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Anatomy and Physiology > *Test Two > Flashcards

*Test Two Flashcards

1
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular systole (contraction, depolarization)

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2
Q

What is this and how can you tell?

A

PVC (spikes between beats)

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3
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC count (usually viral infection)

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4
Q

What are the 3 artery groups?

A
  • arterioles- small, control blood pressure
  • muscular (distributing) arteries- mostly smooth muscle, vasoconstrict/vasodilate to move blood
  • elastic (conducting) arteries- have elastic fibers, when blood from the left ventricle surges in, the artery stretches then recoils to propel blood (ex- aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic & carotid arteries)
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5
Q

autorhythmic

A

“cardiac muscles have the ability to start their own action potentials”

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6
Q

What happens after prothrombinase acts?

A

a blood clot is formed

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7
Q

What are the 3 special immune system cells and what do they do?

A
  • NK cells (natural killer)- kill body cells that aren’t right (tumors) (Police)
  • B cells- lymphocytes that combat extracellular antigens, have the capacity to make a memory of that antigen” function by producing plasma cells which make antibodies (taggers) (Mothership)
  • T cells- combat intracellular antigens, these kill infected cells (Mr. T)
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8
Q

What is this and how can you tell?

A

Bundle branch block (wide QRS complex)

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9
Q

What are the 5 qualities of heart cells?

A

-elongated -involuntary -branched cells -intercalated discs -autorhythmic

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10
Q

What is bulk flow movement and how does it happen?

A

moves large amounts of fluid across capillary walls

  • large amounts of fluid enters capillaries on arteriole end
  • this generates “blood hydrostatic pressure” (BHP)
  • BHP forces fluid out of capillaries (filtration)
  • as more fluid leaves, BHP goes down and albumin concentration goes up (albumin is a protein that maintains fluid concentration in the blood)
  • high albumin concentration creates “blood colloidal osmotic pressure” (BCOP), drawing fluid back into capillaries (reabsorption) as it enter the venule
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11
Q

EKG problem with multiple extra P waves?

A

heart block

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12
Q

EKG problem with a dipped Q wave?

A

previous heart attack

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13
Q

What is this and how can you tell?

A

Normal

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14
Q

P wave

A

atrial systole (contraction, depolarization)

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15
Q

stroke volume

A

avg. 70mL, amount pumped out by the left ventricle with each contraction

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A
  • endocardium- innermost layer (includes valves)
  • myocardium- muscle layer (left ventricle is the thickest)
  • epicardium (visceral pericardium)- membranes on the outside of the heart
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17
Q

What stimulates leukocyte differentiation?

A

interleukin & colony stimulating factors

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18
Q

Why is blood pressure in veins lower than arteries?

A

-veins are farther from the heart -veins go from small to large (arteries are opposite)

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19
Q

What is hemoglobin and what role does iron play with it?

A

protein that carries oxygen inside a RBC, oxygen binds to the iron in the hemoglobin

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20
Q

B cells

A

lymphocytes that combat extracellular antigens, have the capacity to make a memory of that antigen” function by producing plasma cells which make antibodies (Mothership)

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21
Q

What is this and how can you tell?

A

Atrial fibrillation (rapid beats, faintness, spikey)

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22
Q

What is a neutrophil?

A

phagocytic WBC that is first to a wound site

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23
Q

What growth factor is most important to hemopoiesis, why, & where is it made?

A

erythropoietin- growth factor manufactured by kidney, stimulates stem cells to become RBCs

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24
Q

What is the tunica interna also called?

A

endothelium

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25
Q

What are the 2 heart sounds and what do they represent?

A
  • lub- sound of AV valves closing
  • dub- sound of semilunar valves closing
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26
Q

leukocytosis

A

high WBC count (bacterial infection)

27
Q

EKG problem with rapid beats and faintness?

A

atrial fibrillation

28
Q

What is an ectopic site and why is it so dangerous?

A

small group of heart muscles can become over excited, raise heart rate to 210+ bpm (too fast for the heart to fill completely)

29
Q

Why does pulmonary edema happen?

A

excessive fluid in lung tissue -blood is backing down venule end into capillaries -this generates BHP and cancels out the normal BCOP from albumin -now BHP happens the whole length of the capillary (no reabsorption) forcing large amounts of fluid into tissues

30
Q

What is this and how can you tell?

A

Previous heart attck (dipped Q wave)

31
Q

The epicardium is also called what?

A

visceral pericardium

32
Q

What are reticulocytes and what makes them so odd?

A

immature RBCs that have expunged their nucleus and kept their organelles (mature RBC’s have no organelles)

33
Q

intercalated discs

A

“transverse thickenings of sarcolemma between cardiac muscle fibers that contain gap junctions”

34
Q

What is a murmur and what are the 3 types?

A

-extra sound with each beat -valvular stenosis- improper opening of a valve (especially the aortic semilunar valve) -valvular regurgitation- valve can’t close correctly -septal defect- ventricular hole (right ventricle enlarges to compensate, very dangerous)

35
Q

electrical conduction route through the heart

A

SA node, right & left atria, AV node, atria contract together, bundle of His, right & left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, ventricles contract

36
Q

Describe the role of prothrombinase in cuts

A

it activates prothrombin turning it into thrombin which converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads (bloot clots)

37
Q

What is prothrombinase the result of?

A

end product of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

38
Q

What is cardiac tamponade and why is it so dangerous?

A

“injury causes blood to fill the pericardial space, resulting in life threatening back pressure on the heart” (common in car accidents)

39
Q

What is blood made of?

A

liquid- plasma is 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes (majority of solutes are plasma proteins)

cells- erythrocytes, leukocytes

40
Q

How do you find the stroke volume?

A

End diastolic - end systolic = stroke volume

41
Q

Blood flow through the heart

A

-right atrium -tricuspid -right ventricle -pulmonary semilunar -pulmonary arteries -lungs -pulmonary veins -left atrium -mitral -let ventricle -aortic semilunar -aorta -body

42
Q

monocytes

A

differentiate into macrophages which clean up dead cells

43
Q

T wave

A

ventricular diastole (relaxation, repolarization)

44
Q

What is the primary function of capillaries and how are their walls adapted to material change?

A

“primary function is to allow the exchange of nutrients, waste & fluid between blood & tissue” -only 1 cell layer thick -fenestrations in capillary walls

45
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  • all 4 chambers must be in diastole
  • atria fill with blood, generate pressure
  • PRESSURE pops open AV valves
  • this rapidly filled the ventricles
  • SA node fires, stimulus goes through left & right atria to AV node
  • atria contract & finish emptying (P WAVE)
  • stimulus goes through bundle of His to left & right bundle branches & Purkinje fibers
  • ventricles contract (QRS COMPLEX)
  • CHORDAE TENDINEAE hold AV valves down (so they don’t invert)
  • PRESSURE pops open semilunar valves
  • ventricles relax (T WAVE)
46
Q

What makes the 3 major plasma proteins?

A

hepatocytes

47
Q

NK cells (natural killer)

A

kill body cells that aren’t right (tumors) (Police)

48
Q

EKG problem with spikes between beats?

A

PVCs

49
Q

EKG problem with a wide QRS complex?

A

bundle branch block

50
Q

What do eosinophils make? Why is this so important? What do they tell you?

A

-respond to parasitic infections -type of leukocyte that makes ANTIHISTAMINE HISTAMINASE which shuts down the inflammatory response

51
Q

foramen ovale and PFO

A

common hole in between atria, still open in some babies at birth (causes blue baby aka cyanosis in severe cases as oxygen and deoxygenated blood mix)

52
Q

T cells

A

combat intracellular antigens, these kill infected cells (Mr. T)

53
Q

band neutrophils

A

for ACUTE BACTERIAL infections

54
Q

segmented neutrophils

A

for OLD infections (pus)

55
Q

What are the three types of neutrophils and what does each do?

A
  • band neutrophil- for ACUTE BACTERIAL infections
  • segmented neutrophil- OLD infection (pus)
  • monocyte- differentiation into macrophages which clean up dead cells
56
Q

What is this and how can you tell?

A

Heart block (extra P waves)

57
Q

What are the 3 blood vessel layers?

A
  • tunica interna (endothelium)- inner lining
  • tunica media- middle layer
  • tunica externa- outer layer
58
Q

What are the 3 major plasma proteins?

A
  • albumins- control osmotic pressure
  • fibrinogens- blood clotting
  • globulins- (alpha, beta & gamma) include chaperone proteins (gamma globulins (“antibodies”)- made by B cells, control infections (antibodies kill “antigens” (anything foreign to the body))
59
Q

end systolic volume

A

avg. 130mL, amount left in a ventricle after it contracts

60
Q

What is the difference between hypoxia and cyanosis?

A

hypoxia- lack of oxygen to tissues cyanosis- turn blue from lack of oxygen

61
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary edema?

A

-extreme agitation -SOB -cyanosis -coughing up pink, frothy sputum

62
Q

end diastolic volume

A

avg. 200mL, how much blood is left in a ventricle at the end of its relaxed period (between beats)

63
Q

What is hemopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

process of RBC production in red marrow

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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