Testicular Cancer Flashcards
who does testicular cancer commonly affect
young males
what is the prognosis for testicular cancer
highly curable when diagnosed earlier
what is a precancerous condition for testicular cancer
carcinoma in situ
aetiology
all germ cell tumours begin during fetal development and progress through a non-invasive stage called intratubular germ cell neoplasia (carcinoma in situ)
what is carcinoma in situ
a precancerous lesion which may lead to malignant growth
what environmental factors can cause testicular cancer
trauma
hormones
atrophy
what chromosomal factors can induce testicular cancer
gain of 12p
how does carcinoma in situ become testicular cancer
malignant transformation of carcinoma in situ by growth beyond basement membrane
how does metastasis occur in testicular cancer
lymphatics
what is the most common form of germ cell testicular cancer
seminoma
risk factors
cryptochidism (absence of testes - undescended testis)
FHx or PMHx of testicular cancer
testicular atrophy due to trauma
what are features of testicular cancer
RFs
young adult male
painless testicular mass which is smooth and firm
what should be done first when a patient presents with suspected testicular cancer
examination
what is the first line investigation for testicular cancer
USS (colour doppler)
what can doppler differentiate testicular cancer from
varicocele
what is diagnostic of testicular cancer (tumour markers)
raised B-hCG, AFP, LDH
which carcinomas are not associated with a rise in AFP (b-hCG only)
seminomas
choriocarcinomas
what are two groups of testicular cancers
1 germ cell TCs
2 sex-cord stromal TCs
what are the different forms of germ cell TCs
A seminoma
B embryonal carcinoma
what are the different forms of embryonal carcinomas
1 extraembryonic tissues -choriocarcinoma -endodermal sinus tumour 2 embryonic tissues -teratoma 3 mixed -teratocarcinomas
what are the different forms of sex-cord stromal TCs
A sertoli cell tumour
B leydig cell tumour
C lymphoma
D SCC
is a seminoma radio or chemo sensitive
both
what tumour marker is associated with seminoma
placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)
when can PLAP not be used as a marker for seminoma
in smokers - interferes with PLAP levels
what condition are seminomas associated with
cryptorchidism
are embryonal carcinomas radio or chemo sensitive
chemo sensitive (choriocarcinoma, endodermal sinus tumour, teratomas, teratocarcinomas)
what tumour marker is associated with choriocarcinoma
BcHG
what tumour marker is associated with endodermal sinus tumour
AFP
is teratoma benign or malignant
malignant
who presents with SCC of testicles
those exposed to soot (chimney sweeps)
what is the most common sex cord stromal TC
lyphoma
who presents with lymphomas
> 60yrs
who presents with leydig cell tumours
<60yrs
what is seen in children and adults with leydig cell tumorus
precocious puberty in children
gynaecomastic in adults
