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Year 5 Cancer > PassMedicine > Flashcards

PassMedicine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of colorectal cancer

A

1 sporadic
2 hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma
3 familial adenomatous polyposis

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2
Q

what is the most common type of colorectal carcinoma

A

sporadic (95%)

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3
Q

what is the rarest type of colorectal carcinoma

A

FAP

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4
Q

what are the causes of sporadic colorectal cancer

A

a series of genetic mutations

loss of APC gene
activation of K-ras oncogene
deletion of P53 tumour suppressor

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5
Q

what sort of genetic condition is hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma

A

autosomal dominant

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6
Q

what is the most common form of inherited colon cancer

A

HNPCC

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7
Q

where does HNPCC commonly affect and what are the common features

A

proximal colon

poorly differentiated + highly aggressive

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8
Q

what are the two most common genes associated with HNPCC

A

MSH2 (most common)

MLH1

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9
Q

what other cancer are patients with HNPCC at risk of

A

endometrial cancer

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10
Q

what sort of genetic condition is familial adenomatous polyposis

A

autosomal dominant

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11
Q

what causes APC

A

mutation in tumour supressor gene APC (adenomatous polyposis coli gene)

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12
Q

on which chromosome is the tumour suppressor gene, APC, found

A

chromosome 5

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13
Q

what are patients with FAP also at risk of

A

duodenal tumours

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14
Q

what is streptococcus bovis associated with

A

colorectal cancer

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15
Q

what are the different types of tumour markers

A

1 monoclonal antibodies against tumour antigens
2 tumour antigens
3 enzymes
4 hormones

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16
Q

what is the monoclonal antibody CA 125 associated with

A

ovarian cancer

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17
Q

what is the monoclonal antibody CA 19-9 associated with

A

pancreatic cancer

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18
Q

what is the monoclonal antibody CA 15-3 associated with

A

breast cancer

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19
Q

what is the tumour antigen carcinoembryonic antigen associated with

A

colorectal cancer

20
Q

what is the tumour antigen bombesin associated with

A

small cell lung carcinoma
gastric cancer
neuroblastoma

21
Q

what does loss of tumour suppressor function/production cause

A

increase cancer risk

22
Q

what is APC associated with

A

colorectal carcinoma

23
Q

what is BRCA1 + BRCA2 associated with

A

breast + ovarian cancer

24
Q

where does colorectal cancer most commonly occur

A

rectal (40%)

sigmoid (30%)

25
Q

where does colorectal cancer more commonly occur between descending and ascending colon

A 
ascending colon + caecum (15%)
descending colon (5%)
26
Q

what is the 1st line management in spinal cord compression

A

dexamethasone (corticosteroid)

27
Q

what is the management of neutropenic sepsis

A

1st: take blood cultures
2nd: empircal broad spectrum antiboitics
3 with results from cultures give specific antibiotics

28
Q

how is hypercalcaemia of malignancy treated

A

IV hydration and pamidronate (biphosphonate)

29
Q

how is hypercalcaemia treated

A

IV hydration

30
Q

what is radical therapy

A

curative

31
Q

what is palliative therapy

A

supportive no curative

32
Q

what is adjuvant therapy

A

treatment following surgery

33
Q

what is neoadjuvant therapy

A

treatment before surgery

34
Q

what is the tumour marker for seminomas and teratomas

A

b-HCG

AFP for teratomas only

35
Q

what is the treatment for seminomas

A

inguinal orchidectomy and radiotherapy (radiosensitive)

36
Q

what is the treatment for teratomas

A

inguinal orchidectomy and chemotherapy (chemosensitive)

37
Q

what testicular cancer is chemosensitive

A

teratomas

38
Q

what testicular cancer is radiosensitive

A

seminomas

39
Q

where do adenocarcinomas of the oesophagus occur

A

lower third

40
Q

where do squamous cell carcinomas of oesophagus occur

A

upper two thirds

41
Q

what malignancies cause SIADH

A

SCLC
prostate cancer
pancreatic cancer

42
Q

what is tumour lysis syndrome

A

rapid cell death after chemo (esp in haematological malignancies)

43
Q

what are signs in bloods of tumour lysis syndrome

A 
raised K+ (higher in cells)
low Ca (lower in cells)
44
Q

where do carcinoid tumours arise from

A

enterochromaffin cells

45
Q

what is carcinoid tumour

A

GI tract (asymptomatic)

46
Q

what is carcinoid syndrome

A

GI + liver (symptomatic)

47
Q

what are symptoms of carcinoid syndrome

A

facial flushing

water diarrhoea

Year 5 Cancer (25 decks)

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