a learned response

A

yes

77
Q

BIS is shaped how

A

by learning and personal experience

78
Q

does the BIS interact with anything

A

yep, spills into the FFFS

79
Q

what is the worst thing that can happen to a member of a eusocial species

A

being excluded from a group

80
Q

what does self regulation depend on

A

the observation of the actor by an audience, be that the audience in the real world or the actor mind

81
Q

humans being act more socially desirable when what

A

they know or believe that other humans beings are watching them

82
Q

what is objective self awareness

A

being explicitly aware of the self as an object of perception

83
Q

what can increase objective self awareness

A

seeing oneself reflected in a mirror

cultural factors as well

84
Q

how do cultural factors influence objective self awareness

A

Japanese individuals are less influenced by the mirror

japanese culture more strongly emphasizes the idea that social groups monitor the actors behaviours, so the state of objective self awareness may be more the explicit more
basically; it lis like the japanese have mirrors in their heads

85
Q

intense of prolonged bouts of concerted self regulation lead to what

A

ego depletion

86
Q

what is ego depletion

A

the muscle grows wear because an inner resource of self regulatory energy has been used up (can only look in the mirror for so long)

87
Q

in societies that stress individualism (NA), caregivers tend to encourage what for babies

A

high arousal positive emotions such as joy and excitement

88
Q

in societies where collectivism (East asia) is caregivers tend to encourage what for babies stressed,

A

may aim to dampen down high arousal positive (increase low arousal positive emotions) emotions because strong emotional expression is seen as threatening to the collective harmony

89
Q

the quality of attachment ends is established what

A

first 2years and this may have strong impact not he development of emotional regulation

90
Q

what is effortful control

A

success in delaying gratification
when expressed in high levels, these children (the ones who delayed eating one marshmallow to get two) had better friendships, fewer behavioural problems, higher SAT scores, etc

91
Q

is effortful control (EC) hard to achieve

A

no

92
Q

who has higher EC

A

girls

93
Q

what is EC related to

A

social class– low SES have lower EC

culture– east asia has higher EC

94
Q

conscience consists of at least wha two key component

A

rule-compatible conduct

moral emotions

95
Q

explain rule-compatible conduct

A

acting in ways that are consistent with what group norms suggest to be moral or good behaviour

96
Q

explain moral emotions

A

key moral emotions for development of conscience include empathy and guilt
both appear to be highly correlated with high ED

97
Q

EC and the developmental conscience in young children rely on what

A

neurocognitive system called executive attention network

98
Q

explain executive attention network

A

(role in self regulation)
activated n situations in which a person needs to detect errors in the environment, cope with conflicting cognitive appraisals, overcome habitual or automatic response patterns or monitor their own behaviour in the face of competing demands

99
Q

what does the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) play a role in

A

part of the executive attention network
role in wide range including blood pressure, heart rate, mediation of reward seeking behaviour, control of empathy an other social emotions, rational decisions
predicting outcomes of planned actions before they happen

100
Q

what chemical is associated with the EC

A

serotonin

101
Q

what is serotonin

A

influences self regulation,
high on this works to enhance the efficacy or peer of secondary system. By contrast being low on this leads to impulsive responses and resultant deficits in EC that spring from the primitive mode of processing

102
Q

temperament dimension of EC also helps set stage for what

A

C and A

103
Q

what predicts achievement in school

A

C

104
Q

why might sonscientiousness be related to morality

A

maybe risk taking

people high in C tend to be more prudent and cautions, avoiding risks to life and limb

105
Q

people high in C are motivated by what

A

apprehension about guild

not that they experience more guilt, but they act in a way to avoid guilt

106
Q

what is antisocial behaviour

A

involves aggression

107
Q

when children and adolescents engage in aggressive activities, what s it called

A

externalizing behaviours

108
Q

what is associated with development of aggression and antisocial behaviour

A

deficiencies in EC

109
Q

what is the worst combo of the big 5

A 
low C (irresponsible)
low A (unempathtic and disagreeable)
high N 
high E
as well as low level of intelligence
110
Q

do peoples traits mostly change or remain the same

A

both

111
Q

high levels of O display what

A

mix of smart and weird

112
Q

what is rank order stability

A

the extent to which individual differences in a given trait hold steady over time

113
Q

does rank order stability change over time

A

stabilities is low when young and high when older

114
Q

what kind of parenting style is associated with the the most positive outcomes

A

authoritative parenting

combines high levels of nurturance with strong parental control. They aim to meet their childrens emotion needs and encourage high standards of behaviour for their children
show love but also enforce rules (warm and strict)

115
Q

what is indulgent parenting

A

warn and not strict

116
Q

what is authoritarian parenting

A

strict and not warm

117
Q

what is neglectful parenting

A

not warmm not strict

118
Q

does authoritative parenting directly influence personality traits

A

traits are mostly genetic

119
Q

for many people, reaching maturity involves what

A

coming to terms with the mistakes they have made in life

120
Q

what is the 5-7 shift

A

children experience a host of cognitive and social changes in middle school that ultimately result I a newfound sense of maturity and rationality at this age
full emergence of motivated agency

121
Q

what is self efficacy

A

the person’s belief that he or she can execute goal directed behaviour in a successful manner, especially under challenging or stressful circumstances

122
Q

what re motivational dynamics of hevaiour

A

forces that energize and direct what people do

123
Q

do you need to know a person as a motivated agent to predict their actions

A

no

124
Q

what is join attention

A

around 9 months,

the infant and adult arrive at a common ground of shared representations regarding external reality

125
Q

what is theory of mind

A

around 3-4 years
conception that you and and most people have about why people do what they do
assume people do what they do because they want to (desire)
and what they understand to be true (belief)

126
Q

who preforms poorly in theory of mind tasks

A

autistic children

127
Q

Aristotle believes we learn how

A

by doing

128
Q

what is the difference between social development goals and demonstration approach goals

A

social development– aim at improving relationships and social skills
demonstration approach– aim at attaining status and garnering positive feedback from others

129
Q

what is demonstration avoid goals

A

involve avoiding negative judgement from others

130
Q

demonstration approach goals positive associated with what

A

aggression

131
Q

what is self esteem

A

overall evaluation that a person makes of the self

132
Q

when does self esteem develop

A

around the 5-7 shift

133
Q

James defined self esteem with a famous ration, what was it

A

self esteem = success / pretensions

134
Q

what are pretensions and what is success

A

includes goals, values and expectations people seek to achieve
success is what people feel when they achieve them

135
Q

who has lower self esteem

A

middleschool girls

136
Q

high esteem is associated with what

A

greater initiative in pursuit of goals and greater enjoyment of success (but not concrete evidence)

137
Q

empirical effort to assess individual diff in a tendency toward narcissism consistently identify two central features what are there

A

grandiosity and sense of self entitlement

138
Q

wha is grandiosity

A

sense of self importance

139
Q

what is sense of entitlement

A

expectation that other people will also see the narcissist in the same way and therefor shower them with admiration and attention

140
Q

was steve jobs a narcissist

A

yes

seems though like it was the way he moved through life as a motivated agent

141
Q

what is the agency model of narcissism

A

depicts narcissism as a result of strong and abiding motivational emphasis on pursuing goals of power, concerns, and a relentless focus of enhancing self-esteem.

U2 Psychology of Personality (24 decks)

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