Test Two Flashcards
integumentary system (4 general traits)
-protection from infection -thermoregulator -starts vitamin D pathway -sensation source
reticular fibers
make up stroma, the walls of soft organs (spleen and liver)
keratin
a waterproof protein
apical surface
top, may have cilia or microvili
lamellae
rings of bone around central canal
endoderm
inner, epithelial, inside of the digestive tract
mesoderm
middle, epithelial, connective, muscle
osteoporosis
loss of bone density (age)
hypodermis
attaches skin to underlying structures
major danger behind 3rd degree burns
infection
chondroblasts
immature cartilage cells
3 kinds of cell junctions
-tight junctions- “fuse adjacent cells with a web-like strip of protein”, keeps cells close and liquid out -desmosomes- (little bit loose) links adjacent cels with transmembrane glycoproteins -gap junctions- protein tunnels made of connexions, allow material to pass between cells (ex- cardiac cells)
osteoblasts
immature bone cells
zone of resting cartilage
chondrocytes anchor the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis
epidermis
outer layer, can be thick (palms) or thin
osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells, only kind of bone cell that cal divide, initially an osteoprogenitor cell itself (to keep the stem cell line going)
perichrondrium
membrane around cartilage inside linings are inactive osteoprogenitor cells
4 exocrine glands associated with the skin and their products
-mammary glands- milk -ceruminous glands- ear wax (cerumin) -sebaceoous glands- oil (sebum) -sudoferous glands- sweat
avascular
no blood vessels
compare spongy bone to compact bone
-spongy- red bone marrow, epiphysis, spaces -compact- yellow bone marrow, diaphysis, osteons
pseudomonas
opportunistic bacteria that infects us when we are damaged (secretes green fluorescent material) always on us
basement membrane
give cells to connective tissue
list the 6 parts of a long bone and what they are
-epiphysis- ends -diaphysis- shaft -medullary cavity- space in diaphysis (yellow marrow) -periosteum- bone covering -articulating surface- joint surface (hyaline cartilage is here) -metaphysis/epiphyseal plates- line between epiphysis and diaphysis, where growth occurs
sebum
oil (from sebaceous glands)
layers of the epidermis (5)
-stratum corneum- outlet (lobe) -*stratum lucidum- only palms and soles -stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum -*stratum basale- only layer than actively carries on mitosis TOP 3 ARE DEAD
tissues
group of similar cells that perform a specialized function
epidermal wound healing
stratum basale cells of dermis break free, walk across bottom of wound until they connect
elastic fibers
allows for a return to shape
“-cyte”
mature cells
“-blast”
immature cells
pathologist
looks for a disease in the 4 main tissues (epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)
reverse isolation
hospital must protect the patient from us
zone of proliferating cartilage
what Dr. is interested in, only zone where actual division occurs
desmosomes
junction links adjacent cells with a transmembrane glycoproteins (little bit loose)
melanin
brown pigment, protects the skin cells from UV radiation
3 primary germ layers
-endoderm- inner, epithelial, inside digestive tract -mesoderm- middle, epithelial, connective, muscle -ectoderm- outer, epithelial (skin), nervous
deep wound healing
break into dermis or below, 3 WBC types will attack the infection
what is hypocalcemia, its symptoms, what hormone responds to this?
-low blood calcium -symptoms- tremors, spasms -parathyroid hormone (PTH)- raises blood calcium levels {by stimulating osteoclasts}
connexions
an assembly of 6 proteins called connexins that form the ore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of 2 adjacent cells
4 membranes and where you wound find each
-mucus membrane- open to outside -serous membrane- not open to outside -synovial membrane- joint cavities -meninges- around CNS
metastasis
when cancer spreads (usually to blood/lymph), often to the lungs or liver (many small vessels)
dermis
under epidermis, basement layer is between, contains hair and glands
what is a compound fracture?
most dangerous (breaks skin), high infection rates, blood loss, fat embolism from yellow marrow being released
osteocyte
mature cells, live in lacunae
list the 6 epithelial cell arrangements
-simple squamous -stratified squamous -simple cudoidal -stratified cuboidal -simple columnar -stratified columnar -pseudostratified
exocrine glands
have ducts, 3 types (merocrine, apocrine, holocrine)
albinism
failure to produce any pigment (albino)
skeletal system functions (5)
-movement -support -protection -mineral storage -hemopoiesis
canaliculi
little cracks, allow for nutrients to flow
2 general types of tumors and the difference between
-benign- smooth, clear edges -malignant- tendrils that extend out to other cells
3 burn types and tell them apart
1st degree- redness, pain (epidermal) 2nd degree- blister (epidermal and dermal) 3rd degree- no pain in area (nerve damage) but pain around (epidermal, dermal, and hypodermal)
what is a comminuted fracture?
more than 1 fragment
endochondral ossification
most bones follow this cartilage model of growth (long bones, etc)
3 types of cartilage
-fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs -hyaline cartilage- growth plates of bone -elastic cartilage- pinna of ear
basophils
release histamine (causes inflammatory response- more blood = more WBC) (‘B’ee sting swelling)
stroma
walls of soft organs (spleen and liver)
osteoblasts
immature bone cells, makes bone matrix by laying down collagen fibers for the calcium phosphate
why is the stratum basale important
-its the only layer that is actively carrying on mitosis (growing)
adipose
fats layer (energy storage), insulation, thermoregulation
calcitriol
most active form of vitamin D (D3)
chondroitin sulfate
ground substance for cartilage
osteocytes
mature bone cells (maintain matrix)
contact inhibition
when the stratum basale cells meet, it stops other basal cels from entering the wound
osteon
functional unit of compact bone
Meissner’s Corpuscles
sense of light touch
serous membrane, its 2 layers, and where are these layers found (generally)
-visceral layer- on the outside of the organ -parietal layer- lines the cavity the organ sits in
trebeculae
lattice network that lamellae made in spongy bone
gap functions
protein tunnels made of CONNEXIONS, allow material to pass between cells (ex- cardiac cells)
glands
groups of cells that produce a specific substance
intermembranous ossification
making a bone inside a membrane (think skull bones (finished by 2nd year))
hyaluronic acid
gel-like ground substance for soft and dense connective tissues
2 important events that happen in endochondral ossification
-hypertrophy of chondrocytes alters the area’s pH, activating the osteoprogenitor cells -rapid growth of these cells punctures the nutrient arteries, brings blood in to the area
collagen fibers
parallel bundles, strong but flexible, gives bones its flexibility
Volkmann’s canal
side to side
zygotes
beginning cell (union of sperm and egg) forms the 3 primary germ layers (make all tissues)
connective tissue (4 general traits)
-most varied and abundant tissue in the body -under epithelial cells -widely spaced cells with lots of matrix in between -HIGHLY vascular (except cartilage)
ectoderm
outer, epithelial (skin), nervous
zone of hypertrophy
cells enlarge and burst, altering pH (and leaving a hollow space)
apocrine glands
sudiferous (sweat) glands active at puberty, modified glands of axillary and groin
6 parts of an osteon
-haversian (central) canal -lamellae -lacunae -osteocytes -canaliculi -Volkmann’s canal
what is a greenstick fracture?
most common childhood fracture (because most of a child’s bone is still cartilage), only break one side
Pacinian Corpuscles
sense of pressure
what are the 2 layers of the dermis and what are they made of
-papillary region- made of areolar connective tissue (have Meissener’s Corpuscles) -reticular region- made of dense irregular tissues (have Pacinian Corpuscles)
Haversian (central) canal
top to bottom
eccrine glands
sudiferous (sweat) glands all over the body (active at birth)
matrix
stuff between cells
epithelial tissues
avascular, cover all free surfaces (outermost tissue surface), make up glands, tightly packed cells (tight junctions)
what are the four fracture types
-greenstick -compound -comminuted -stress
connective tissue matrix (2 things)
-ground substance- (hyalukonic acid, chondroitin sulfate, calcium phosphate) -fibers- (collagen- flexibility, elastic- return to shape, reticular- made of stroma)
macrophages
HIGHLY phagocytic, these are monocytes that have left blood and entered tissue (clean up wound) (pac man)
calcium phosphate
ground substance for bone, this is calcium, phosphate specifically is what gives bone its strength
neutrophils
phagocytic- leave blood, enter wound, eat up bad stuff (calvary)
list the 3 exocrine gland groups, what they do, and an example of where they are found
-mecrocrine- secretion is packaged by golgi apparatus as vesicles (salivary glands and pancreas) -apocrine- secrete by breaking off corners (found in groin, axillary regions; puberty) -holocrine- fill until cell explodes (sebaceous glands, oils)
cancer
“abnormal cell division” (faulty p53 protein)
chondroblasts/chondrocytes
immature cartilage cells mature and hypertrophy and get bigger
carcinogen
“a cancer causing agent”
what is hypercalcemia, its symptoms, what hormone responds to this?
-high blood calcium -symptoms- heart stops, weakness -calcitonin- lowers blood calcium levels {by stimulating osteoblasts}
3 tumor varieties and where they are located
-carcinoma- epithelial tissue -sarcoma- connective tissue -leukemia- blood cancers
microvili
small folds
6 classes of bones (with example)
-long bones- tibia -short bones- carpals/tarsals -sesamoid bones- patella -irregular bones- vertebrae -Wormian (sutural) bones- between skull sutures
cell junctions
how tissue cells are connected
2 sudiferous glands (where and when)
-appocrine- puberty, axillary and groin regions -eccrine- birth, all over
7 soft connective tissues and where they are located
-areolar CT- papillary (upper) part of dermis -adipose- hypodermis (only soft CT that matures its own cells) -reticular CT- in stroma (walls) of soft tissue organs -elastic CT- artery walls -dense regular CT- reticular (lower) layer of dermis -dense irregular CT- dermis -cartilage- housed in the lacunae
endocrine glands
no ducts, make hormones
rickets
vitamin D deficiency, bowed legs (soft bone)
mesoderm
middle, epithelial, connective, muscle
lacunae
lakes in lamellae
4 zones in an epiphyseal plates
-zone of resting cartilage -zone of proliferating cartilage -zone of hypertrophy -zone of calcification
cerumin
ear wax (from ceruminous glands)
zone of calcification
fills the hollow space (becomes the lamellae)
epiphyseal plate
region in immature bones where growth occurs (growth plates)
cilia
small, hairlike structures
fibroblasts
immature soft and dense connective tissue cells
why is a compound fracture so dangerous?
-high infection rates -blood loss -fat embolism from yellow marrow being released
3 types of connective tissue fibers
-collagen fibers- parallel bundles, strong but flexible, gives bone its flexibility -elastic fibers- allows for a return to shape -reticular fibers- make up stroma, the walls of soft organs (spleen and liver)
osteoclasts
phagocytic bone cells (break down bone)
what do each of the vitaamins do for bone growth
-C- synthesis of Collagen fibers -A- Activity of osteoblasts -D- needed for calcium to be absorbed, UV rays activate
membranes
flat thing sheets that cover or line body surfaces
tight junctions
“fuse adjacent cells together with a web-like strip of protein”, common between epithelial cells like skin, stomach; keeps cell close and liquids out
what vitamins are important for bone growth?
C, A, D
2 kinds of marrow (which are you born with, which develops with time)
-yellow marrow- develops with time -red marrow- born with
tumor
abnormal growth -benign = smooth, clear edges -malignant = tendrils extend out to other cells
serous membrane
line body cavities that do not open to the outside (thoracic cavity)
2 base epithelial cell parts
-apical surface -basement membrane
what is a stress fracture?
break from repeated trauma
