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U2 Psychology of Personality > Second Half of Book > Flashcards

Second Half of Book Flashcards

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1
Q

human behaviour is motivated by what

A

basic psychological needs, which give rise to specific and socially contoured wants, which human beings translate into conscious and unconscious life goals

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2
Q

freud’s ultimate motives for humans were what

A

sex (eros) and aggression (thanatos)

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3
Q

Jung thought human motives were what (same as humanistic psychology view)

A

sex and aggressions could not be ignored but the most important motive across the life course is to develop or actualize the self, what Jung calls individuation. Each of us strives to become the authentic person were were uniquely designed to be

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4
Q

as motivated agents we are what

A

extraordinarily adept in working together to develop the most elaborate and sophisticated plans, programs, schemes, etc to accomplish our goals

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5
Q

why are we able to achieve goals

A

because we believe we can (it is in our innate power to do so) and the evolution of the PFC enables us to make more or less rational decisions an engage in all manner of plotting, scheming and planning–often in the company of other humans who think the same way

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6
Q

what do agents want

A

more than anything else to be agents
which is ironic became we have no choice when it comes to motivated agency. Human evolution has made us into these schemers and planners we cant be otherwise if we wanted to. As brainy eusocial creatures, we have to have a plan and we have to believe that the plan will work and the plan HAS to work, at least now and again

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7
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A

the rewarding power of the activity is intrinsic to (inherent in) the activity itself. People who engage in intrinsically motivated behaviour do not need an outside reason for doing the behaviour, They do what they do because they like doing it, not because they will reeve an external reward down the road

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8
Q

psych research shows people who pursue ________ motivating goals in daily lives tend to enjoy especially high levels of happiness and well being

A

intrinsically motivated

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9
Q

what is extrinsic motivation

A

aimed at obtaining rewards from the environment or avoiding punishments.

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10
Q

why is it not good to only have extrinsic motivation

A

life may lose vitality and meaning if we come to believe that nearly everything we do is dictated by the bitch goddess of extrinsic motivation. Even if we enjoy success with our extrinsic goals, even if we obtain fame money and approval we have been craving, we may still feel unsatisfied

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11
Q

distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is what

A

the conceptual staring point of self-determination theory

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12
Q

what is self-determination theory

A

making sense of how motivated agent works.

includes intrinsic, controlled, amotivated

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13
Q

what is intrinsic behaviour

A

Intrinsically motivated behaviour is self determines in that the driving forces for the behaviour reside within the self rather than the external environment. When behaviour is fully self-determined, the motivated agent pursues a goal with’a full sense of choice, with the experience of doing what one wants, and without the feeling of coercion or compulsion’.
By contrast we tend to experience behaviour that is no intrinsically motivated as either controlled or motivated..

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14
Q

what is controlled behaviours

A

Conrolled behaviours occur when we meet the demands of an external force or an internalized force that was once external (e.g. harsh demands of the superego). Controlled behaviours may feel intentional in that we intend to do them but we still feel that we are doing them to satisfy an end that is external t the behaviour itself. Thus motivated agency is compromised somewhat

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15
Q

what is amotivated behaviour

A

unintentional and often disorganized because the person cannot exert choice or will.

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16
Q

self determination behaviour stems from what three basic psych needs

A

autonomy
competence
relatedness

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17
Q

explain the need for autonomy

A

involves agent’s desire to feel a sense of independence from external pressures. It is indeed the very need to feel that one is a free and autonomous agent

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18
Q

explain the need for competence

A

encompasses the agent’s striving to control the outcomes of events to experience a sense of mastery and effectiveness in dealing with the environment

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19
Q

explain the need for relatedness

A

encompasses the agent’s strivings to care for others, to feel what others are relating to the self in authentic and mutually supportive ways and to feel a satisfying coherent involvement in the social world more generally

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20
Q

intrinsically motivating activities often find their reinforcing sources where

A

in the three big needs of self determination theory

behaviours that stem from autonomy, competence and relatedness feel more rewarding

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21
Q

which of the three self determination theory behaviours is the most basic

A

autonomy
as you cannot effectively strive for mastery or love, but you can strive for agency (experiencing some rudimentary satisfaction of the need for autonomy is essential for agency striving– striving for anything, be it competence relatedness or becoming president)
becoming

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22
Q

what are the three especially important dimensions of the social environment for self-determination theory

A

autonomy support
structure
involvement

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23
Q

explain how a social environment can provide autonomy support

A

parent and teachers encouraging choice and innovation in behaviour

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24
Q

explain how a social environment can provide structure

A

for goal directed striving
highly structures environments provide clear guidelines about what kinds of behaviours lead to what kinds of outcomes, and they give the motivated agent explicit feedback regarding how well he or she is doing in achieving goals

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25
Q

explain how a social environment can provide involvement

A

describes the degree to which significant others are interested and devote time and energy to the development of children. The more involvement, the better for everyone

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26
Q

what is effectance

A

the drive to be an effective agent in the environment, any environment. the satisfaction of the effectance drive leads to the experience of competence

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27
Q

do humans want to be competent

A

yes

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28
Q

why do humans want to to be competent

A

more likely to survive and GET AHEAD

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29
Q

self-determination theory tends to downplay what

A

individual differences in motives

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30
Q

how do peoples motives and goals differ from eachothers

A

people differ in strength and salience of motives and goals seemingly linked to a general tendency toward competence
Prime example in personality psychology of the dimension of individual differences is the achemenet motive

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31
Q

what is a thematic apperception test

A

TAT; in which people tell imaginative stories in response to picture cues, the researcher believed that this was a totally X-ray into the personality of people

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32
Q

what is used instead of the TAT test

A

picture story exercise (PSE) instead because this is more accurate, it is a coding system for the stories

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33
Q

what are the motivations

A

achievement, power, intimacy

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34
Q

what kind of motivation did Hillary Clinton have

A

achievement

  • high aspirations combined with moderate risk taking
  • preference for situations in which personal responsibility can affect results
  • a pragmatic approach to problem solving with emphasis on efficiency
  • self control and delay of gratification
  • future time perspective
  • upward social mobility
  • penchant for travel
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35
Q

what is the difference between intimacy and affiliation motives

A

affiliation concerns connections people feel to groups whereas intimacy is more about the quality of one on one relationships
they are similar but affiliation is used less

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36
Q

what is regulatory focus theory

A

people orient themselves in the future, they regular their actions according to two fundamental principles
the two focuses are promotion and prevention

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37
Q

explain promotion focus

A

the motivated agent aims to promote the self by approaching situations that promise reward, growth, expansion and the like
when the agent is successful in promotion they feel joy in achieving goals, if unsuccessful they feel sadness/disappointment

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38
Q

explain prevention focus

A

motivated agent aims to protect self by preventing harm, actively voiding situations and threaten the self. When the agent is successful in prevention they feel relief in achieving goal and when unsuccessful they feel anxiety and fear because threat still remains

39
Q

are people with prevention or promotion focused

A

over the course of a day people shift between the two

40
Q

seeking to prevent negative outcomes sometimes means preventing what

A

you own misbehaviour

41
Q

promotion focus goes may seek to do what

A

decrease the discrepancy between actual and ideal self

42
Q

are prevention and promotion goals related to intrinsic and extrinsic

A

no, not necessarily

43
Q

what is the difference between competence and relatedess

A

competence; focus on getting ahead

relatedness; focus on getting along

44
Q

why is morality primary for our eusocial species

A

because without mortality we cannot be a eusocial species

45
Q

what is the golden rule

A

fo unto others as you would have them do unto you

46
Q

what is an ethic of community

A

intuitions regarding in-group loyalty and hierarchy serve to bind autonomous agents together within the group, reinforcing what is called an ethics of community
human groups cannot function well if individual members feel no loyalty to the collective; as a result evolution has shaped human beings to respond with anger and even moral outrage when someone betrays the group

47
Q

what are the 5 moral foundations

A 
Care/harm
fairness/cheating
loyalty/betrayal
authority/subversion
sanity/degradation
48
Q

explain Care/harm

A

reacting negative to harm of other sentient beings

49
Q

explain fairness/cheating

A

reacting negative to inequity to breaches in fairness’ expecting reciprocity in relationships

50
Q

explain loyalty/betrayal

A

reacting negative to failures in commitment

51
Q

explain authority/subversion

A

reacting negative to disrespect of legitimate authority

52
Q

explain sanity/degradation

A

reacting negative to and often with disgust to violations of purity or sacredness

53
Q

people tend to think of moral scenarios as involving what

A

at least one intentional agent and one suffering patient

morality = agency + patient

54
Q

explain who can be an agent or patient in the equation of morality = agency + patient

A 
agency= someone has control/intentionality (adult, god)
patient= someone who can feel/experience (adult, child)

in most cases characters who lack both agency and experience do not qualify for moral scenarios

God cannot be a patient because he cannot experience
Children cannot be agents because they do not have control

55
Q

what is a sacred canopy

A

religion bring people together under a common sociomoral banner, or sacred canopy

56
Q

how do children understand inanimate objects

A

when an inanimate object is seen to move with no visible external cause, young kids often assume that an invisible force of some kind made it move. If the force is imagined to be inside the object then children (and adults) imagine the object to be alive in some sense, an active AGENT who INTENDS to move. If the force is imagined to be outside the object, then children (and sometimes adults) may invoke notions of God or some other external AGENT who’s INTENTION is to make the object move

57
Q

why do humans want to give most things some kind of internal or external agency

A

because otherwise life seems random

58
Q

what are the five basic tenets that undergird religious value systems for many american adolescents

A
  1. a god exists who created and orders the world and watched over people
  2. god wants people to be food, nice and fair to eachother, as taught in the bible and by most world religions
  3. god also wants people to be happy and to feel good about themselves
  4. people should call upon god during times of need because for helps people solve problems
  5. good people fgo to heaven when they die
59
Q

is religion heritable

A

heritability of religion seem to increase with age into adulthood… as people grow older they are better able to ignore what other people want them to do and follow instead the promptings of their genotypes

heritability of religion is tightly connected to the heritability of personality characteristics that specify concerns for 1- community integration ad 2- existential certainty

personality - being close to others in community and endeavouring to find ultimate meaning in life- may be genetically drawn to religion

60
Q

what big 5 traits is religion associated with

A

A and C

61
Q

religion and politics are linked closely in the human mind why

A

because both springs from moral considerations regarding how people should live together in groups

62
Q

what are the two german words used to describe a resultant tension that modern people feel between social relations and arrangements

A

Gemeinschaft and gesellschaft

63
Q

what is Gemeinschaft

A

refers to traditional patterns of social relations based on shared blood, shared place and shared bleeds, the prototype for which is the extended family or clan (more conservative)

64
Q

what is gesellschaft

A

refers to the more modern, impersonal arrangements of ‘civil society’ reflected in modern markers, urban settings and complex bureaucratic states, wherein individuals are more or less free to pursue their own destines (more liberal)

65
Q

how do religion and moral foundations relate

A

conservatives may stem mainly from deep intuitions regarding loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion and sanity/degradation
liberals may stem from concerns about care/harm and fairness/cheating

the difference is how much each group values each foundation

66
Q

primary determinants of variation in political values among adults are what

A
  1. genetic diffs between people
  2. effects of assortative mating (politically minded people mate likeminded people)
  3. big environmental events that impact the entire cohort such as war and economic depression
67
Q

what big 5 trait is most associated with personal values

A

openness; people higher in this are associated with higher stages of oral resining, greater religious searching or quest and liberal political attitudes
also associated with high spirituality
views religion as a personal journey and, thereby experiencing change and development in their beliefs

68
Q

what are paradigmatic expressions of human thought, how are they different from stories

A

things like ‘2 +2 = 4’
how things work
aims to reveal the truth

stories aim to explain why people do what they do

69
Q

what is verisimilitude

A

‘lifelikeness’ or human plausibility

often used in stories… ‘their motives are understandable to me’

70
Q

lifetime exposure to good fiction is positively correlated to what? is non-fiction related to anything

A

social skills and empathy

non-fiction is not correlated to anything

71
Q

explain the key variable in the research literature on children’s stories

A

elaboration: parents with an elaborative conversational style ask their children to reflect and elaborate upon their emotions, thoughts and desires. They provide many opportunities for there children to describe what they are feeling in their experiences. By contrast, parents who show more restricted conversational style focus more on the description of behaviour rather than the exploration of inner experience. They may dismiss their children’s feelings or show relatively little interest in pursuing the emotional dynamics of their children’s experiences

72
Q

define narrative identity

A

the internalized and evolving story of the self that a person constructs t provide his or her life with unity, purpose and meaning

the story manages to ‘selectively reconstruct’ the past ‘in such way that, step by step, it seems to have planned’ you or better, you ‘seem to have planned it’

73
Q

is narrative identity fact

A

no, it is a personal myth

74
Q

people high in N have what kind of stories

A

high in contamination sequences

75
Q

people high in O have what kind of stories

A

higher levels of narrative coherence

76
Q

what is stagnation

A

to fail in generatively is to experience stagnation; to feel the you are stuck or stunned, that you can no generate anything useful, that you are unable to unwilling to be of good use to the next generation

77
Q

generatively connects most strongly with what big 5 traits

A

C and the altruism facet of A. Also positively correlated with E and O and negatively associated with N

78
Q

can different levels of generatively be shown in different domains of life

A

yes
for example Ghandi, father to the world but not to his own children

essentially being a parent does not make a person mor regenerative but research does suggest that parents who are more generative to begin with tend to be better parents

79
Q

does being generative enhance life

A

yes, it is associated with better life satisfaction

and in contrast low generatively is associated with depression

80
Q

is generatively easy or hard

A

really hard
so it takes a good life story to be a highly generative adult. You need a good story about your life to sustain a strong commitment to generatively for the long haul. You need a story that bucks you up when things get bad, that provides you with support for the hard work that generality demands and the heartaches it will bring your way

81
Q

highly generative adults tend to narrate their lives in what kinds of stories

A

stories of redemption

82
Q

redemptive stories often begins with what

A

accounts of childhood wherein the protagonist felt that they enjoyed and early advantage, at the same time the protagonist shows an early sensitivity to the suffering of others, then a moral steadfastness (protagonist commits the self to a personal ideology. Their values remain strong, clear and highly relevant in daily life for the duration of the story)

83
Q

what are positive illusions

A

autobiographical authors may simply overlook the most negative aspects of life events and exaggerate the positive meanings

84
Q

what are narrative unconscious

A

when the narrator tells the story with lack of world assumptions, cognitive constructs or experimental categories to make the story make sense

85
Q

the theme of redemption comes in what 4 categories

A

atonement- making amends
upward social mobility
liberation
recovery

86
Q

how does culture influence being a social actor, motivated agent and autobiographical author

A

social actor- provides rules or how to perform the traits and the roles that structure social life
motivated agent- provide norms for the content and importance of personal goals and values
autobiographical author- most cultural influence here, life stories capture and elaborate metaphors and images that are especially resonant in a given culture

87
Q

what do a culture’s master narratives provide

A

vital resources for the construction of narrative identity while, at the same time, severely constraining the kinds of lives that people can live. Master narratives speak to the identity of the entire group as well as members of the group. The group itself must be a shared ethnicity, religion, ideology or even its status as a nation. It summarizes the group’s understanding of its own history and destiny. In dong so, it also suggests how members of the group should understand their place and their position in the world.

88
Q

explain the master narratives and the example of palestinians and israelis

A

small group brought together to discuss peace and stuff, short term was great
year or two later brought back together after going to back to their countries and their attitudes had hardened back to the norm

89
Q

why do life stories change over time

A
  1. peoples lives change

2. people change their stories as they change their understanding of themselves

90
Q

what are self defining memories

A

emotionally vivid scenes in their lives in which they grapple with important psychological issues

91
Q

do older adults tell stories that are more positive or negative

A

more positive in emotional tone

92
Q

what is positivity bias

A

comes with gang, the fact that older adults tend to emphasize positive emotions in their daily lives and in their memories compared to younger adults

93
Q

what is the method of life review

A

counsellors who work with older adults sometimes employ this method to encourage older adults to relive and reflect on past events. In life review, older adults are encouraged to mine their autobiographical memory fr specific events that seem to have meaning and value, life review therapists teach their clients how to reminisce productively about these events and to reflect upon their meaning. This can help increase life satisfaction

94
Q

what happens to our dispositional traits in the last years of life

A

not much research has been devoted to this however it suggests that personality stability may decline in the later years, and people may reverse the gains they have made on positive personality traits

U2 Psychology of Personality (24 decks)

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