*Test Two Flashcards
QRS complex
ventricular systole (contraction, depolarization)
What is this and how can you tell?
PVC (spikes between beats)
leukopenia
low WBC count (usually viral infection)
What are the 3 artery groups?
- arterioles- small, control blood pressure
- muscular (distributing) arteries- mostly smooth muscle, vasoconstrict/vasodilate to move blood
- elastic (conducting) arteries- have elastic fibers, when blood from the left ventricle surges in, the artery stretches then recoils to propel blood (ex- aorta, pulmonary, brachiocephalic & carotid arteries)
autorhythmic
“cardiac muscles have the ability to start their own action potentials”
What happens after prothrombinase acts?
a blood clot is formed
What are the 3 special immune system cells and what do they do?
- NK cells (natural killer)- kill body cells that aren’t right (tumors) (Police)
- B cells- lymphocytes that combat extracellular antigens, have the capacity to make a memory of that antigen” function by producing plasma cells which make antibodies (taggers) (Mothership)
- T cells- combat intracellular antigens, these kill infected cells (Mr. T)
What is this and how can you tell?
Bundle branch block (wide QRS complex)
What are the 5 qualities of heart cells?
-elongated -involuntary -branched cells -intercalated discs -autorhythmic
What is bulk flow movement and how does it happen?
moves large amounts of fluid across capillary walls
- large amounts of fluid enters capillaries on arteriole end
- this generates “blood hydrostatic pressure” (BHP)
- BHP forces fluid out of capillaries (filtration)
- as more fluid leaves, BHP goes down and albumin concentration goes up (albumin is a protein that maintains fluid concentration in the blood)
- high albumin concentration creates “blood colloidal osmotic pressure” (BCOP), drawing fluid back into capillaries (reabsorption) as it enter the venule
EKG problem with multiple extra P waves?
heart block
EKG problem with a dipped Q wave?
previous heart attack
What is this and how can you tell?
Normal
P wave
atrial systole (contraction, depolarization)
stroke volume
avg. 70mL, amount pumped out by the left ventricle with each contraction
What are the 3 layers of the heart?
- endocardium- innermost layer (includes valves)
- myocardium- muscle layer (left ventricle is the thickest)
- epicardium (visceral pericardium)- membranes on the outside of the heart
What stimulates leukocyte differentiation?
interleukin & colony stimulating factors
Why is blood pressure in veins lower than arteries?
-veins are farther from the heart -veins go from small to large (arteries are opposite)
What is hemoglobin and what role does iron play with it?
protein that carries oxygen inside a RBC, oxygen binds to the iron in the hemoglobin
B cells
lymphocytes that combat extracellular antigens, have the capacity to make a memory of that antigen” function by producing plasma cells which make antibodies (Mothership)
What is this and how can you tell?
Atrial fibrillation (rapid beats, faintness, spikey)
What is a neutrophil?
phagocytic WBC that is first to a wound site
What growth factor is most important to hemopoiesis, why, & where is it made?
erythropoietin- growth factor manufactured by kidney, stimulates stem cells to become RBCs
What is the tunica interna also called?
endothelium
What are the 2 heart sounds and what do they represent?
- lub- sound of AV valves closing
- dub- sound of semilunar valves closing
leukocytosis
high WBC count (bacterial infection)
EKG problem with rapid beats and faintness?
atrial fibrillation
What is an ectopic site and why is it so dangerous?
small group of heart muscles can become over excited, raise heart rate to 210+ bpm (too fast for the heart to fill completely)
Why does pulmonary edema happen?
excessive fluid in lung tissue -blood is backing down venule end into capillaries -this generates BHP and cancels out the normal BCOP from albumin -now BHP happens the whole length of the capillary (no reabsorption) forcing large amounts of fluid into tissues
What is this and how can you tell?
Previous heart attck (dipped Q wave)
The epicardium is also called what?
visceral pericardium
What are reticulocytes and what makes them so odd?
immature RBCs that have expunged their nucleus and kept their organelles (mature RBC’s have no organelles)
intercalated discs
“transverse thickenings of sarcolemma between cardiac muscle fibers that contain gap junctions”
What is a murmur and what are the 3 types?
-extra sound with each beat -valvular stenosis- improper opening of a valve (especially the aortic semilunar valve) -valvular regurgitation- valve can’t close correctly -septal defect- ventricular hole (right ventricle enlarges to compensate, very dangerous)
electrical conduction route through the heart
SA node, right & left atria, AV node, atria contract together, bundle of His, right & left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, ventricles contract
Describe the role of prothrombinase in cuts
it activates prothrombin turning it into thrombin which converts fibrinogen into fibrin threads (bloot clots)
What is prothrombinase the result of?
end product of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
What is cardiac tamponade and why is it so dangerous?
“injury causes blood to fill the pericardial space, resulting in life threatening back pressure on the heart” (common in car accidents)
What is blood made of?
liquid- plasma is 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes (majority of solutes are plasma proteins)
cells- erythrocytes, leukocytes
How do you find the stroke volume?
End diastolic - end systolic = stroke volume
Blood flow through the heart
-right atrium -tricuspid -right ventricle -pulmonary semilunar -pulmonary arteries -lungs -pulmonary veins -left atrium -mitral -let ventricle -aortic semilunar -aorta -body
monocytes
differentiate into macrophages which clean up dead cells
T wave
ventricular diastole (relaxation, repolarization)
What is the primary function of capillaries and how are their walls adapted to material change?
“primary function is to allow the exchange of nutrients, waste & fluid between blood & tissue” -only 1 cell layer thick -fenestrations in capillary walls
Cardiac cycle
- all 4 chambers must be in diastole
- atria fill with blood, generate pressure
- PRESSURE pops open AV valves
- this rapidly filled the ventricles
- SA node fires, stimulus goes through left & right atria to AV node
- atria contract & finish emptying (P WAVE)
- stimulus goes through bundle of His to left & right bundle branches & Purkinje fibers
- ventricles contract (QRS COMPLEX)
- CHORDAE TENDINEAE hold AV valves down (so they don’t invert)
- PRESSURE pops open semilunar valves
- ventricles relax (T WAVE)
What makes the 3 major plasma proteins?
hepatocytes
NK cells (natural killer)
kill body cells that aren’t right (tumors) (Police)
EKG problem with spikes between beats?
PVCs
EKG problem with a wide QRS complex?
bundle branch block
What do eosinophils make? Why is this so important? What do they tell you?
-respond to parasitic infections -type of leukocyte that makes ANTIHISTAMINE HISTAMINASE which shuts down the inflammatory response
foramen ovale and PFO
common hole in between atria, still open in some babies at birth (causes blue baby aka cyanosis in severe cases as oxygen and deoxygenated blood mix)
T cells
combat intracellular antigens, these kill infected cells (Mr. T)
band neutrophils
for ACUTE BACTERIAL infections
segmented neutrophils
for OLD infections (pus)
What are the three types of neutrophils and what does each do?
- band neutrophil- for ACUTE BACTERIAL infections
- segmented neutrophil- OLD infection (pus)
- monocyte- differentiation into macrophages which clean up dead cells
What is this and how can you tell?
Heart block (extra P waves)
What are the 3 blood vessel layers?
- tunica interna (endothelium)- inner lining
- tunica media- middle layer
- tunica externa- outer layer
What are the 3 major plasma proteins?
- albumins- control osmotic pressure
- fibrinogens- blood clotting
- globulins- (alpha, beta & gamma) include chaperone proteins (gamma globulins (“antibodies”)- made by B cells, control infections (antibodies kill “antigens” (anything foreign to the body))
end systolic volume
avg. 130mL, amount left in a ventricle after it contracts
What is the difference between hypoxia and cyanosis?
hypoxia- lack of oxygen to tissues cyanosis- turn blue from lack of oxygen
What are the symptoms of pulmonary edema?
-extreme agitation -SOB -cyanosis -coughing up pink, frothy sputum
end diastolic volume
avg. 200mL, how much blood is left in a ventricle at the end of its relaxed period (between beats)
What is hemopoiesis and where does it occur?
process of RBC production in red marrow
