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Anatomy and Physiology > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

1
Q

integumentary system (4 general traits)

A

-protection from infection -thermoregulator -starts vitamin D pathway -sensation source

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2
Q

reticular fibers

A

make up stroma, the walls of soft organs (spleen and liver)

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3
Q

keratin

A

a waterproof protein

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4
Q

apical surface

A

top, may have cilia or microvili

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5
Q

lamellae

A

rings of bone around central canal

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6
Q

endoderm

A

inner, epithelial, inside of the digestive tract

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7
Q

mesoderm

A

middle, epithelial, connective, muscle

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8
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone density (age)

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9
Q

hypodermis

A

attaches skin to underlying structures

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10
Q

major danger behind 3rd degree burns

A

infection

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11
Q

chondroblasts

A

immature cartilage cells

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12
Q

3 kinds of cell junctions

A

-tight junctions- “fuse adjacent cells with a web-like strip of protein”, keeps cells close and liquid out -desmosomes- (little bit loose) links adjacent cels with transmembrane glycoproteins -gap junctions- protein tunnels made of connexions, allow material to pass between cells (ex- cardiac cells)

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13
Q

osteoblasts

A

immature bone cells

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14
Q

zone of resting cartilage

A

chondrocytes anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis

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15
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer, can be thick (palms) or thin

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16
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

bone stem cells, only kind of bone cell that cal divide, initially an osteoprogenitor cell itself (to keep the stem cell line going)

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17
Q

perichrondrium

A

membrane around cartilage inside linings are inactive osteoprogenitor cells

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18
Q

4 exocrine glands associated with the skin and their products

A

-mammary glands- milk -ceruminous glands- ear wax (cerumin) -sebaceoous glands- oil (sebum) -sudoferous glands- sweat

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19
Q

avascular

A

no blood vessels

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20
Q

compare spongy bone to compact bone

A

-spongy- red bone marrow, epiphysis, spaces -compact- yellow bone marrow, diaphysis, osteons

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21
Q

pseudomonas

A

opportunistic bacteria that infects us when we are damaged (secretes green fluorescent material) always on us

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22
Q

basement membrane

A

give cells to connective tissue

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23
Q

list the 6 parts of a long bone and what they are

A

-epiphysis- ends -diaphysis- shaft -medullary cavity- space in diaphysis (yellow marrow) -periosteum- bone covering -articulating surface- joint surface (hyaline cartilage is here) -metaphysis/epiphyseal plates- line between epiphysis and diaphysis, where growth occurs

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24
Q

sebum

A

oil (from sebaceous glands)

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25
Q

layers of the epidermis (5)

A

-stratum corneum- outlet (lobe) -*stratum lucidum- only palms and soles -stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum -*stratum basale- only layer than actively carries on mitosis TOP 3 ARE DEAD

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26
Q

tissues

A

group of similar cells that perform a specialized function

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27
Q

epidermal wound healing

A

stratum basale cells of dermis break free, walk across bottom of wound until they connect

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28
Q

elastic fibers

A

allows for a return to shape

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29
Q

“-cyte”

A

mature cells

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30
Q

“-blast”

A

immature cells

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31
Q

pathologist

A

looks for a disease in the 4 main tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)

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32
Q

reverse isolation

A

hospital must protect the patient from us

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33
Q

zone of proliferating cartilage

A

what Dr. is interested in, only zone where actual division occurs

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34
Q

desmosomes

A

junction links adjacent cells with a transmembrane glycoproteins (little bit loose)

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35
Q

melanin

A

brown pigment, protects the skin cells from UV radiation

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36
Q

3 primary germ layers

A

-endoderm- inner, epithelial, inside digestive tract -mesoderm- middle, epithelial, connective, muscle -ectoderm- outer, epithelial (skin), nervous

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37
Q

deep wound healing

A

break into dermis or below, 3 WBC types will attack the infection

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38
Q

what is hypocalcemia, its symptoms, what hormone responds to this?

A

-low blood calcium -symptoms- tremors, spasms -parathyroid hormone (PTH)- raises blood calcium levels {by stimulating osteoclasts}

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39
Q

connexions

A

an assembly of 6 proteins called connexins that form the ore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of 2 adjacent cells

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40
Q

4 membranes and where you wound find each

A

-mucus membrane- open to outside -serous membrane- not open to outside -synovial membrane- joint cavities -meninges- around CNS

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41
Q

metastasis

A

when cancer spreads (usually to blood/lymph), often to the lungs or liver (many small vessels)

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42
Q

dermis

A

under epidermis, basement layer is between, contains hair and glands

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43
Q

what is a compound fracture?

A

most dangerous (breaks skin), high infection rates, blood loss, fat embolism from yellow marrow being released

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44
Q

osteocyte

A

mature cells, live in lacunae

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45
Q

list the 6 epithelial cell arrangements

A

-simple squamous -stratified squamous -simple cudoidal -stratified cuboidal -simple columnar -stratified columnar -pseudostratified

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46
Q

exocrine glands

A

have ducts, 3 types (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)

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47
Q

albinism

A

failure to produce any pigment (albino)

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48
Q

skeletal system functions (5)

A

-movement -support -protection -mineral storage -hemopoiesis

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49
Q

canaliculi

A

little cracks, allow for nutrients to flow

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50
Q

2 general types of tumors and the difference between

A

-benign- smooth, clear edges -malignant- tendrils that extend out to other cells

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51
Q

3 burn types and tell them apart

A

1st degree- redness, pain (epidermal) 2nd degree- blister (epidermal and dermal) 3rd degree- no pain in area (nerve damage) but pain around (epidermal, dermal, and hypodermal)

52
Q

what is a comminuted fracture?

A

more than 1 fragment

53
Q

endochondral ossification

A

most bones follow this cartilage model of growth (long bones, etc)

54
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

-fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs -hyaline cartilage- growth plates of bone -elastic cartilage- pinna of ear

55
Q

basophils

A

release histamine (causes inflammatory response- more blood = more WBC) (‘B’ee sting swelling)

56
Q

stroma

A

walls of soft organs (spleen and liver)

57
Q

osteoblasts

A

immature bone cells, makes bone matrix by laying down collagen fibers for the calcium phosphate

58
Q

why is the stratum basale important

A

-its the only layer that is actively carrying on mitosis (growing)

59
Q

adipose

A

fats layer (energy storage), insulation, thermoregulation

60
Q

calcitriol

A

most active form of vitamin D (D3)

61
Q

chondroitin sulfate

A

ground substance for cartilage

62
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells (maintain matrix)

63
Q

contact inhibition

A

when the stratum basale cells meet, it stops other basal cels from entering the wound

64
Q

osteon

A

functional unit of compact bone

65
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

sense of light touch

66
Q

serous membrane, its 2 layers, and where are these layers found (generally)

A

-visceral layer- on the outside of the organ -parietal layer- lines the cavity the organ sits in

67
Q

trebeculae

A

lattice network that lamellae made in spongy bone

68
Q

gap functions

A

protein tunnels made of CONNEXIONS, allow material to pass between cells (ex- cardiac cells)

69
Q

glands

A

groups of cells that produce a specific substance

70
Q

intermembranous ossification

A

making a bone inside a membrane (think skull bones (finished by 2nd year))

71
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

gel-like ground substance for soft and dense connective tissues

72
Q

2 important events that happen in endochondral ossification

A

-hypertrophy of chondrocytes alters the area’s pH, activating the osteoprogenitor cells -rapid growth of these cells punctures the nutrient arteries, brings blood in to the area

73
Q

collagen fibers

A

parallel bundles, strong but flexible, gives bones its flexibility

74
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A

side to side

75
Q

zygotes

A

beginning cell (union of sperm and egg) forms the 3 primary germ layers (make all tissues)

76
Q

connective tissue (4 general traits)

A

-most varied and abundant tissue in the body -under epithelial cells -widely spaced cells with lots of matrix in between -HIGHLY vascular (except cartilage)

77
Q

ectoderm

A

outer, epithelial (skin), nervous

78
Q

zone of hypertrophy

A

cells enlarge and burst, altering pH (and leaving a hollow space)

79
Q

apocrine glands

A

sudiferous (sweat) glands active at puberty, modified glands of axillary and groin

80
Q

6 parts of an osteon

A

-haversian (central) canal -lamellae -lacunae -osteocytes -canaliculi -Volkmann’s canal

81
Q

what is a greenstick fracture?

A

most common childhood fracture (because most of a child’s bone is still cartilage), only break one side

82
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

sense of pressure

83
Q

what are the 2 layers of the dermis and what are they made of

A

-papillary region- made of areolar connective tissue (have Meissener’s Corpuscles) -reticular region- made of dense irregular tissues (have Pacinian Corpuscles)

84
Q

Haversian (central) canal

A

top to bottom

85
Q

eccrine glands

A

sudiferous (sweat) glands all over the body (active at birth)

86
Q

matrix

A

stuff between cells

87
Q

epithelial tissues

A

avascular, cover all free surfaces (outermost tissue surface), make up glands, tightly packed cells (tight junctions)

88
Q

what are the four fracture types

A

-greenstick -compound -comminuted -stress

89
Q

connective tissue matrix (2 things)

A

-ground substance- (hyalukonic acid, chondroitin sulfate, calcium phosphate) -fibers- (collagen- flexibility, elastic- return to shape, reticular- made of stroma)

90
Q

macrophages

A

HIGHLY phagocytic, these are monocytes that have left blood and entered tissue (clean up wound) (pac man)

91
Q

calcium phosphate

A

ground substance for bone, this is calcium, phosphate specifically is what gives bone its strength

92
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytic- leave blood, enter wound, eat up bad stuff (calvary)

93
Q

list the 3 exocrine gland groups, what they do, and an example of where they are found

A

-mecrocrine- secretion is packaged by golgi apparatus as vesicles (salivary glands and pancreas) -apocrine- secrete by breaking off corners (found in groin, axillary regions; puberty) -holocrine- fill until cell explodes (sebaceous glands, oils)

94
Q

cancer

A

“abnormal cell division” (faulty p53 protein)

95
Q

chondroblasts/chondrocytes

A

immature cartilage cells mature and hypertrophy and get bigger

96
Q

carcinogen

A

“a cancer causing agent”

97
Q

what is hypercalcemia, its symptoms, what hormone responds to this?

A

-high blood calcium -symptoms- heart stops, weakness -calcitonin- lowers blood calcium levels {by stimulating osteoblasts}

98
Q

3 tumor varieties and where they are located

A

-carcinoma- epithelial tissue -sarcoma- connective tissue -leukemia- blood cancers

99
Q

microvili

A

small folds

100
Q

6 classes of bones (with example)

A

-long bones- tibia -short bones- carpals/tarsals -sesamoid bones- patella -irregular bones- vertebrae -Wormian (sutural) bones- between skull sutures

101
Q

cell junctions

A

how tissue cells are connected

102
Q

2 sudiferous glands (where and when)

A

-appocrine- puberty, axillary and groin regions -eccrine- birth, all over

103
Q

7 soft connective tissues and where they are located

A

-areolar CT- papillary (upper) part of dermis -adipose- hypodermis (only soft CT that matures its own cells) -reticular CT- in stroma (walls) of soft tissue organs -elastic CT- artery walls -dense regular CT- reticular (lower) layer of dermis -dense irregular CT- dermis -cartilage- housed in the lacunae

104
Q

endocrine glands

A

no ducts, make hormones

105
Q

rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency, bowed legs (soft bone)

106
Q

mesoderm

A

middle, epithelial, connective, muscle

107
Q

lacunae

A

lakes in lamellae

108
Q

4 zones in an epiphyseal plates

A

-zone of resting cartilage -zone of proliferating cartilage -zone of hypertrophy -zone of calcification

109
Q

cerumin

A

ear wax (from ceruminous glands)

110
Q

zone of calcification

A

fills the hollow space (becomes the lamellae)

111
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

region in immature bones where growth occurs (growth plates)

112
Q

cilia

A

small, hairlike structures

113
Q

fibroblasts

A

immature soft and dense connective tissue cells

114
Q

why is a compound fracture so dangerous?

A

-high infection rates -blood loss -fat embolism from yellow marrow being released

115
Q

3 types of connective tissue fibers

A

-collagen fibers- parallel bundles, strong but flexible, gives bone its flexibility -elastic fibers- allows for a return to shape -reticular fibers- make up stroma, the walls of soft organs (spleen and liver)

116
Q

osteoclasts

A

phagocytic bone cells (break down bone)

117
Q

what do each of the vitaamins do for bone growth

A

-C- synthesis of Collagen fibers -A- Activity of osteoblasts -D- needed for calcium to be absorbed, UV rays activate

118
Q

membranes

A

flat thing sheets that cover or line body surfaces

119
Q

tight junctions

A

“fuse adjacent cells together with a web-like strip of protein”, common between epithelial cells like skin, stomach; keeps cell close and liquids out

120
Q

what vitamins are important for bone growth?

A

C, A, D

121
Q

2 kinds of marrow (which are you born with, which develops with time)

A

-yellow marrow- develops with time -red marrow- born with

122
Q

tumor

A

abnormal growth -benign = smooth, clear edges -malignant = tendrils extend out to other cells

123
Q

serous membrane

A

line body cavities that do not open to the outside (thoracic cavity)

124
Q

2 base epithelial cell parts

A

-apical surface -basement membrane

125
Q

what is a stress fracture?

A

break from repeated trauma

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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