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Anatomy and Physiology > *Test Five > Flashcards

*Test Five Flashcards

1
Q

Tania Coli muscles

A

causes “Mass Peristalsis”, forces colon contents into rectum (roughly every 24 hours)

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2
Q

microvilli

A

tiny folds in the membrane of the epithelial cells lining the small intestine

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3
Q

Acini cells

A
  • produce pancreatic juiceput HCO3- into pancreatic juice (which becomes sodium bicarbonate)
  • neutralizing acidic chyme entering small intestines
  • puts H+ into blood to correct alkaline nature
  • make the 8 pancreatic enzymes
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4
Q

defecation reflex

A

controls elimination of solid waste

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5
Q

8 pancreatic enzymes and what they break down into

A
  • pancreatic amylase - disacchardies
  • pancreatic lipase - fats
  • ribonuclease - nucleic acids
  • deoxyribonuclease - nucleic acids
  • trypsinogen (inactive) - converted by enzyme enterokinase into trypsin
    • TRYPSIN THEN ACTIVATES…
      • chymotrypsin - proteins
      • elastase - proteins
      • carboxypepsidase - proteins
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6
Q

4 major digestive hormones

A
  • gastrin- stomach, stimulates HCl, enzymes, and peristalsis
  • GIP (gastric inhibitory protein)- small intestine, stimulates insulin release, stops HCl/enzyme production
  • sectretin- small intestine, stimulates pancreatic juice release (neutralizes HCl)
  • cholecystokinin- stimulates release of bile from the gall bladder
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7
Q

carb enzymes

A

the amylases

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8
Q

4 specific food groups and what they break down into

A
  • carbs - saccharides like sugar
  • proteins - amino acids
  • lipids - fatty acids
  • nucleic acids - nucleotides
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9
Q

aminopepsidase

A

for proteins

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10
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

produce two pancreatic hormones (insulin and glucagon)

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11
Q

list the materials that hepatocytes make

A
  • bile- emulsifies fats, keeps them from clumping together
  • converts heme to bilirubin (enters bile, gives feces its color)
  • plasma proteins
    • albumin- controls osmosis, failure = ascites
    • alpha/beta globulins
      • compliment proteins- (low = prone to bleeding)
      • prothrombin- bruising
      • fibrinogen- blood clotting
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12
Q

transanimation

A

hepatocytes can convert one amino acid into another

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13
Q

2 kinds of stomach cells

A
  • chief cells- secrete inactie enzyme pepsinogen
  • parietal cells- contain enzyme carbonic anhydrase, also run CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+ reaction, put H+ into stomach to make HCl, put HCO3- into blood (alkaline, neurtralizes H+)
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14
Q

chief cells

A

secrete inactive pepsinogen

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15
Q

Plexus of Auerbach

A

neurons that stimulate peristalsis in muscularis layer

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16
Q

chyme

A

the thin mixed liquid that exits the stomach

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17
Q

describe protein digestion

A
  • stomach
    • HCl denatures proteins, converts pepsinogen into pepsin
    • pepsin cuts proteins into smaller strings (peptides)
  • small intestine
    • enterokinase converts trypsinogen into trypsin
    • trypsin activates elastase and chymotrypsin (cuts small protein strings even smaller)
    • trypsin also activates carboxypeptidase with the brush border enzyme aminopeptidase, the 2 cut individual amino acids off the strings from the carboxyl and amino acids
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18
Q

acid reflux disease

A

caused by a defective cardiac sphincter, acid rises into esophagus, results in damage to esophageal wall (as there is no protective mucus)

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19
Q

enterokinase

A

activates trypsinogen

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20
Q

2 digestive system cells that run the carbonic anhydrase reaction, where they are, and what their purpose is

A
  • parietal cells- stomach, contain carbonic anhydrase and run reaction
    • puts H+ into stomach (makes HCl)
    • puts HCO3- into blood (alkaline, neutralizes H+)
  • acini cells- produce pancreatic juice
    • put HCO3- into pancreatic juice, neutralizes acidic chyme entering small intestine
    • puts H+ into blood to correct its alkaline (pH 7.35-7.45) nature
21
Q

segmentation

A

muscles of the small intestine break chyme into section and move it along

22
Q

Plexus of Meissner

A

neurons for nucus glands (food lubrication) in submucosa layer

23
Q

esophageal hiatus

A

where the esophagus pierces the diaphragm

24
Q

deanimation

A

excess protein? clip off amino group, turn the rest into ATP

25
Q

brush border cells

A

line microvilli, make enzymes (enterokinase (which activates trypsinogen), aminopepsidase (for proteins), and carb enzymes (the amylases))

26
Q

chylomicrons

A

golgi body of brush border cells package lipids for export in these structures (which go to lacteals)

27
Q

mastication

A

chewing

28
Q

secretion

A

depositing of enzymes into the GI tract (a key function of the pancreas)

29
Q

describe lipid digestion

A
  • (majority is in small intestine)
  • lipids are big, made of glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails, hydrophobic
  • process
    • chyme enters small intestine with bif fat globules
    • segmentation breaks big globules up into tiny ones
    • bile emulsifies the fats as micelles
    • pancreatic lipase pulls off the first and third fatty acid tails
    • brush border cells absorb these small pieces, their smooth ER then reassembling the fat inside the cell
      • golgi apparatus of brush border cells packages lipids for export in structures called chylomicrons (which go to lacteals)
30
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood sugar, made by beta cells

31
Q

Nucleic acids break down into what?

A

nucleotides

32
Q

deglutination

A

swallowing

33
Q

lysozyme

A

enzyme in saliva that destroys bacterial membranes

34
Q

peristalsis

A

“alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the walls of the GI tract to propel food”

35
Q

sinusoids

A
  • hepatic arteries and heptal portal veins run together into these large spaces in liver
    • lined with kupffer cells and hepatocytes
36
Q

Carbs break down into what?

A

saccharides like glucose

37
Q

Proteins break down i to what?

A

amino acids

38
Q

kupffer cells

A
  • “major phagocytic cells of the liver”, destroy old RBCs, converts heme to bilirubin (enters bile, gives feces its color)
    • not working = chronic infections and jaundice (bilirubin buildup)
39
Q

parietal cells

A
  • contain enzyme carbonic anhydrase
  • also run CO2 + H2O ⇔ HCO3- + H+ reaction
  • put H+ into stomach to make HCl
  • put HCO3- into blood (alkaline, neutralizes H+)
40
Q

ascites

A

when an abnormal amount of fluid collects in the abdomen (in the peritoneal space)

41
Q

hepatocytes

A
  • make bile
  • store glycogen (carbs) and fat soluble vitamins (like vitamin K)
  • make plasma proteins
    • albumin- controls osmosis, failure = ascites
    • alpha & beta globulins
      • compliment proteins- low = prone to bleeding
      • prothrombin- bruising
      • fibrinogen- more bruising
42
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

between stomach and small intestines

43
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

brings deoxygenated nutrient rich blood into the liver (from small intestine)

44
Q

mixing waves

A

mechanical action the the stomach created by peristalis, churning creates this

45
Q

glucagon

A

raises blood sugar, made by alpha cells

46
Q

illeocecal sphincter

A

separates small intestines from large intestines

47
Q

Lipids break down into what?

A

fatty acids

48
Q

3 things HCl does in the stomach

A
  • kill bacteria (pH 2.2)
  • denature proteins (unfold them)
  • activate pepsinogen, turning it to pepsin
49
Q

absorption

A

passage of nutrients into the blood

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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